Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11):
12451–12458
Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett,
1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) distribution and habitat characteristics in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Rama Mishra 1, Khadga Basnet 2, Rajan Amin 3 & Babu Ram Lamichhane 4
1,2 Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur,
Kathmandu, Nepal
3 Conservation Programmes, Zoological
Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
4 National Trust for Nature Conservation -
Biodiversity Conservation Center, Ratnanagar-6, Sauraha, Chitwan, Nepal
1 l.mishrarama@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 kbasnet@ntc.net.np, 3 raj.amin@zsl.org,
4 baburaml@gmail.com
Abstract: The Fishing Cat is a highly specialized
and threatened felid, and its status is poorly known in the Terai
region of Nepal. Systematic camera-trap
surveys, comprising 868 camera-trap days in four survey blocks of 40km2
in Rapti, Reu and Narayani river floodplains of Chitwan
National Park, were used to determine the distribution and habitat
characteristics of this species. A total
of 19 photographs of five individual cats were recorded at three locations in
six independent events. Eleven
camera-trap records obtained during surveys in 2010, 2012 and 2013 were used to
map the species distribution inside Chitwan National
Park and its buffer zone. Habitat
characteristics were described at six locations where cats were
photographed. The majority of records
were obtained in tall grassland surrounding oxbow lakes and riverbanks. Wetland shrinkage, prey (fish) depletion in
natural wetlands and persecution threaten species persistence. Wetland restoration, reducing human pressure
and increasing fish densities in the wetlands, provision of compensation for
loss from Fishing Cats and awareness programs should be conducted to ensure
their survival. We also recommend
studying genetic diversity of sub-populations, as well as habitat use by radio-tagging.
Keywords: Camera trapping, Chitwan
National Park, Fishing Cat, distribution, habitat characteristics, status.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3426.10.11.12451-12458
| ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:95D4C83A-B221-4ACB-A23C-52ED0C21B8C8
Editor: Jim Sanderson, Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation,
Hartford, USA. Date of publication: 26 October
2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3426 |
Received 26 March 2017 | Final received 29 September 2018 | Finally accepted 04
October 2018
Citation: Mishra, R., K. Basnet, R. Amin & B.R. Lamichhane
(2018). Fishing
Cat Prionailurus viverrinus
Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae)
distribution and habitat characteristics in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(11): 12451–12458; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3426.10.11.12451-12458
Copyright: © Mishra et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: The project is funded by Small Cats Action Fund, Panthera, USA and National Trust for Nature Conservation,
Nepal.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: Rama Mishra is young conservationist with
interest in small carnivores. She is working in Fishing Cat research in
Nepal. She is also conducting
conservation awareness project on human-elephant co-existence. Babu Ram Lamichhane has interest in application of
geo-informatics in wildlife conservation and research. He is now studying human-wildlife
interactions in Chitwan
National Park, Nepal. Prof. Khagda Basnet is experienced professor in ecology in
Nepal. Rajan Amin is conservation biologist with long experience from
Asia and Africa.
Author Contribution: RM & BRL designed and conducted the survey; RM,
BRL & RA analyzed the data and RM, BRL, KB and RA
wrote the paper.
For Nepali abstract see end of this article.
Acknowledgements: We thank National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC)
for technical assistance carrying out fieldwork for this research. We also acknowledge Department of National
Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Chitwan National
Park for providing necessary permits to conduct the research. Also, our special thanks go to all the team
members of fishing cat project for their continuous support in the field,
especially to senior wildlife technician Mr. Harkaman Lama and wildlife technicians, Mr.
Tirtha Lama, Mr. Ganesh Rana, Mr. Tika
Ram Tharu, Mr. Om Prakash Chaudhary and Mr. Ramesh Darai. Similarly, we acknowledge the consistent
support provided by Mr. Bishnu
Lama (senior wildlife technician) and Prof. J.L.
David Smith for sharing their field skills.
We would also like to thank Panthera Small Cat
Action Fund for funding this study. Finally, we acknowledge the contribution of
the anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Introduction
The
Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennet, 1833), is a medium-sized cat endemic to South and Southeast
Asia. The species is classified as
Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Mukherjee et al. 2016)
and is threatened by habitat loss and persecution throughout its range. Fishing Cats are strongly associated with
water bodies, marshlands and swamps (Pocock 1939; Nowell & Jackson 1996; Mukherjee et al. 2016; Macdonald
et al. 2010). Fish are their primary
prey, although they also consume mollusks,
arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, small mammals (Haque
& Vijayan 1993; Sunquist
& Sunquist 2002; Macdonald et al. 2010) and deer
fawns (James L. David Smith pers. comm. 2013).
Cats are largely nocturnal (Mukherjee 1989; Sunquist
& Sunquist 2002; Lynam et
al. 2013) and shelter mostly in densely vegetated areas near water, rivers
and streams during daytime (Prater 1980; Duckworth et
al. 2010).
Fishing
Cats have been recorded in five protected areas of the Nepal Terai: Shuklaphanta National
Park, Bardia National Park, Chitwan
National Park, Parsa National Park, and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (Jnawali et al. 2011; Karki 2011;
Mishra 2016; Tylor et al. 2016; Yadav
et al. 2018; DNPWC unpublished data).
They have also been recently recorded outside protected areas in Gagdishpur reservoir, a Ramsar
site in southwestern Nepal (Dahal
2016); however, few studies have been carried out to understand the ecology,
distribution and conservation status of this species in Nepal (Karki 2011; Dahal & Dahal 2012; Taylor et al. 2016). A radio-collared study of four Fishing Cats
(three females and a male) in Chitwan showed that
they spent most of their time in thick vegetation of short or tall grasslands, sometimes well away from water (Sunquist & Sunquist
2002). A better understanding of habitat
characteristics and use patterns is essential for the conservation of this
highly specialized species (Krausman 1999). Although Fishing Cat is known to occur in Chitwan National Park, its actual distribution and habitat
characteristic remain unexplained. This
paper presents the findings of our camera trap surveys conducted specifically
for the species in 2012, and also from data obtained during systematic camera
trap surveys carried out for Bengal Tiger Panthera
tigris in 2010 and 2013.
Study Area
The
study was carried out in alluvial floodplain of the Rapti,
Reu and Narayani rivers of Chitwan National Park (CNP) and Buffer Zone (BZ) located at
27.230–27.630 0N and 83.810–84.710 0E (Fig. 1). CNP was established in 1973 as the first
national park of Nepal and it was designated a world heritage site in
1984. A larger portion (73%) of the 953 km2 park is covered by Sal Shorea robusta
dominated forest followed by grasslands (12%), riverine forest (7%), wetlands
(3%), and exposed surfaces (5%) (Thapa
2011). An additional 750km2
(29km2 of which was included into CNP in 2016) of the area around
the park was designated a BZ in 1996.
CNP has three ecological zones—Churia hills
(350–735 m altitude, 566km2), Bhawar
(200–350 m altitude, 233km2), and alluvial floodplain (120–200 m
altitude, 154km2) (Smith 1984).
CNP includes three large river systems (Narayani,
Rapti and Reu rivers) and
more than 50 oxbow lakes (Khadka et al. 2015). The Park has sub-tropical climate with three
distinct seasons i.e. monsoon (mid-June to mid-September), cool dry
(mid-September to mid-March) and hot dry (mid-March to mid-June) (Subedi et al. 2013).
Average annual rainfall is ~2,250mm (2000–2010), 80% of which occurs
during the monsoon season. Average
monthly maximum and minimum temperature ranges range 24–38 0C and
11–26 0C respectively (Sudedi et al.
2013).
CNP
provides shelter to 70 mammal and >600 bird species. Bengal Tiger and Leopard Panthera
pardus are large carnivores of the park (Karki et al. 2015).
Along with Fishing Cat, a range of small-to-medium sized carnivores
including Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa, Dhole Cuon
alpinus, Striped Hyena Hyaena
hyaena, Golden Jackal Canis
aureus, Jungle Cat Felis
chaus, Leopard Cat Prionailurus
bengalensis, Bengal Fox Vulpes
bengalensis, Honey Badger Mellivora
capensis, and Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica are
found in CNP. In addition to the
terrestrial carnivores, more than 100 endangered Gharial
Gavialis gangeticus
are found in Rapti and Narayani
rivers along with ca. 350 Marsh Mugger crocodiles in the rivers and lakes of
CNP (Khadka et al. 2015). A total of 126 fish species are found in CNP
(CNP 2017), including Sahar Tor putitora, Katle Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis,
Catfish Wallago attu, Mystus seenghala, and Mystus
aor (Dhital & Jha 2002).
Materials and
Methods
Field survey
During
February 2012, a preliminary pugmark sign survey was conducted and informal
interviews were carried out with local fishermen, nature guides, wildlife
technicians and park personnel to identify sites of Fishing Cat occurrence. Based on these surveys and interviews, four
blocks (Sauraha, Kasara,
Tiger Tops, and Island) of ca. 40km2 each were chosen in the
alluvial floodplains of CNP and BZ for a camera trap survey (Mishra 2016). The survey was subsequently carried out
between 25 March and 11 June 2012. Each
40km2 block was divided into 2x2 km2 cells and ten cells
were identified in each block and within each cell, two camera trap stations
were selected based on likely Fishing Cat presence. A pair of camera traps was placed 4–7 m apart
facing each other at 30–45 cm above the ground at each station. Reconyx RM 45 Rapidfire and Moultrie Game Camera were used. Cameras operated throughout 24hr for 10–15
days and were programmed to take three photographs per trigger with no delay
between triggers. Camera’s detection
range was 25+ m. Moultrie game cameras
used a white flash to obtain color images whereas Roconyx RM 45 cameras had infrared flash giving black and
white pictures.
All
pictures of cats obtained from camera traps were stored in a folder and individual
identification was done based on body spot patterns (Cutter 2009). A sequence of photographs of Fishing Cat
occurring after an interval of >60 minutes from the previous photograph was
considered as an independent event.
Fishing Cat distribution
In
addition to the data from our targeted survey, we used Fishing Cat records from
the 2010 and 2013 camera trap surveys targeted for Bengal Tigers, which covered
CNP and BZ forests with a total of 310 and 362 CT stations respectively. Detailed methodology of these surveys can be
found in Karki et al. (2015) and in Dhakal et al. (2014).
We
recorded habitat characteristics, i.e., habitat type (grassland, sal forest, riverbank, riverine forest, lake/marsh, wooded
grassland), tree canopy cover, distance to wetland, wetland type and wetland
state (area, depth and disturbance) of each camera trap station during camera
deployment. We visually quantified the
tree canopy cover within a circular area 50m radius from the centre of the
camera into 0, 1–10 %, 11–50 %, >50% tree canopy cover. A buffer of 7.065km2 (1.5km
radius) was created around the camera trap stations of fishing cat
capture. The buffer was based on the
assumption that a female Fishing Cat home range is 4–8 km2 (Sunquist & Sunquist
2002). Animals do not use the habitat
uniformly and their home ranges are not exactly circular but we used circular
buffer around the camera trap station as the best possible way to represent
home range. Habitat type within the buffer
area was quantified as forest, grassland, water bodies and sand/gravel using
land cover layers of topographic map of 1:25000 scale produced by Survey
Department of Nepal Government (https://ngiip.gov.np/index.php) in 1998.
Spatial analysis was undertaken in ArcGIS 10.0 (ESRI 2010).
Results
Survey effort and cat detections
A total
of 868 camera trap-days in 78 camera trap stations in CNP and BZ resulted in
640 photographs of 13 carnivore species including Fishing Cat (Table 1). Survey effort varied among the habitats with
highest effort in grasslands (30.2%).
About half (46%) of the camera traps stations were placed in vicinity of
the wetlands (lakes, marshes or river bank).
Only 11 camera trap stations (14%) were in riverine and Sal forests
(Table 1). A total of 19 photographs (11
right and eight left flank) of Fishing Cat were recorded at three camera trap
stations, one in grassland surrounding a lake and the other two at the edge of
an oxbow lake. Three individuals were
captured at one station i.e., grid no C05 (Tiger Tops tented camp area) (Image
1). One individual was captured in A03
(Patna Lake) and C11 grids (Devi Lake) (Fig. 2). Individual identification was based on pelage
patterns. None of the camera stations in
the BZ (n = 4) detected Fishing Cat.
Fishing Cat distribution
Overall,
Fishing Cat was recorded at 11 camera-trap stations in CNP (Table 2, Fig. 1)
from the three different camera trap survey years: 2010 (three), 2012 (three)
and 2013 (five). The elevation range of
camera stations was 97–628 m and Fishing Cats were captured between 117 and 307
m. Most of the stations (n=8) recorded
single individuals once only. Two and
three individuals were photographed in two and one locations, respectively. Majority of the stations with Fishing Cat
detections (n=7) were in alluvial floodplain grassland or grassland-wetland
edge habitat (Fig. 2, Table 2).
Habitat characteristics
Fishing
Cats were detected near lakes and swamps surrounded by dense tall grass
(average height of 1–2 m) dominated by Phragmitis
karka and Saccharum
sp. The
animals were detected on animal trails at the edge (within 10m) of lakes and
swamps (Table 3).
The
major habitat within 1.5km radius buffer area around the camera trap stations
where Fishing Cat were detected (Fig. 2) was grassland
(45%) followed by forest (27.8%), sand and gravel (16.6%) and water-bodies
(10.6%) (Table 4).
All six camera trapped locations were in grassland but they were close
to forests (within 1km) in the core area of CNP.
Table 1. Survey effort and detection of
Fishing Cat and other carnivore species during March–June 2012 in different
habitats of Chitwan National
Park, Nepal.
Habitat type |
No. of stations |
No. of trap
nights |
Carnivore species recorded in camera
traps |
No. of Fishing
Cat detections (No. of photographs) |
No. of Fishing
Cat individuals |
Grassland |
23 |
262 |
Tiger, Fishing Cat, Golden Jackal,
Himalayan Crestless Porcupine Hystrix brachyura, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus, Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha,
Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Sloth Bear Melursus
ursinus |
1 (3) |
1 |
Sal forest |
5 |
54 |
Himalayan Crestless Porcupine, Asian
Palm Civet, Tiger, Small Indian Civet, Sloth Bear |
- |
- |
River bank |
17 |
190 |
Golden Jackal, Jungle Cat, Indian Grey
Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii,
Himalayan Crestless Porcupine, Common Palm Civet, Tiger, Large Indian Civet,
Small Indian Civet, Sloth Bear |
- |
- |
Riverine forest |
6 |
80 |
Golden Jackal, Leopard Cat, Indian Grey
Mongoose, Himalayan Crestless Porcupine, Asian Palm Civet, Large Indian
Civet, Small Indian Civet, Sloth Bear |
- |
- |
Lake/Marsh |
19 |
198 |
Fishing Cat, Jungle Cat, Indian Grey
Mongoose, Tiger, Large Indian Civet, Sloth Bear |
5 (16) |
4 |
Wooded grassland |
8 |
84 |
Jungle Cat, Small Asian Mongoose, Indian
Grey Mongoose, Himalayan Crestless Porcupine, Common Leopard, Large Indian
Civet, Small Indian Civet, Sloth Bear |
- |
|
Total |
78 |
868 |
|
6 (19) |
5 |
Table 2. Fishing Cat camera trapped
locations in Chitwan
National Park, Nepal in different camera trap sessions (2010, 2012, and 2013).
|
Location |
Coordinates |
Date |
Time |
Elevation (m) |
Habitat type |
1 |
Ghatgain |
27.56239⁰N & 84.41631⁰E |
16.ii.2010 |
00:02 |
156 |
Riverine forest |
2 |
Amrite |
27.55470⁰N & 84.56258⁰E |
04.iii.2010 20.iii.2010 |
20:12 |
174 |
Grassland |
03:42 |
||||||
3 |
Icharny |
27.55208⁰N & 84.50666⁰E |
16.iii.2010 |
02:42 |
171 |
Grassland |
4 |
Patnatal |
27.54815⁰N & 84.49961⁰E |
28.iii.2012 |
22:34 |
187 |
Grassland |
5 |
Tiger tops tented camp |
27.52784⁰N & 84.22099⁰E |
23.iv.2012 |
19:25 |
177 |
Wetland |
27.iv.2012 |
22:39 |
|
|
|||
28.iv.2012 |
00:06 |
|
|
|||
02.v.2012 |
03:41 |
|
|
|||
6 |
Devital |
27.53825⁰N & 84.13084⁰E |
24.iv.2012 |
16:28 |
145 |
Wetland |
7 |
Temple tiger |
27.55386⁰N & 84.08595⁰E |
21.ii.2013 |
02:28 |
119 |
Grassland |
8 |
Temple tiger |
27.5373⁰N & 84.08124⁰E |
22.ii.2013 |
02:19 |
117 |
Wetland |
24.ii.2013 |
20:12 |
|
|
|||
26.ii.2013 |
19:21 |
|
|
|||
9 |
Tented camp east |
27.52457⁰N & 84.23104⁰E |
21.iii.2013 |
01:37 |
145 |
Grassland / Riverine forest |
10 |
Amrite |
27.54395⁰N & 84.52535⁰E |
12.iv.2013 |
22:44 |
171 |
Grassland |
11 |
Thori |
27.39494⁰N & 84.6107⁰E |
04.v.2013 |
01:18 |
307 |
Mixed forest |
Discussion
A
survey effort of 868 trap nights in 78 camera trap locations in CNP in 2012
resulted in capture of five individuals in six events from three locations, for
a capture rate of 0.73/100 trap nights.
Survey effort was highest (46.2%) in wetlands (lake, marsh and
riverbanks) followed by grasslands (39.7%) and forests (12.8%). Fishing cats were recorded only in wetlands
(5 of six events) and grassland (one event) with highest probability of capture
(1.3 events/100 trap nights) in wetlands followed by grasslands (0.3 events/100
trap nights). Fishing Cats were only
recorded in close proximity to water edge.
During 2012 survey we did not record Fishing Cat from forests, but
during 2010 and 2013 Fishing Cats were photographed from locations in riverine
forest and mixed forest respectively. In
2013, an additional location of Fishing Cat camera trap was at the edge of
grassland and forest (Table 1).
Fishing
Cat distribution in CNP is strongly associated with rivers, oxbow lakes and
floodplain grasslands. Cats were
recorded within 125km2 of Reu, Rapti and Narayani floodplains in
CNP (Fig. 1). During our study we
photographed Fishing Cat in the location where Dahal
& Dahal (2012) and Karki
(2011) had also found Fishing Cat during their survey between 2010 and 2011. Recently (in 2016 December), a wildlife
photographer photographed a Fishing Cat walking on a forest road in Sal forest
200m from a lake (GPS 27.5350N & 84.3370E) close
(1.5km) to the park headquarters where we failed to record the species during
our survey (Kasara block). In Nepal, Fishing Cat is distributed from
east (Koshi Tappu Wildlife
Reserve) to west (Shuklaphanta National Park);
however, they have patchy distribution within the range and we lack information
whether the Fishing Cat sub-populations found (both in and outside of the
protected areas) are connected to each-other.
Sunquist & Sunquist (2002) reported the radio-tagging of Fishing Cats in CNP during 1980s. With the help of wildlife technicians (Mr. Bishhnu Bahadur
Lama and Mr. Harkaman Lama;
National Trust for Nature Conservation) who were involved in the radio-tagging, we placed camera traps at the locations of
the live captures (Jayamangala ghol,
27.5610N & 84.4800E).
We failed to photograph Fishing Cat at the location but obtained a camera
trap photograph of a Fishing Cat about two kilometers
south-east of this location (i.e., Patna Tal, Table 2). Smith (James L.D. Smith pers. comm. 2013)
described the Jayamangala ghol
as a wetland during 1980s which is now converted to
grassland (Khadka et al. 2015). This is an example of the rapid change in
habitat of Fishing Cat in just 30 years.
Such habitation alteration and drying of wetland areas can severely
affect the distribution and abundance of the species. In addition to the shrinkage, reduced fish
abundance and high human pressure (both in terms of pollution and fishing) in
the remaining wetlands makes Fishing Cats more vulnerable.
Grasslands,
river banks (sand/gravel) and wetlands altogether make
about three fourth of the 7.065km2 (1.5km radius) of Fishing Cat
captured location. It indicates the
preference of Fishing Cats for the areas with mosaics of habitats abundant with
water as found by Nair (2012) in Western Terai Arc
Landscape in India. In contrast to our
record of Fishing Cat in the core area of CNP, Taylor et al. (2016) reported
Fishing Cat from private fish ponds along the eastern
border of Koshi Tappu
Wildlife Reserve in Eastern Nepal. Similar report of Fishing Cats intensively using aquaculture and
rice fields was reported by Cutter (2015) in Thailand. But they also face a threat of persecution by
the aquaculture farmers in such areas (Taylor et al. 2016).
We
recommend to focus fishing cat conservation actions on wetland restoration,
reduce human pressure in identified pocket areas of Fishing Cat, increase fish
density in the wetlands, provision of compensation for loss from Fishing Cat
and awareness programs for the local communities living close to Fishing
Cats. We also recommend examining the
genetic diversity and relatedness among Fishing Cat sub-populations in Nepal
through non-invasive genetic study. A
detailed understanding of habitat use by Fishing Cat can also be obtained
through radio-tagging of few Fishing Cat individuals
(Nair 2012; Cutter 2015), both in natural conditions like CNP and in close
proximity of settlements (like Koshi Tappu eastern buffer zone).
Table 3. Fishing Cat habitat
characteristics of camera trapped locations during field survey in March–April
2012 in Chitwan National
Park, Nepal.
|
Location |
Coordinates |
Type of wetland |
Distance to
water edge |
Distance to
forest edge |
Surrounding
Hab. type |
Dominant grass |
Ht. of grass |
Other
carnivores |
1 |
Patna |
27.54815⁰N & 84.49961⁰E |
Lake |
10m |
1.1km |
Tall grass |
Phragmitis karka and Imperata cylindrica |
>2m |
None |
2 |
Tented Camp |
27.52763⁰N & 84.22112⁰E |
Swamp |
2m |
0.1km |
Tall grass |
Simghans, Phragmitis karka |
> 2m |
Sloth Bear, jungle Cat & large
Indian Civet |
3 |
Devi Tal |
27.53804⁰N & 84.13097⁰E |
Lake |
5m |
0.1km |
Tall grass |
Saccharum Bangalensis and S. spontaneum |
1-2m |
None |
Table 4. Habitat within 1.5km radius of
Fishing Cat camera trap locations in Chitwan
National Park, Nepal.
Year |
Location |
Coordinates |
Habitat area in hectares within 1.5km
radius of CT location (% coverage) |
|||
Forest |
Grassland |
Sand/gravel |
Wetland |
|||
2012 |
Tented camp |
27.52763⁰N & 84.22112⁰E |
369.76 |
286.31 |
24.89 |
25.83 |
2012 |
Devi Tal |
27.53804⁰N & 84.13097⁰E |
439.31 |
165.39 |
36.36 |
65.75 |
2012 |
Patna Tal |
27.54815⁰N & 84.49961⁰E |
27.84 |
540.94 |
64.29 |
73.73 |
2010 |
Ghatgain |
27.55208⁰N & 84.50666⁰E |
177.44 |
389.96 |
66.27 |
73.13 |
2010 |
Amrite |
27.55470⁰N & 84.56258⁰E |
71.73 |
135.35 |
407.63 |
92.08 |
2010 |
Icherny |
27.55208⁰N & 84.50666⁰E |
93.78 |
391.72 |
102.76 |
118.53 |
|
Total |
1179.85 |
1909.67 |
702.2 |
449.05 |
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