The hymenopteran parasitoid complexes associated with agromyzid flies are of great importance Parasitoids ( Hymenoptera ) of leafminer flies ( Diptera : Agromyzidae ) from Bangladesh

of economic importance on several vegetable and ornamental plants growing around the world. The known world of vegetable leafminers is more than 3000 species (Gençer 2004; Shahreki et al. 2012). Damage is caused by larval feeding in the spongy mesophyll layer of the leaf and by the feeding and oviposition punctures of the agromyzid females. The feeding punctures, referred to as stippling, can decrease photosynthesis and create entry sites for plant pathogens. Agromyzid larval mining can also decrease photosynthesis rates and can reduce tissue conductance (Rauf et al. 2000; Chow & Heinz 2004). The hymenopteran parasitoid complexes associated with agromyzid flies are of great importance Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of leafminer flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Bangladesh

in biological control (Johnson 1993;Murphy & LaSalle 1999).Parasitoids that are among natural enemy's assemblages of agromyzid leafminers are dominated by Eulophidae, Braconidae and Pteromalidae that attack the larval and pupal stages of the flies (Waterhouse & Norries 1987;Gratton & Welter 2001).A number of parasitoids of leafminers have been recorded throughout the world (de Roman & de Hamity 1985; Heimpel & Meloche 2001;Petcharat et al. 2002;Tran et al. 2005;Li & Seal 2010).More than 140 species of parasitoids as natural enemies of Liriomyza belonging to agromyzid leafminer flies have been reported from the world (Liu et al. 2009).The present study constitutes the first record of parasitoids of agromyzid leafminers as no earlier report is available from Bangladesh.

Meterials and Methods
A field study was carried out from January 2011 to April 2013 in different cultivated vegetable fields of Bangladesh to find out hymenopteran parasitoids of agromyzid leafminers.Leafminer-infested leaves were brought to the laboratory and kept in a controlled temperature (23±1 0 C) and humidity (67±2%RH).Leaves of different host plants were placed in plastic rearing

Parasitoids of leafminer flies
Mazumdar & Bhuiya boxes (15X25 cm), with the rectangular holes covered with a fine screen for air ventilation.Emerging parasitoids and their host agromyzid leafminers were collected and preserved for identification.The pin and card mounted specimens were imaged with a Digital 3D imaging Microscope.For identification of agromyzid parasitoids keys provided by Gibson et al. (1997), Goulet & Huber (1993), Narendran (2011) and Hansson (1997) were used.All identified specimens have been deposited in the Insect Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Results
Four hymenopteran parasitoid species were reared from three agromyzid leafminers.The identified parasitoids and their leafminer hosts are given in Table 1.
Diagnostic characters: Body length: 1.6mm, scape almost entirely pale yellow, thoracic dorsum with strong and dense reticulation and dorsum slightly flattened; mesoscutum with notaular depressions narrow and distinct throughout; postmarginal vein 0.5-1.0 times as long as stigma vein; coxae dark metallic in contrast to legs.
Diagnostic characters: Body length 1.1mm; funicle 2 segmented in both sexes; notaulus usually complete, straight, ending at or near junction of anterior margin of scutellum and axilla; scutellum usually with longitudinal submedian grooves, although sometimes indistinct or even absent except for coloration; postmarginal vein at most 1.5 times longer than stigmal vein, often equal to or shorter in length; petiole very short.
Material studied: IMZDCU 001, 2 males, 3 females, 06.vii.2011,ex. S. lycopersicum, Hathazari, Chittagong, Bangladesh, coll.S. Mazumdar.Diagnostic characters: Body length 1.2mm; occiput not margined; 2RS without thickening; outer margin of first subdiscal cell completely formed or first subdiscal cell apically anterior margin of clypeus rounded or straight; mandibles in the resting position closed; temple without diagonal fold in the middle; maxillary palpi 6-segmented, labial palpi 4-segmented; fore wing with three sub marginal cells; r arising behind the base of the stigma; marginal cell closed; none particularly thickened vein visible; second sub marginal cell relatively elongate; mesosoma without particular colour markings, spine or process; tarsomere 2-4 not remarkably short; metasomal tergites separated through a fine suture, not uniform (fused) like structure formed or tergites not fused to form carapace.

Discussions
The parasitoids viz.C. pentheus, N. formosa, Cirrospilus sp. and Opius sp. were recorded from three vegetable leafminers namely Liriomyza sativae; Melanagromyza obtusa and Liriomyza sativae; Liriomyza sativae; and Liriomyza sativae, Melanagromyza obtusa and Ophiomyia phaseoli respectively.In Japan, C. pentheus is a very common parasitoid of Agromyzidae such as: Agromyza albipennis Meigen, A. oryzae Munakata, Phytomyza horticola Gourea, P. ranunculi Schrank, P. paniculatae Sasakawa, Calycomyza humeralis Roser, and Agromyzid sp. on Gentiana (Mafi & Ohbayashi 2010) where as C. pentheus has been found in L. sativae (Agromyzidae: Diptera) in the present study.Moreover, Luna et al. (2011) reported N. formosa as a parasite of Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) where as it has been reared from L. sativae (Agromyzidae: Diptera) in the present study.In addition, among them N. formosa was the most abundant species accounting for approximately 57% of all reared parasitoids.A total number of 22 species of genus Cirrospilus has been described in North America, (Burks 1979;Gates 2000).In addition, Zhu et al. (2002) provided a key to twenty Chinese Cirrospilus species.C. vittatus was reared from leafminers L. sativae and L. trifolii in Iran (Asadi et al. 2006).Besides, Urbaneja et al. (2001) reported it as a pest of Phyllocnistis citrella (Gracillariidae: Lepidoptera).In the present study only a single specimen of Cirrospilus sp. was found from L. sativae.As a parasitoid of Ophiomyia phaseoli, Opius phaseoli was recorded in East Africa and Ethiopia (Greathead 1975;Abate 1991;Waterhouse 1998).The rapid control of Ophiomyia phaseoli was achieved in Hawaii following the introduction of Opius phaseoli and O. importatus (Waterhouse 1998).Chen & Weng (2005) published an overview of the Opiinae from China where he listed 121 species.Nineteen new Indian species of the genus Opius under the subfamily Opiinae were described by Samiuddin et al.(2009).On the other hand, Opius sp. has been reported in the present study for the first time.This species has been collected from M. obtusa; O. phaseoli and L. sativae.The present investigation reveals that Opius sp. is a comparatively common parasitoid among other reared parasitoids obtained from the three agromyzid flies.

Conclusion
This study implies that these native parasitoids might be considered for control of agromyzid leafminer pests.