Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26
February 2018 | 10(2): 11254–11261
Records of the Indian Pangolin (Mammalia: Pholidota:
Manidae: Manis
crassicaudata) from Mansehra District, Pakistan
Tariq Mahmood
1, Konish Kanwal
2 & Iftikhar-Uz- Zaman 3
1,2 Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
3 Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) Wildlife, Galliat Forest
Division, Kakool Road, Abbottabad,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan
1 tariqjanjua75@uaar.edu.pk (corresponding
author), 2 konishkanwaljadoon@gmail.com, 3 iftikhar_z@hotmail.com
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3314.10.2.11254-11261 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E00D7A14-937C-40E9-8F8D-769CD635279A
Editor: Dan Challender, University of
Kent, Canterbury, UK. Date
of publication: 26 February 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3314 |
Received 31 January 2017 | Final received 02 February 2018 | Finally accepted
05 February 2018
Citation: Mahmood, T., K. Kanwal
& I.U. Zaman (2018). Records of the Indian
Pangolin (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae:
Manis crassicaudata)
from Mansehra District, Pakistan. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(2): 11254–11261; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3314.10.2.11254-11261
Copyright: © Mahmood et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution
by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department,
Pakistan (partial).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author
Details: Tariq Mahmood is serving as Assistant Professor of Wildlife
management at PMAS-AAU. He is conducting and supervising research on ecology of
mammals, especially carnivores. He has also completed a three years research
project on Ecology of Indian Pangolin in Potohar Plateau
funded by HEC Islamabad. Ms. Konish Kanwal did her M.Phil. thesis
research work on Indian Pangolin inhabiting Mansehra
District, KPK. She is now enrolled in PhD degree program in the Department of
Wildlife Management, PMAS-AAUR. Mr. Iftikhar-Uz-Zaman is currently serving as Divisional
Forest Officer Wildlife in the Galliat Forest
Division Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtumkhwa,
Pakistan.
Author
Contribution: TM
and KK designed the study, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; IUZ
helped and facilitated in field data collection and also provided logistic
support for the research work.
Acknowledgements:
The authors are highly grateful to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department, KP, Pakistan for providing
partial funding for the current research study.
Abstract: This study investigated records of
distribution and population density of the Indian Pangolin Manis
crassicaudata in Mansehra
District, Pakistan. Field surveys
were conducted from September 2015 to August 2016 to record direct and indirect
signs of the species, including burrows and faecal matter. Information was also collected from
local people through unstructured interviews. Our results show that the Indian Pangolin
occurred at two sampling sites only (Lassan Nawab and Paras) in the study
area. We recorded low numbers of
burrows (feeding and permanent burrows) at these two sites. One direct field sighting of one
individual was made at Paras. A low mean population density of
0.28±0.45 per km2 was estimated at seven different selected sites,
but for the district as a whole, the population density was as low as 0.00044
individuals per km2.
This study recommends initiating conservation efforts in the study area
to further understand and conserve the remaining population of Indian Pangolin
in Mansehra District.
Keywords: Abundance, distribution, Manis, Pakistan, Pangolin, Pholidota.
INTRODUCTION
The
Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata
is listed as ÔEndangeredÕ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of
increasing levels of illegal hunting principally for its meat and scales, both
for local use and for illicit international trade in scales, which has occurred
historically (Baillie et al. 2014).
The trade in its scales is typically destined for East Asia where they
are used in traditional medicines (Baillie et al. 2014). This species is distributed in South
Asia, from eastern Pakistan and parts of northern Pakistan through much of
India south of the Himalaya, southern Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Schlitter 2005; Srinivasulu &
Srinivasulu 2012).
In
Pakistan, the Indian Pangolin occurs in all four provinces of the country,
although it is locally distributed.
In Punjab province it is reported from Kasur,
Lahore, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum Chakwal,
Rawalpindi and Attock districts, and also in the
districts of Bhakar and Jhang
(southern Punjab). The species
range extends northwards towards Noweshra, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar
districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province
(Roberts 1977; CITES 2000). In Sind
Province, it is reported from Dadu, Larkana, Hyderabad and Tharparkar
districts, extending eastwards to Kutch (Roberts 1977; CITES 2000). In Baluchistan, its localized
populations occur in Las Bela and Mekran
districts.
The
species has been hunted historically as a local source of protein and for
medicinal purposes. The scales
of the species are used as a whole, or in powdered form in the preparation
of traditional medicines and as curios (Misra & Hanfee 2000).
The scales of this species have been used by Hakims in Pakistan historically
and this still occurs in many remote areas in the country. Its skin has also been used to
manufacture leather goods such as boots and shoes internationally, however,
this species constitutes lower volumes in the trade compared to other Asian pangolins
(mainly the Sunda Pangolin and Chinese
Pangolin). There has been an
established international trade in Chinese Pangolin Manis
pentadactyla derivatives, principally
scales, from northeastern India to Myanmar and
possibly China (Misra & Hanfee
2000) and such trade has come to include Manis
crassicaudata scales in recent
years (Mahmood et al. 2012; Challender et al. 2015; Mohapatra
et al. 2015).
The
Indian Pangolin plays an important ecological role by consuming termites: a
serious insect pest of agricultural crops and buildings, and ants (Roberts
1997). It is a toothless mammal,
having overlapping horny scales, a protractible very long tongue and prehensile
tail, rolling up into a ball when it is threatened. It is myrmecophagous
(Prater 2005), feeding on termites and ants. It has highly specialized feeding
habits, consuming mainly eggs, adults of termites and ants, also their young
ones by digging the nests of ants and termites (Pai
2008). Its specific diet is thought
to limit the speciesÕ ability to survive in captivity (Yang et al. 2007; Pattnaik 2008), although a small number of this species do
occur in captivity in India. It is
estimated that one adult pangolin may consume approximately more than 70
million insects annually (dÕAulaire & dÕAulaire 1983).
The
Indian Pangolin is included in ÔAppendix-IÕ of CITES
(http://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php).
In Pakistan, this species is protected under the Islamabad Wildlife
Protection, Preservation, Conservation, and Management) Ordinance, 1979
(Schedule-III) and included in Schedule-I of the Wildlife Acts and Rules of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
In
Pakistan, research into the ecology of this species in the Potohar
Plateau region in the last few years has documented rapid population declines
locally as a result of illegal killing to obtain scales for international trade
(Irshad et al. 2015). All Asian Pangolin species, including
the Chinese Pangolin, Sunda Pangolin (M. javanica), Indian Pangolin, and Philippine Pangolin (M.
culionensis), are threatened by illegal hunting
for international trade (Wu et al. 2004; Challender
2011) for their meat and their scales which are used
in Traditional Chinese Medicines (Pantel & Chin
2009; Challender 2011). The Mansehra
District of KP province in Pakistan, is not currently
part of the species recognized range by IUCN. The current study, therefore, is aimed
at investigating the distribution records of this species in Mansehra District, based on the hypothesis that the species
does in fact occur there.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
The
current study was conducted in Mansehra District,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan (Fig. 1). The
district includes the Hazara division, and covers
4,579km2, located at 34.233–35.1830N &
72.816– 74.1330E. It
lies at the eastern border of the Province, four hours away from Peshawar and
three hours away from Islamabad by road.
The climate is warm in summer but cold in winter;
the average annual temperature being 18.50C. The northern part, where there are high
mountains, is cold in summer due to snow covering the mountains and it is very
cold in winter. The winter season
spans seven months and the summer period is shorter at only five months. Average annual rainfall is 209mm during
summer (e.g., July), followed by 108mm during February. In the winter the
temperature varies from -1 to 37 0C (Waheed
et al. 2013).
To
record the distribution of Indian Pangolin in the study area, field surveys
were conducted from September 2015 to August 2016, using a motor vehicle
(average speed 20–30 km/hour) in three different kinds of habitats; natural, human occupied areas, and agricultural lands of
the study district. Based on the
surveys, seven different potential sampling sites were selected (Fig. 1; Table 1) to collect data on the
Indian Pangolin. The sampling sites
were selected on the basis of mentions about habitat of Indian Pangolin in the
literature and also on the information collected from the native people. Each sampling site had variable size due
to varied topography and mixed habitat type. The selected sampling sites were visited
on a fornightly basis for recording direct and
indirect signs of Indian Pangolin including its burrows, scats, footprints, and
body prints. A total of 20 field visits were made to the selected sampling
sites.
Among
selected sampling sites, both Lassan Nawab and Paras encompass mixed
habitat types including mountains, wild or natural areas, agricultural land,
and human occupied areas (Image 1 A&B). The natural area at Lassan
Nawab possessed five tree, four shrub and five herb
species. The tree species present at this site included Kikar
Acacia nilotica, Chir
Pine Pinus roxburgii,
River Red-gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, China
Berry Tree Melia azedarach,
and Himalayan Poplar Populus ciliata.
The four-shrub species occurring at this site included Rubber Brush Calatropis procera,
Hop Brush Dodonea viscosa,
Castor Bean Shrub Ricinus communis, and Winged Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum
armatus.
While the five-herb species occurring here included Hairy Fleabane Conyza bonariensis,
Hemp Cannabis sativa, Euphorbia indica, Narrowleaf Indigo Indigofera linifolia,
and Himalayan Indigo Indigofera heterantha.
The crop and vegetable species being cultivated at the two positive
sites in agricultural land included Wheat Triticum
sativum, Maize Zea
mays, Tobacco Nicotina tabacum, Peanut Arachis
hypogaea, Potato Solanum
tuberosum, Cabbage Brassica oleracea and Peas Pisum
sativum.
At the
second positive site (Paras) in the habitat of Indian
Pangolin, four tree, four shrub and five herb species were recorded. The tree species occurring at this site
were Chir Pine, Shisham Dalbergia sissoo,
and Blue Pine Pinus wallichiana. The shrub species were hop brush, tick
berry Lantana camara, winged prickly ash, and
castor bean, while the five-herb species occurring at this site were hairy
fleabane, Euphorbia indica, hemp, cat mint Anisomella smalabarica
and Cynoglotum lanceolatum.
Information
was also retrieved from local people through unstructured interviews about
occurrence of the species to determine presence. The areas were marked positive where any
signs of occurrence of Indian Pangolin were found while those areas, which did
not have any direct signs were considered negative. The burrows of Indian Pangolin were
searched for at the positive sites and their characteristics such as depth,
length, width and diameter, were recorded.
The burrows were confirmed based on certain characteristics. First, they are round in shape. Second, they have got a specific burrow
opening diameter of between 20 and 35 cm, and third they can be very deep (up
to 9–10 m). In addition,
signs of occurrence of the Indian Pangolin are also commonly found at the
opening of the burrows of the species, for example, its footprints, body scale
prints (Body scale prints means when Indian Pangolin rolls on soft soil near
its burrows, prints of its body scales are left on the soil, which show its
presence), and prey remains (chitinous body parts of
ants left after feeding) at and around the burrow opening. These signs confirm that the burrow
belongs to an Indian Pangolin. It
is important to mention that some other burrowing rodents (Indian Crested
Porcupine) and mammals (mongooses) are also found in the habitat of the Indian
Pangolin, but their burrows are different.
For example, the burrow opening of the Indian Crested Porcupine is very
wide and not circular, while those of mongooses are much narrower in
diameter. The burrow opening of the
Indian Pangolin was measured in the field by using a measuring tape, while the
depth of the burrow was measured by inserting a long, flexible stick deep into
the burrow and then measuring it by using a measuring tape.
The
population density of the Indian Pangolin was estimated at seven selected
sampling sites, by counts of its active living/ permanent or resting burrows of
the species following Southwood (1966) and Begon (1979), using the following formula:
D
= N / A
where D= density
of the species, N is the numbers of active living burrows, and A is the total
area of the transect. The formula
used here is based on the assumption that one living burrow was being used by
one Indian Pangolin. This may be a
limitation to this study as it is known that other
species of pangolin will use burrows used by absent con-specifics, and which
may apply to this species, though more research is needed on this front.
The
burrows of Indian Pangolin are of two types; one is known as a feeding burrow
and the other one is resting or living burrows (Mahmood
et al. 2015). The feeding burrows
are less deep and excavated by the species while feeding on ant colonies and
termite mounds. The Pangolin,
having reached an occupied nest, feeds by rapidly extending its thin
cylindrical, long sticky tongue into the galleries, and in this process a
certain amount of earth is also swallowed (Roberts 1997). This process creates a shallow burrow in
the soil, which is termed a feeding burrow. The second type of burrow is a permanent
or resting burrow, which are used by Indian Pangolins for living or resting
purposes during the daytime, coming out at evening and night to forage. Similarly, the permanent or resting
burrows of the species can further be categorized either as active or inactive
in the field, that is, if a burrow is being utilized by the Pangolin it is
regarded ÔactiveÕ but if abandoned then it is termed as ÔinactiveÕ, i.e., the
one which is not being used by the Pangolin at the moment is regarded as
inactive.
Table 1. Details of seven selected
sampling sites in Mansehra District for data
collection about distribution, and abundance of Indian Pangolin.
Site No. |
Sampling site |
Tehsil |
Latitude (N) |
Longitude (E) |
Elevation (m) |
Major Habitat features |
I |
Lassan Nawab |
Mansehra |
34.27416667 |
72.97416667 |
966 |
Mountains, pastures, agricultural lands,
wild and human occupied areas |
II |
Lassan Takral |
Mansehra |
34.24745556 |
73.07444444 |
1008 |
Mountains, pastures, agricultural lands,
wild and human occupied areas |
III |
Khakki |
Mansehra |
34.40000000 |
73.13333333 |
940 |
Mountains, pastures, natural and human
occupied areas, agricultural lands |
IV |
Darbandh |
Ogi |
34.32916667 |
72.85027778 |
1572 |
Pastures, human occupied areas
mountains, wild areas, agricultural lands |
V |
Agror |
Ogi |
34.50138056 |
72.04805556 |
1306 |
Agricultural land, natural and human
occupied areas, mountains |
VI |
Balakot |
Balakot |
34.22732500 |
73.36055556 |
2160 |
Mountains, natural and human occupied
areas, agricultural lands |
VII |
Paras |
Balakot |
34.67399444 |
73.46138889 |
2246 |
Pastures,
agricultural lands, mountains, human occupied areas |
RESULTS
Five
out of the seven sampling sites were negative for the presence of Indian
Pangolins while two sampling sites, ÔLassan NawabÕ and ÔParasÕ were found to
be positive. The two positive sites
had an elevation range from 962–2,246 m (Table 2). Direct sighting of the Indian Pangolin
was recorded at one site; ÔParasÕ
(Image 1). The burrows were
recorded in both cultivated and wild habitats of the study area at the two
positive sites (Image 2 C&D).
The soil texture was sandy with some mixed clay and silt. Two types of burrows of the Indian
Pangolin were found at the positive sampling sites; temporary or feeding
burrows and the living or sleeping or permanent burrows. Feeding burrows were less deep and
excavated by the species during foraging on ants and termites (evidence of
foraging on ants), whereas the permanent living burrows were much deeper having
round opening and used by the species for living (resting) purpose. At Lassan Nawab, a total of 11 feeding burrows were recorded whereas
at Paras site, a total of 16 feeding burrows were
recorded. The mean burrow height was 16.75cm, width 19.94cm, and depth 16.48cm
(Table 3; Image 2; Fig. 2). The
height of entrance of burrow was measured vertically at the burrow opening
while width was measured horizontally. Far fewer permanent living burrows of
the Indian Pangolin were found at the two positive sampling sites compared to
feeding burrows. At Lassan Nawab only two living
burrows of the species were recorded, one found active while the second one was
inactive. Similarly, at Paras a total of five living burrows were recorded but only
one was active, the remaining four were found inactive. A living burrow of Indian Pangolin was considered
ÔactiveÕ when any of the direct or indirect signs of the species such as faecal
dropping, body print, fresh soil digging, were recorded around the burrow
opening, otherwise it was considered ÔinactiveÕ. For inactive burrows, mean burrow height
was 33.73cm, width 78.52cm and depth 8.68m while for active living burrows,
mean burrow height being 51.80cm, width 35.04cm and depth 6.70m (Table 4; Image
2; Fig. 3).
The
burrows were recorded at both the positive sites, fecal
samples were recorded at ÔLassan NawabÕ
site while one direct field sighting of Pangolin was made at ÔParasÕ sampling site.
A very low average population density of the Indian Pangolin (0.28 ±
0.45 per km2) was estimated in the study area, covering all seven
selected sampling sites (Table 4).
At the two positive sampling sites, the phyto-association
of the Indian Pangolin was measured by quantifying its resting or living
burrows found near or around the particular vegetation type. The Indian Pangolin was found more
associated with the tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis
and Pinus roxburgii
whereby its permanent living burrows were found around these tree species,
although Dodonaea viscosa
was the most abundant shrub species in the habitat.
Table 2. Details of direct and indirect
signs of the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata recorded at selected sampling sites of Mansehra
Site name |
Location |
Burrows |
Faecal samples |
Direct sightings |
Elevation range (m) |
Results +/- |
Lassan Nawab |
Khalla Takha |
yes |
yes |
No |
825–966 |
+ |
Lassan Nawab |
Batal Pine |
- |
- |
- |
966–987 |
_ |
LassanTakral |
Gali Marjan |
- |
- |
- |
967–1002 |
_ |
LassanTakral |
Nallah Nakkah |
- |
- |
- |
812–962 |
_ |
Khakki |
Khawajgahn |
- |
- |
- |
940–976 |
_ |
Darbandh |
Chakh Phansyal |
- |
- |
- |
1589–1642 |
_ |
Agror |
Tarawayii |
- |
- |
- |
1306–1445 |
_ |
Balakot |
Shahgaran |
- |
- |
- |
1681–1768 |
_ |
Paras |
Bageer Guzara |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
2836–2918 |
+ |
+ =
present; - = absent
Table 3. Characteristics of feeding
Burrows of Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata quantified at two positive sampling sites
of Mansehra District during the study period.
Site no. |
Sampling site |
Numbers of feeding burrows (n=27) |
Average parameters of feeding burrows |
||
height (cm) |
width (cm) |
depth (cm) |
|||
I |
Lassan Nawab |
11 |
16.53 |
17.45 |
16.31 |
II |
LassanTakral |
- |
- |
- |
- |
III |
Khakki |
- |
- |
- |
- |
IV |
Darbandh |
- |
- |
- |
- |
V |
Agror |
- |
- |
- |
- |
VI |
Balakot |
- |
- |
- |
- |
VII |
Paras |
16 |
16.98 |
22.43 |
16.65 |
|
Mean ± SE |
13.5±5.75 |
16.75±11.62 |
19.94±18.37 |
16.48±11.40 |
Table 4. Details of
living burrows and population density of Indian Pangolin Manis
crassicaudata in Mansehra
District of KP province during the current study period.
Site no. |
Site name |
Inactive burrows |
Active Burrows |
Species density |
||||||
|
|
N |
Height
(cm) |
Width
(cm) |
Depth
(m) |
N |
Height
(cm) |
Width
(cm) |
Depth
(m) |
D = n/A |
I |
Lassan Nawab |
1 |
36.57 |
30 |
1.828 |
1 |
33.52 |
36.57 |
3.962 |
1.0 |
II |
LassanTakral |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
III |
Khakki |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
IV |
Darbandh |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
V |
Agror |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
VI |
Balakot |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0 |
VII |
Paras |
4 |
30.89 |
127.05 |
15.54 |
1 |
70.09 |
33.52 |
9.448 |
1.0 |
Mean
± SE |
2.5±0.64 |
33.73±3.8 |
78.52±10.2 |
8.68±0.24 |
1.0±0.86 |
51.80±6.4 |
35.04±4.0 |
6.705±0.04 |
0.28±0.45 |
Total area of Mansehra
District: 4,579km2
Average Population density of Indian
Pangolin in the whole district: 0.00044 individuals per km2.
DISCUSSION
The
Indian Pangolin, is listed as ÔEndangeredÕ by IUCN
because of hunting and increasing levels of poaching, principally for its meat
and scales, both for local use and for illicit international trade in
scales. There has also been an established
international trade in Manis pentadactyla derivatives, principally
scales, from northeastern India to Myanmar and
possibly China (Misra & Hanfee
2000) and such trade has come to include Manis
crassicaudata scales in recent
years, including from Pakistan (Mahmood et al. 2012; Challender et al. 2015). There is evidence that the species is
being severely impacted by hunting and poaching in India, which also occurs in
Pakistan (Mahmood et al. 2012). However, there is little detailed
information about its status range wide (CITES 2000; Baillie et al. 2014) but
there is now greater evidence of its inclusion in illicit international trade,
in particular its scales, from both India and Pakistan, with Myanmar and China
comprising the most likely, final destinations (Zoological Society of India 2002;
Challender et al. 2015).
Local
populations of the Indian Pangolin occur in other provinces in Pakistan
including Sind, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
but they have not been assessed in terms of population densities. The distribution range of the species in
the province of KP in Pakistan, its population status and the levels of threat
it is facing require investigation which was the focus of this study. Our results have shown that the Indian
Pangolin has got a very narrow range of occurrence in Mansehra
District of KP province. Out of all
areas surveyed for recording its distribution, and among seven different
sampling sites, the species was recorded at only two sampling sites (Lassan Nawab and Paras). At Lassan Nawab, no direct sighting
of the species was possible, and only its indirect signs of occurrence were
found including burrows and faeces whereas at Paras
site in addition to burrows and faeces, directing field observation of one
individual of Indian Pangolin was recorded. Although the two types of burrows of the
species were clearly distinguishable by their height, width and depth, the
number of Pangolin burrows was very low, indicative of its very low
density. A very low population
density (0.28 ± 0.45 individuals per km2) for the Indian Pangolin
was estimated at the selected sites.
Extrapolating this density to the whole district of Mansehra
suggests the population density to be very low (0.00044 individuals per km2). There are a few density estimates
available for Asian and African Pangolins including 0.0001/km2 for
the Indian Pangolin in Chakwal, Pakistan (Mahmood et al. 2014), 0.001 individuals per km2
for the Chinese Pangolin in China (Wu et al. 2004) and 0.8 individuals per km2
for the White-bellied Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis in Africa (Akpona
et al. 2008) all of which suggest that these species occur at low
densities. There is, however,
little other published population data available for any other species of
pangolins, not only from Pakistan, but also from the Asian region (Challender et al. 2014). One exception is in Taiwan (PR China)
where higher densities (12 to 13 adult Pangolins per km2) have been
found (IUCN/TRAFFIC 2016).
During
the current study period, the two major threats being faced by the Indian
Pangolin in its habitat include illegal killing of the species by local people
and poaching. The native people
kill Indian Pangolin in the study area because they have a ÒmythÓ that the
Indian Pangolin digs graves and pulls out the buried dead bodies, and so
locally it is referred to as ÒGhorkushÓ (that is
grave digger). Similarly, farmers
of the study area also kill Indian Pangolins because they think that the
animals damage their crops and agricultural lands by digging burrows, even
though this could benefit their agricultural land by aerating the soil and add
to its fertility. Finally, there
are also reports about its illegal capture by poachers from the study area, but
this needs further investigation.
Nevertheless, the population estimates of the Indian Pangolin estimated
in this study suggests that the species occurs at low densities in the Mansehra District and faces threats from persecution and
likely, from poaching. Measures
including the engagement of local communities and farmers in efforts to protect
the Indian Pangolin, combined with effective law enforcement, are needed
urgently in order to stand the best chance of conserving the Indian Pangolin in
Mansehra District in KP, in Pakistan.
REFERENCES
Akpona H.A., C.A.M.S. Djagoun & B. Sinsin (2008). Ecology and ethnozoology of the Three-cusped Pangolin Manis tricuspis
(Mammalia, Pholidota) in the Lama forest reserve,
Benin. Mammalia 72: 198–202.
Baillie, J., D. Challender, P. Kaspal, A. Khatiwada, R. Mohapatra & H.
Nash (2014). Manis crassicaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2014: e.T12761A45221874. Downloaded on 30 January
2017; http://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20142.RLTS.T12761A45221874.en
Begon, M. (1979). Investigating
Animal Abundance. Edward Arnold, London, 96pp.
Challender, D.W.S., R. Harrop & D.C. MacMillan (2015). Understanding
markets to conserve trade-threatened species in CITES. Biological
Conservation 187: 249–259.
Challender, D., T. Nguyen van,
C. Shepherd, K. Krishnasamy, A. Wang, B. Lee, E. Panjang, L. Fletcher, S. Heng, J.
Seah Han Ming, A. Olsson, A. Nguyen The Truong, Q.
Nguyen van & Y. Chung (2014). Manis
javanica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2014: e.T12763A45222303. Downloaded on 01 August 2017;
http://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T12763A45222303.en
Challender, D.W.S. (2011). Asian Pangolins:
Increasing affluence driving hunting pressure. TRAFFIC Bulletin 23:
92–93.
CITES (2000). Prop. 11.13. Manis crassicaudata, Manis pentadactyla, Manis javanica. Transfer from Appendix II to Appendix
I (India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, United States). Available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/13.pdf
dÕAulaire, E. & P.O. dÕAluaire (1983). Pangolins are all
the rage. International Wildlife 13: 14–16.
Irshad, N., T. Mahmood, R. Hussain & M.S. Nadeem (2015). Distribution, abundance and
diet of the Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata). Animal Biology 65:
57–71.
Mahmood, T., N. Irshad & R. Hussain (2014). Habitat
preference and population estimates of Indian Pangolin (Manis
crassicaudata) in District Chakwal
of Potohar Plateau,
Pakistan. Russian Journal of Ecology 45(1):
70–75.
Mahmood, T., R. Hussain, N. Irshad, F. Akrim & M.S. Nadeem. (2012). Illegal mass killing of Indian
Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata)
on Potohar Region, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44(5): 1457–1461.
Misra, M. & N. Hanfee. (2000). Pangolin
distribution and trade in east and northeast India. TRAFFIC Disparches 14: 4–5.
Mohapatra, R.K., S. Panda,
L.N. Acharjyo, M.V. Nair & D.W.S. Challender (2015). A note on the
illegal trade and use of Pangolin body parts in India. TRAFFIC
Bulletin 27(1): 33-40.
Pai, M. (2008). Vanishing species-Indian Pangolin.
http://mohanpais articles.blogspot.com 2008/07/10/
Pantel, S. & S.Y. Chin
(eds.) (2009). Proceedings
of workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and
Southeast Asia 30 June-2 July 2008. Singapore Zoo,
Singapore, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya,
Singapore, Malaysia.
Prater, H.S. (2005). The Book of Indian Animals. Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 348pp+67pls.
Roberts, T.J. (1977). The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest
Benn, London, UK, 361pp.
Roberts, T.J. (1997). Pholidota,
pp. 131–135. In: The Mammals of Pakistan. Revised Edition. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
Schlitter, D.A. (2005). Order Pholidota. In: Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds.). Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, pp.
530–531. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD,
USA.
Southwood, T.R.E. (1966). Ecological
Methods, with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations.
Methuen, London, 391pp.
Srinivasulu, C. & B. Srinivasulu (2012). South Asian Mammals. Their Diversity,
Distribution, and Status. Springer, New York, 468pp+xii.
Waheed, A., F.S. Hanid, H. Ahmad, S. Aslam, N.
Ahmad & A. Akbar (2013). Different climatic data observation
and its effect on tea crop. Journal of Material and
Environmental Science 4(2): 299–308.
Wu, S.B., N. Lui, Y. Zhang & G. Ma. (2004). Assessment of threatened status of Chinese Pangolin
(Manis pentadactyla). Chinese
Journal of Applied Environmental Biology 10(4): 456–461.
Yang, C.W., S. Chen,
Y.C. Chang, F.M. Lin, F. Block & E.S. Dierenfeld
(2007). Rare occupants in zoos - Pangolins. Aspect of digestive anatomy and physiology. Zoo Biology 26: 223–230.
Zoological Society of
India (2002). Pangolins (Mammalia: Pholidota) of India. ENVIS Newsletter Vol.
9 (No. 1 and 2); https://cites.org/eng/app /appendices.php