Article

Introduction

 

 

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has identified the entire eastern Himalaya as a priority Global 200 Eco-region while Conservation International has upscaled the eastern Himalaya hotspot to the Himalaya Hotspot. The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26050’42”–29025’02”N and 91031’51”–97028’16”E in the eastern Himalaya, has its borders with the Indian states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east and China (Tibet) in the north. Arunachal Pradesh covers an area of 83,743km2 of which approximately 67,905km2 is under forest (Forest Survey of India 2013). The forests of Arunachal Pradesh have been classified into 16 different forest sub-type classes as per the Champion & Seth (1968) classification: 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests (31.05% area) followed by 2/2S1 Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes (12.40%); 14/C2 East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Birch/Fir Forests (10.3%); 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests (8.72%); 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests (8.42%); 2B/C1(b) Eastern Sub-Montane Semi-Evergreen Forests (8.16%); 12/C3(a) East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests (7.43%); 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga (5.24%); 8B/C1 East Himalayan Sub-Tropical Wet Hill Forests (3.35%); 13/C6 East Himalayan Dry Temperate Coniferous Forests (1.51%); 1B/C2(a) Kayea Forests (1.46%); 15/C1 Birch/Rhododendron Scrub Forests (0.92%); 9/C2 Assam Sub-Tropical Pine Forests (0.84%); 16/C1 Dry Alpine Scrub (0.05%); 1/2S1 Pioneer Euphorbiaceous Scrub (0.02%); 3C/2S2 Secondary Euphorbiaceous Scrub (0.11%) and Plantations (0.05%), respectively (Forest Survey of India 2011). Out of all of these forest types, 11 are more prominent than others (Table 1).

Arunachal Pradesh is one of richest states in India in terms of biodiversity, with over 4,200–5,000 species of flowering plants of which 243 species are endemic to the state (Chowdhery 1999; Baishya et al. 2001; Chatterjee et al. 2006), over 545 species of orchids (Baishya et al. 2001; Rao 2010), 61 species of rhododendrons (Mao et al. 2001) and over 50 species of bamboos (Haridasan 1987; Naithani 2008). Faunal richness is equally diverse with over 650 avian species identified in 28 important birding areas (IBA’s) (Zafar-ul-Islam & Rehmani 2004). Perhaps this is the only region in the world known to harbor all the three extant species of Goral: Nemorhaedus goral Hardwicke, 1825 (Himalayan Goral); N. griseus Milne-Edwards, 1874 (Chinese Goral) and N. baileyi Pocock, 1914 (Red Goral). Both Chinese and Red gorals have been recognized as Vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened species (Paul et al. 2005). New taxa are still being discovered in the state, e.g., Macaca munzala Sinha et al., 2005 (Arunachal Macaque); Liocichla bugunorum Athreya, 2006 (Bugun Liocichla); Leptobrachium bompu Sondhi & Ohler, 2011 (Bomphu Litter Frog); Zoothera salimalii Alström et al. 2016 (Himalayan Forest Thrush), and recently two species of butterflies, Callerebia dibangensis Roy, 2013 (Bright-eyed Argus) was described from one male specimen collected in 1987 while Singh (2015) described its female and studied its ecology in Dibang Valley; and most recently Hypolycaena narada Kunte, 2015 (Banded Tit) was discovered from Namdapha National Park in the State.

Studies on butterflies in Arunachal Pradesh started as early as 1845 by Doubleday (1845) followed by Moore (1857), Evans (1912), South (1913), Betts (1950). Recent records are by Arora & Mondal (1981), Gupta & Shukla (1988), Varhsney & Shukla (1988), Radhakrishnan (1988), Borang et al. (2008), Gogoi (2012), Singh (2013), Sondhi & Roy (2013), Sondhi & Kunte (2014), and Sondhi et al. (2016); however, all these records are mainly area-specific checklists or dealt with species taxonomy. There is no information available on the association of butterflies with different forest types as per Champion & Seth (1968) classification in Arunachal Pradesh State. In this study, the associations/linkages between butterflies and 11 forests sub-types are examined across the state for the first time and zones identified for conservation and ecotourism in the state.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Material and Methods

Sampling

Random sampling surveys for collecting data on butterflies were carried out covering all the seasons of the year (January–February: winter; March–April: spring; May–June: pre-monsoon; July–August; monsoon; September–October: post monsoon; & November–December: autumn) for three years from 17 December 2011 to 15 December 2014 and also from 3–4 June 2015 (Fig. 1). A total of 196 transect walks were undertaken besides random point sampling on survey routes covering 11 major forest types (Table 1) for individuals of each species of butterflies. Two-thousand-nine-hundred-and-sixteen (2,916) GPS point locations in 16 Districts of the state (Fig. 1) were thus covered. The routes and locations, dates and forest sub-types covered during the survey are given for each trip in Appendix 1. The altitudinal gradient covered was from the lowest 135m at Deomali in Tirap District in the southeast to the highest 4,000m at Sela Pass on the border between Tawang and West Kameng Districts in the west. Pollard’s walk methodology (Pollard & Yates 1993) was adopted to gather data on butterfly abundance for each species encountered on the transect walk which was done for one hour in a stretch by walking on the roads/trails for 1–2 km. Data was also collected on individual butterfly species/congregations encountered while travelling between sites, base line parameters of forest stands where data was collected using a GPS for coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude). Data on temperature and relative humidity was taken during the time of sampling of butterflies for only 83 transects from 28 August 2013 to 11 December 2014 using a weather meter. The linkages between butterflies and forest sub-types were determined by over-laying the sampling point locations of each individual of butterfly species sampled on the forest sub-type map of the state (Fig. 1 & 3; FSI 2011) on a GIS platform using ArcGIS 7 software at the Geo-informatics laboratory at Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India.

Identification of butterflies was carried out on the spot at the sampling site. Most species were photographed and only a few specimens of unidentified species were collected. For identification field guides (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; D’Abrera 1982, 1985, 1986; Smith 1989; Haribal 1992; Smith 2006, Kehimkar 2008; Singh 2011; Gogoi 2012, 2013; Sondhi et al. 2013; Sondhi & Kunte 2014; Smetacek 2015) were used along with web resources (<http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/>; <http://flutters.org/> and <http://yutaka.it-n.jp/>). Comparison of images/specimens was also done with the specimens at the National Forest Insect Collection at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Nemonclature followed using the website http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/ insecta/lepidoptera/ ditrysia/ papilionoidea/.

The relative abundances of all the species were pooled and ranked from lowest to the highest. All the taxa were then divided into four equal classes or categories with equal number of species. Based on the quartile divisions of their relative abundances, all the taxa sampled were ranked into four categories (i) Uncommon = Q1 (minimum abundance), (ii) Fairly Common = Q2; (iii) Common = Q3 and (iv) Very Common = Q4 (maximum abundance) respectively.

 

Results and Discussion

 

A total of 415 taxa (413 species + 2 subspecies) of butterflies were recorded and identifed in the state during the three year’s sampling period. Based on the quartile divisions of their relative abundances, 415 taxa were ranked as Uncommon (Q1=1; minimum abundance); Fairly Common (Q2=2-4); Common (Q3=5-14); and Very Common (Q4 =15- 238; maximum abundance) (Median value=4) (Appendix 2).

a. Butterfly species associations of different forest sub-types of Arunachal Pradesh

Linkages between butterfly communities and 11 major forest sub-types were examined by analyzing relative abundance data of 415 taxa of butterflies found in these forests (Fig. 2).

It is evident that the butterfly community of 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests, which is the dominant forest sub-type in the state, was most unique as it lay at one extreme of the dendrogram showing most dissimilarity with the rest but being closely linked to 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, followed by 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Evergreen Forests, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, 2/2S1 Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes and others, respectively.

b. Species richness and relative abundance of butterflies in different forest-sub-types

The Highest number of species were also recorded in 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests followed by 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Evergreen Forests, 2B/1C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, 12/C3(a) East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests, 2/2S1 Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes, 1B/C2(a) Kayea Forests, respectively (Fig.3).

Relative abundance of butterflies (Fig. 4) followed the same pattern in different forest sub-types as of species richness, except that 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Evergreen Forests and 2B/1C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests had almost similar abundance of butterflies.

Amongst the major forest sub-types the maximum proportion of the number of species in total was found in 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, which also occupy the maximum proportion of land area under forest cover in the State (Fig.5).

c. Distribution of specialists and generalists in forest sub-types

Amongst the forest type specialists, species which were restricted to single or two forest sub-types (Figs. 6 & 7; blue bars), the most preferred habitat was 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluval Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, followed by 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, 12/C3(a) East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests, 14/C2 East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Forests, respectively. Other forest sub-types had less than 10 individuals of less than 10 species, i.e., 1B/C2 (a) Kayea Forests, while other forest sub-types had only a few species and individuals.

Species which preferred three or more forest sub-types, generalists, were also abundant in 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests followed by 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, 12/C3(a) East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests respectively, while other habitats had only few species and individuals.

d. Species richness at different altitudes

Species richness of butterflies was higher at lower elevations in the State and gradually declined and reduced significantly above 2000m (Fig.8). The major 4 forest types 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga are represented mainly below 2000m elevation (Fig.9).

 

e. Seasonality

Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 2,000–4,100 mm annually, mostly between May and September.  The relative humidity (Fig. 9) and temperature (Fig. 10) were both high from June to November during the study period (2013–2014). The Maximum temperature was recorded during August–September (monsoon and post monsoon) while maximum relative humidity was recorded during June–September (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons).

The number of species of butterflies in flight was highest during Monsoon season (Fig. 11) (first peak-253 species) followed by Autumn (second peak-220) while it was lowest during post monsoon and winter (79) in Arunachal Pradesh. However, the number of species was never low in any season, suggesting that butterflies are in flight all year round in the state, mainly at lower elevations.

Similarly, the relative abundance of butterflies was also highest during Monsoon season (Fig. 12) and Autumn while it was lowest during winter in Arunachal Pradesh.

Conclusion

 

 

The findings of the study suggest that there are linkages between butterflies and forest sub-types found in the eastern Himalaya in Arunachal Pradesh. Four major forest types, namely 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/ C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests, and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, account for approximately 60% of the total forest area under 2,000m in the state and where the butterfly fauna is most diverse. Undoubtedly, July–August followed by November–December in altitudes below 2,000m in Arunachal Pradesh are the best time for butterflies when they can be seen in large numbers both in terms of species richness and abundance. The forest sub-type,‘2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests’ being most distinct in terms of butterfly diversity than the rest, is also the most diverse in terms of butterfly numbers and species richness. This area is widely spread over in the eastern and the central part of the state covering approximately 31% of the forest area (Fig. 13a). It therefore has priority over the other forest sub-types in the state for conservation as well as ecotourism. Many species that prefer this forest type are either uncommon, rare or endemic to the eastern Himalaya and northeastern India. These are, Rhinopalpa polynice birmana Fruhstorfer, 1897 (Wizard), Papilio paradoxa telearchus Hewitson, 1852 (Great Blue Mime), Athyma pravara acutipennis Fruhstorfer, 1906 (Unbroken Sergeant), Athyma kanwa phorkys Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Dot-dash Sergeant), Bassarona durga durga Moore, 1857 (Blue Duke), Dercas verhuelli doubledayi, Moore 1905 (Tailed Sulphur), Aporia harrietae (de Nicéville, 1892) (Great Blackvein), Lethe sura Doubleday, 1849 (Lilac Fork), Elymnias peali Wood-Mason,1883 (Peal’s Palmfly), Penthema lisarda lisarda Doubleday, 1845 (Yellow Kaiser), Lethe scanda Moore, 1857 (Blue Forester), Thaumantis diores diores Doubleday, 1845 (Jungle Glory), Euthalia franciae raja Felder & Felder, 1859 (French Duke), Euthalia phemius phemius Doubleday, 1848 (White-edged Blue Baron), Stichophthalma camadeva nicevillei Röber, 1900 (Northern Jungle Queen), Callerebia dibangensis (Roy, 2013) (Bright-eyed Argus), Chonala masoni Elwes, 1882 (Chumbi Wall), Delias acalis pyramus Wallace, 1867 (Redbreast Jezebel), Euthalia sahadeva sahadeva Moore, 1859 (Green Duke), Hasora anura anura de Nicéville, 1889 and Hasora anura china Evans, 1949 (Slate Awl), Mycalesis misenus misenus de Nicéville, 1889 (Salmon-branded Bushbrown), Mycalesis gotama charaka Moore, 1874 (Chinese Bushbrown), Arhopala silhetensis silhetensis Hewitson, 1862 (Sylhet Oakblue), Athyma jina jina Moore, 1857 (Bhutan Sergeant), Charaxes delphis delphis Doubleday, 1843 (Jewelled Nawab), Curetis saronis saronis Moore, 1857 (Burmese Sunbeam), Delias sanaca bhutya Talbot, 1937 and Delias sanaca perspicua Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Pale Jezebel), Enispe euthymius euthymius Doubleday, 1845 (Red Caliph), Euthalia anosia anosia Moore, 1857 (Grey Baron), Lethe distans Butler, 1870 (Scarce Red Forester), Mooreana trichoneura pralaya Moore, 1865 (Yellow Flat), Pantoporia paraka paraka Butler, 1877 (Perak Lascar), Pudicitia pholus de Nicéville, 1889 (Spotted Redeye), Rapala rectivitta Moore, 1879 (Shot Flash), Rapala sphinx (Brilliant Flash), Rohana parvata parvata Moore, 1857 (Brown Prince), Sasakia funebris funebris Leech, 1891 (Empress), Sinthusa virgo Elwes, 1887 (Pale Spark), Thoressa cetata Hewitson, 1876 (Northern Spotted Ace), and Zophoessa jalaurida Hewitson, 1876 (Small Goldenfork), all worth mentioning.

In the second forest sub-type, 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests (Fig. 13b) which is mainly restricted to the western part of the state, typical species endemic and rare are, Arhopala eumolphus eumolphus Cramer,1780 (Green Oak Blue), Mycalesis anaxias aemate Fruhstorfer, 1911 (White-bar Bush Brown), Rapala dieneces Hewitson, 1878 (Scarlet Flash), Appias galba Wallace, 1867 (Orange Albatross), Caltoris tulsi tulsi de Nicéville, 1883 (Purple Swift), Elymnias nesaea Linnaeus, 1764 (Tiger Palmfly), Meandrusa payeni evan Doubleday, 1845 (Yellow Gorgon), Rapala varuna orseis Hewitson, 1863 (Indigo Flash), etc.

The third most prominent forest sub-type is the “2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests” (Fig. 13c) which lies intermixed with the first forest type in the eastern part of the State but extends at higher elevation than the former. The typical species in this forest type are, Lamproptera meges indistincta Tytler, 1912 (Green Dragontail), Caleta elna noliteia Fruhstorfer, 1918 (Elbowed Pierrot), Callerebia scanda opima Watkins, 1927 (East Himalayan Pallid Argus), Rapala tara de Nicéville, 1888 (Assam Flash), Phengaris atroguttata Oberthür, 1876 (Great Spotted Blue), Dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus Doyére, 1840 (Constable), Graphium xenocles phrontis de Niceville, 1897 (Great Zebra), Sephisa chandra chandra Moore, 1857 (Eastern Courtier), Zipaetis scylax scylax Hewitson, 1863 (Dark Catseye), Mycalesis adamsoni Watson, 1897 (Watson’s Bush Brown), Orthomiella pontis pontis Elwes, 1887 (Straight winged Blue), Cyllogenes janetae de Nicéville, 1887 (Scarce Evening Brown), Derca lycorias lycorias Doubleday, 1842 (Plain Sulphur), Meandrusa lachinus lachinus Fruhstorfer, 1902 (Brown Gorgon), Phaedyma aspasia Aspasia Leech,1890 (Great Hockeystick Sailer), Celaenorrhinus ratna tytleri Evans, 1926 (Tytler’s Multi-spotted Flat), Polyura moori Distant, 1883 (Malayan Nawab), Kallima knyvettii de Nicéville, 1886 (Scarce Blue Oakleaf), Neurosigma siva siva Westwood, 1850 (Panther), Neorina hilda Westwood, 1850 (Yellow Owl), Shijimia moorei moorei Oberthür, 1876 (Moores’ Cupid), and Taraka hamada mendesi Fruhstorfer, 1918 (Forest Pierrot).

There were very few species typical to 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga Forests (Fig. 13d), however. Rare or uncommon and endemic species sampled in these forests were Chitoria sordida sordida Moore, 1865 (Sordid Emperor), Athyma whitei Tytler, 1940 (Tytler’s Sergeant), Prioneris philonome clemanthe Doubleday, 1846 (Red-spot Sawtooth), as these occupy mainly small pockets at lower elevations.

Seventy-four species amongst 415 taxa are protected as they are listed under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (IWPA, 1972) (Appendix 2) while the IWPA, 1972 status of two important rare and endemic species to Eastern Himalaya, one new to science, Callerebia dibangensis found in Dibang Valley district and the other Bhutanitis ludlowi Gabriel, 1942 endemic to Bhutan, has now recently been recorded in Eaglenest Sanctuary, Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, though yet to be specified.

Based on logistics and connectivity of road networks with the Indian mainland to Arunachal Pradesh and the existence of the four major forest types supporting major butterfly diversity in the state as seen in this study, 10 major butterfly inclusive ecotourism zones are identified (Fig. 14) in the state that can be taken up independently as follows:

1. Dibang Valley (Lower and Upper)—2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests and 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga;
2. Lohit and Anjaw Districts—2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests and 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga;
3. Changlang District (Namdapha Tiger Reserve & Kamlang WLS)—2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests and 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga;
4. Tirap & Longding districts—2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests and 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests and 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga;
5. Upper and Lower Subansari & Kurung Kumey -2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests;
6. West Siang—2/2S1 Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes;
7. East Siang and Upper Siang—2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 2/2S1 Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes & 2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests;
8. East Kameng District (Pakke Tiger Reserve)—2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests;
9. West Kameng-Papumparey—2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 12/C3(a) East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga; and
10. Kameng Zone and Tawang—2B/C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests, 3/1S2(b) Terminalia-Duabanga, 13/C6 East Himalayan Dry Temperate Coniferous Forests; 1B/C2(a) Kayea Forests.

Major threats to forest habitats and biodiversity in Arunachal Pradesh today are still prevalent mainly from degradation of primary forests, destruction of habitats due to human activities like construction of roads, hydroelectric power projects, shifting cultivations and loggings; however, the threat from urbanization and pollution in this state is still minimal due to low population, unlike other areas in India. Owing to its rich biological diversity, 10,074.59km2 area (12.03% of the geographical area of the State) has already been brought under protected area networks comprising 13 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries representing diverse ecosystems and wildlife habitats (Paul et al. 2005; Borang et al. 2008) (Fig. 15). As most part of the state is still under forest cover, the primary focus of conservation should be protection of larger areas that are still under different forest sub-types each having unique biodiversity. Establishing a network of protected areas of forest sub-types by interlinking them with the help of corridors and filling the gaps by identification of conservation sites by including more areas would be more useful for long term conservation at landscape level in the state. Further, interlinking the protected/forest areas of Arunachal Pradesh with adjoining forest areas of Bhutan, Myanmar, China and adjoining states of Assam and Nagaland in India will ensure long-term conservation at the landscape level for this Himalayan Hotspot, before development takes its toll in the coming years.

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Appendix 1. Details of sampling sites with dates of surveys - district wise.

1. East Kameng District

(i) Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary

Survey route and dates

1. Seijosa-Khari-Upper Dekorai-Rhino Camp (01–03/02/2012).
2. Seijosa-Duna nala-Khari-Upper Dekorai-Rhino Camp -Sukhna Nala- I (04–06/02/2013).
3. Seijosa-Duna nala-Khari-Upper Dekorai-Rhino Camp (18–20/12/2013).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Seijosa (26056’17.6N & 92058’39.7E; 132m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Duna Nala (26056’33.7N & 92057’59.8E; 185m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Near Khari (26059’20.5N & 92054’31.9E; 165m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Tarzan nala/Romoni (26059’49.9N & 92054’23.6E; 235m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Dikori Camp (27000’22.0N & 92052’38.9E;176m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Upper Dekorai anti poaching Camp (27008’36.9N & 92051’40.6E; 167m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Tinga Nala (27000’28.7N & 92051’15.7E; 183m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Rhino Anti poaching Camp.(27000’28.6N & 92050’17.7E; 140m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Near Sukhna nala I (27000’23.6N & 92051’56.2E; 141m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).

(ii) Seppa

Survey route and dates

• Tipi – Khuppi – Seppa- Itanagar road- Seppa-Pulsang Village-Sanchi-Morang Village) (10–15/12/2014).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Tipi (27002’20.1N & 92036’13.3E; 193m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Khuppi (27015’59.4 N& 92045’01.8E; 1107m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Seppa (27025’48.5N & 93000’51.8E; 449m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Pulsang Village (27031’38.6N & 92059’26.8E; 721m; East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests)
• Sanchi-Morang Village(27034’31.8N & 93000’04.7E; 532m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Itanagar Road (last point - 27017’07.8N & 93003’31.2E; 1156m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).

2. West Kameng & Tawang districts (Sessa, Eaglenest Sanctuary and Sela Pass)

Survey route & dates

1. Tippi (Dazling RF)- Sessa Orchid Sanctuary-Nechi phu-Tenga- Eaglenest WLS- Lama Camp – Sunder View - Bomphu.(04–07/02/2012).
2. Tippi- Sessa Orchid Sanctuary-Nechi phu-Tenga- EaglenestWLS- Lama Camp – SunderView/ Tenzing Gaon-Shergaon (09–15/07/2012).
3. Tippi- Sessa Orchid Sanctuary-Nechi phu-Tenga- EaglenestWLS- Lama Camp – SunderView -Bomdila - Sela Pass - Tawang-back Tippi (28/07/2013–03/08/2013).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Tipi (27001’21.4N & 92037’31.1E; 183m;Kayea Forest/Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Sessa (27006’00.8N & 92031’38.9E; 1076m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests / East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Nechi Phu (27009’55.8N& 92034’38.3E; 1736m; East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Tenga-Ramalingam Village (27011’47.8N & 92027’55.9E; 1695m; Assam Sub-Tropical Pine Forests / East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Eaglenest Sanctuary-Lama Camp (27009’25.4N & 92027’38.4E; 2335m; Kayea Forests).
• Eaglenest Sanctuary -Sunder View (27006’46.1N & 92026’67.0E; 2480m; East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Eaglenest Sanctuary -Bomphu (27003’58.5N & 92024’22.1E; 1953m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests / East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Shergaon/Tenzing Gaon (27007’50.1N & 92015’38.8.1E; 1988m; Assam Sub-Tropical Pine Forests).
• Bomdila (27017’35.8N & 92025’46.0E; 2200m; East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Bomdila-Dirang (27017’47.9N & 92023’25.2E; 1746m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Near Dirang (27023’41.1N & 92009’43.2E; 1750m; Assam Sub-Tropical Pine Forests).
• Sela Pass (27029’21.9N & 92006’27.3E; 3960m; East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests).
• Shyro (Tawang) (27034’28.8N & 91054’46.7E; 2440m; East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Forests/Birch, Rhodendron Scrub Forests).
• Jang Waterfall (Tawang)(27035’12.9N & 91058’41.4E; 2139m; East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Forests).

1. Changlang District
   1. Namdapha Tiger Reserve (NTR) and surrounding areas

Survey route & dates

• Miao- Mpen-Deban-Haldibari- Hornbill; Deban-Camera Point; Miao-Noa-Dehing-Devpuri Road(17–22/12/2011).
• Miao- Mpen-Deban-Haldibari- Hornbill; Deban-Camera Point; Miao-Noa-Dehing-Devpuri Road (26–30/03/2012)
• Miao- Mpen-Deban-Haldibari- Hornbill; Deban-Camera Point; Miao-Noa-Dehing-Devpuri Road (10–15/12/2012).
• Miao- Mpen-Deban-Haldibari- Hornbill; Deban-Camera Point; Miao-Noa-Dehing-Devpuri Road (18–22/03/2013).
• Miao- Mpen-Deban-Haldibari- Hornbill; Deban-Camera Point; Miao-Noa-Dehing-Devpuri Road (26–29/11/2013).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Miao (27029’43.8N & 96012’59.2E; 240m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Forests).
• Mpen entrance gate to NTR (27029’51.6N & 96016’53.3E; 267m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• 10 Mile (27030’08.2N & 96019’54.1E; 318m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Deban (27029’50.1N & 96023’9.7E; 331m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Haldibari (27031’24.4N & 96024’ 09.7E; 513m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Nr. Hornbill (27031’49.5N & 96025’ 34.2E; 583m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Gandhigram range on Vijay nagar Rd. From Deban(27029’31.3N & 96023’ 48.9E; 566m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Neo-Dehing- Devapuri (27030’23.0N & 96013’ 39.5E; 395m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Neo-Dehing- Devapuri end point(27031’24.5N & 96014’ 37.7E; 360m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).

5. Lower Subansari district, Papumpare and Kurung Kumey districts

Survey route & dates

1. Yachuli-Yazuli-Hapoli-Ziro-TaleValley-Hapoli-Yazuli-Mengio-Yazuli-New Palin-Yachuli (11–17/05/2012)

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Yazuli-Hapoli (27025’32.7N & 93045’59.2E; 972m; Eastern Sub-Montane Semi-Evergreen Forests)
• Ziro (27035’23.42N & 93049’52.4E; 1659m; Eastern Sub-Montane Semi-Evergreen Forests / Agriculture).
• Pange (27032’49.89N & 93053’33.5E; 1889m; Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes).
• Tale Valley (27032’02.81N & 93057’05.40E; 2376m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Mengio (27030’28.4N & 93032’37.3E; 1380m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / East Himalayan Mixed Coniferous Forests
• New Palin (27041’43.52N & 93037’50.46E; 923m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes)-sampling not done.

6. Upper Subansari, West Siang, Upper Siang and East Siang districts

Survey route & dates

1. Ziro-Daporijo - Lime King –Daporijo -Along -Menchuka-Along-Boleng-Yingkiong-Boleng -Pasighat (09–15/08/2012).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Gongo Village, Daporijo (27054’15.2N & 94020’39.4E; 480m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests)
• Daporijio-Menga Caves-Jaring Village (28008’19.9N & 94008’33.1E; 490m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests)
• 15 km before Lime King Village (28022’42.9N & 93039’18.5E; 2700m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Peri Village, Along (28018’49.9N & 94040’30.2E; 375m; Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes)
• Sagong Gurudwara, Mechuka Valley (28037’40.7N & 95002’22.4E; 1985m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests)
• Yingkiong (28036’40.28N & 95002’50.78E; 471m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes)
• Boleng (28019’16.77N & 94057’14.49E; 390m; Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).

7. Upper and lower Dibang Valley districts

Survey route & dates

1. Roing - Tiwari Gaon - Mayodia Pass - Hunli – Elatin – Anini- Maroli & Anini – Dambuine (05-16/08/2012)
2. Roing - Tiwari Gaon - Mayodia Pass - Hunli –Reyali (27/08/2013-01/09/2013)
3. Roing - Tiwari Gaon - Mayodia Pass - Hunli – Elatin- Anini-Maroli (11/03/2014–16/03/2014)
4. Tezu-Parshuram Kund- Roing -Tiwari Gaon - Mayodia Pass - Hunli - Elatin - Anini- Mippi (06–11/06/2014).

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Tezu (27055’40N & 96009’45.9E; 212m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests / Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Roing (28008’40.N & 95050’36.0E; 426m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• River bed near Roing (28009’45N & 95050’52.3E; 473m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Tiwari Gaon (28010’57N & 95048’57.1E; 556m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Mayodia Pass (28013’54.3N & 95054 16.3E; 2424m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Hunli (28019’27.1N & 95057’33.5E; 1269 m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Angolian (28033’28.1N & 95050’36.3E; 772m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Anzan(28029’27.7N & 95049’39.2E; 683m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Reyalli (28027’00.4N & 95051’15.7E;786m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Etalin (28036’21.8N & 95052’05.3E;673m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Amboli (28046’27.2N & 95053’44.4E;1226m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Anini (28047’42.9N & 95054’26.9E; 1640m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Maroli-Mippi (28051’47.9N & 95051’23.8E; 1373m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Alinye Valley (28049’39.8N & 95057’09.3E;1389 m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Awapani Mill (28050’09.0N & 95057’53.7E;1440m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Dambunie (28055’51.2N & 95058’29.3E;1719m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).

8. Lohit & Anjaw districts

Survey route & dates

1. Namsai – Kamlang – Wakro - Parshuram Kund -Tezu- Udyak Pass – Hayulang –Chaguin- Sathkilo – Walong-Tilam (28/04/2012-04/05/2012)
2. Namsai – Kamlang – Wakro - Parshuram Kund -Tezu- Udyak Pass – Hayulang –Chaguin (05–09/08/2014)

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Wakro (27046’50.2N & 96020’55.3E; 447m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Wakro-Diban Road (27043’10.3N & 96019’34.7E; 440m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Kamlang Sanctuary (27044’25.3N & 96023’21.2E; 457m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Parshuram Kund (27052’02.2N & 96021’05.3E; 344m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Udyak Pass (27056’01.1N & 96021’17.5E; 1640m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Ajan (27059’12.4N & 96024’19.4E; 531m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Hayuliang (28001’04.1N & 96037’46.2E; 648m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Knifing-Khesung (27058’05.5N & 96042’42.1E; 833m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests / Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Before Chaguin (27056’27.7N & 96045’32.8E; 837m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Sath Kilo (27054’50.4N & 96056’40.0E; 960m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Hawai Forest nr Walong (27054’44.9N & 96056’33.8E; 919m; Terminalia-Duabanga).
• Walong (28004’39.4N & 96059’10.6E; 1108m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Tilam (28009’28.2.7N & 97001’21.9E; 1332m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).

9. Tirap District

Survey routes and dates

1. Dihing Patkai-Deomali – Borduria –Pullung- Khonsa – Khetti- Thinsa –Sanlium- Lazu Rd.(10-14/09/2014).
2. Margerita –Changlang District (06/11/2014).
3. Jeypore-Deomali (03–04/06/2015)

Coordinates, altitude and forest type of surveyed points

• Dihing Patkai (27014’49.4 N & 95024’40.8E; 117m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests) (Assam Border).
• Deomali (27011’50.8N & 95026’58.0E; 135m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Deomali -R.K.Mission Rd (27015’16.0N & 95032’30.0E; 127m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Borduria (27007’35.1 N & 95026’16.7E; 268m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Pullung (27005’16.3 N & 95026’31.7”E; 323m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Khonsa (26058’58.0 N & 92029’45.7E; 1026m; Assam Alluvial plains Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Khetti (26057’39.7 N & 95030’39.0E; 1204m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Thinsa (26056’27.0 N & 95031’00.05E; 1515m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Sanlium (26055’43.5 N & 95032’26.61E; 1684m; Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests).
• Lazu Rd (Last point) (26055’21.7N & 95032’29.2E; 1650m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests / Terminalia -Duabanga)
• Margerita (Assam)-Changlang district border (27016’55.38N & 95050’06.6E; 479m; Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forests).