Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2016 | 8(3): 8590–8595
Mahesh Chandrakant Gaikwad 1 & Sujit Shivaji Narwade 2
1 Nisarg Jagar Pratishthan, Shop No. 2, Mukti Commercial Complex, Jamdar Road, Kasba, Baramati, Taluka Baramati, District Pune, State Maharashtra 413102, India
2 Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India
1 batmaheshbat@gmail.com, 2 sujitsnarwade@gmail.com (corresponding author)
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2653.8.3.8590-8595 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D7BD69CD-D19F-47AB-8CD6-F24E5DEA1C99
Editor: L.A.K. Singh, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India. Date of publication: 26 March 2016 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 4006 | Received 25 April 2014 | Final received 09 February 2016 | Finally accepted 24 February 2016
Citation: Gaikwad, M.C. & S.S. Narwade (2016). The status of Chinkara Gazella bennettii (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae) at Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Supe, Baramati, Pune and a note on its current distribution in the southwestern region of the Deccan Plateau of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(3): 8590–8595; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2653.8.3.8590-8595
Copyright: © Gaikwad & Narwade 2016. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Self funded by Nisarg Jagar Pratisthan.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Shri Sunil Limaye, Chief Conservator of the Forests (CCF), Wildlife, Pune, Shri Rajendra Nale, former Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF), Wildlife Pune, Shri Suresh Jagtap and Shri Prabhakar Kukdolkar, former Range Forest Officers (RFO) and all Forest Guards of Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Supe and entire Wildlife Division, Pune for their continuous support during the field surveys. We are also thankful to Mr. Dnyaneshwar Ghorpade and Mr. Prasad Magdum, Nisarg Jagar Pratisthan, Phaltan, Satara for their valuable support received during the study period.
Abstract: We conducted monthly road surveys for encounter rates of Chinkara Gazella bennettii in Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS), Supe Baramati, Pune from June 2011 to May 2012. The sighting records of Chinkara were collected from opportunistic surveys conducted in adjoining areas of the Sanctuary, up to a distance of 200km in the southwestern region of the Deccan plateau, Maharashtra. We observed that the Chinkara was facing threats from habitat depletion, including in MWS which was declared a sanctuary for their protection. Road widening projects such as the four lane Pune-Solapur National Highway runs 13km on its northern side and a district highway from Ahmednagar to Satara running north-south from the boundary of the Sanctuary have been proposed. Other threats like vehicular movement from tar roads crossing the sanctuary, a proposed underground canal, a major irrigation canal to be constructed along the boundary of the sanctuary, and the increasing number of fenced plots for new residential and other development projects are responsible for the reduction in suitable habitats of the Chinakara. It appears that within a few years, the sanctuary will become an isolated patch of protected grassland, affecting the smooth movement of Chinkara within and beyond the sanctuary limits. Therefore, the remaining population of Chinkara from the entire human dominated landscape will struggle for survival.
Keywords: Chinkara, Deccan plateau, Gazella bennettii, Maharashtra, Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Supe.
The Chinkara is found in the plains and low hills of northwestern and central India extending through the open land of the Krishna River. The northeastern limits of Chinkara is Bihar while the southern boundary is the Andhra Pradesh–Karnataka border, and the western border is that of Rajasthan (Prater 1980; Rahmani 1990a). Outside India, it is found in Pakistan (Roberts 1997) and Iran (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951). Chinkara Gazella bennettii is a browser (Dookia & Jakher 2007), less gregarious than Blackbuck Antelope cervicapra and lives in small herds in drier regions of the country. Blanford (1888–1891) recorded it in the “whole Bombay Presidency” (present day Maharashtra and Gujarat) with the exception of the Western Ghats and Konkan region.
Under Section 26A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 a total of 5.145km2 area was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary at Supe, Pune by the Government of Maharashtra in its notification number WLP,1094/CR-510/F-l, dated 19 August 1997. Recently in year 2015, additional area of 869.37ha has been added to existing Sanctuary. Now total area of the Sanctuary is 1383.92 ha but final notification is awaited. (see Fig. 2) Morgaon Village that is situated 8km from Supe is famous for Mayureshwar Ganesh Temple, and hence the Sanctuary is also known as Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS). The Sanctuary is surrounded by villages like Vadhane, Supe, Kutwalwadi, Kalkhairewadi, Dandwadi, Naroli, etc. This Sanctuary is the only protected area for Chinkara in the Deccan Plateau of Maharashtra and has a significant role in the long-term survival of Chinkara in the human dominated landscape. Our study was initiated with a hope for providing population estimates and recommendations as help for conservation of the Chinkara in Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary and its current distribution range in Deccan Maharashtra.
Study area
Mayureshwar Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS), Baramati, Pune is at an altitude of 610m from the sea level with an annual rainfall ranging from 300–650 mm. The sanctuary is famous for the Indian Gazelle or Chinkara Gazella bennettii. The sanctuary is located in human dominated landscape surrounded by cropfields and witnesses crop damage by Chinkara. Habitat deterioration due to various developmental activities in surrounding areas is major issue of concern for this Sanctuary (Image 1). The type of habitat of the Sanctuary and Deccan plateau of Maharashtra is southern tropical thorn forest (Champian & Seth 1968). Extensive surveys were carried out in the southwestern region of the Deccan Plateau of Maharashtra (Fig. 1) along with intensive surveys within MWS (Figs. 2 and 3).
Methods
Two road transects of 5km distance, one from Supe to Vadhane and the other from Supe to Saswad (Fig. 3) were surveyed on a motorbike ridden at a speed less than 20km per hour. We surveyed in the morning from 07:00–07:30 hr during monthly visits and used the direct count method (Rahmani 1990b; Rodgers 1991). Individuals encountered within 500m distance on both the sides during road surveys were used for analysis to avoid duplicate counts. Fast moving individuals were not counted if they were crossing the 500m distance line from us. The distance was based on visual approximation. Thus, considering 10km length and 500m width on both sides, we covered about 10km2 area inside and outside the Sanctuary during each visit from June 2011–May 2012. For the study of social groups and composition we counted four types of groups only, adult male, adult female and fawns or mixed herds (Jakher et al. 2002). Occasional sighting records were collected from the Chinkara distribution range in adjoining areas of the Sanctuary from January 2011 to December 2012.
Notes were made based on the activity of the animals, the structure of the herd and the location of the sighting. Box and whisker plots were prepared in Megastat software (Orris 2015) which shows the numerical data through their quartiles, without making any assumptions about any statistical distribution. The horizontal box-and-whisker plot shows the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum of a set of data from left to right while whiskers represent several possible values. The standard deviation and the standard error of mean have been given separately. Distribution map (Fig. 1) is developed using GPS coordinates in DIVA-GIS software (Hijmans 2012). We prepared an excel graph of the number of individuals sighted in three different habitat plots - in the grassland, agricultural land and plantation in the Sanctuary (Fig. 5).
Results
According to Prater (1980) the average group size of Chinkara is three but occasionally herds of up to 25 animals were also seen. In Pakistan, Roberts (1997) also found the small group size of up to three animals and only once saw seven individuals together. Rahmani (1990) and Dookia (2007) encountered larger herd size of 7–8 animals together in Thar Desert, Rajasthan. Groups of Chinkara never exceeded beyond six individuals in either season, in the central Indian region (Bagchi et al. 2008) but Dookia & Jakher (2013) reported a herd size of up to 24 once in Western Rajasthan.
The average herd size of Chinkara at Supe was 5.007 with a standard deviation of 7.04 and standard error of mean 1.82. Herd size, comprising 5–12 species were common and herds having more than 20 individuals were seen occasionally (Fig. 6). A total of 130 herds were seen within which 96 herds were smaller than average size and in 15 were larger than average size and occasionally up to 24 individuals (Fig. 6). Usually, large mixed herds were observed in open grassland areas (Fig. 5) while a few times, herds were seen under plantation during hot days. Post winter and summer, the population was seen to go down as low as 25 individuals in the sanctuary, as the Chinkara move to adjoining farmland areas (Fig. 5). During the monsoon, more than a hundred individuals were encountered on monthly visits (Fig. 4). The Fawns were sighted exclusively in the sanctuary area in smaller herds throughout the year. During the yearlong study conducted from May 2011 to June 2012, we encountered a total of 155 Males, 292 females and 366 unidentified individuals and 77 fawns. The natural predators of Chinkara in the study area are Grey Wolf Canis lupus, Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena, Golden Jackal Canis aureus and Jungle Cat Felis chaus.
Discussion
During our study, we became aware that MWS is facing threats due to the following issues:
The reasons behind the fluctuations of Chinkara population in MWS area could be as follows:
Recommendations
Small patches of protected areas are the last hope for survival for species like the Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps, Indian Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra and Chinkara Gazella bennettii. We suggest the following measures for the effective conservation of Chinkara in the Deccan plateau of Maharashtra, India.
For management within the sanctuary:
The following recommendations are made specifically for the management of Chinkara outside the sanctuary:
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