On the molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep included in various schedules of Wildlife ( Protection ) Act of India

Out of the 24 species of marine molluscs included in Schedule I and IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA) of India, 19 species were recorded from the coastal waters of Lakshadweep. A recent survey conducted by the authors recorded the presence of 14 scheduled molluscs in Lakshadweep. Scheduled species such as Placuna placenta (recorded from Kavaratti) and Tudicla spirillus (recorded from Kalpeni) are new records from Lakshadweep. The paper provides details for taxonomic identification of scheduled molluscs and discusses strategies for conservation of scheduled molluscs of Lakshadweep.


INTRODUCTION
Considered as biological hotspots and the legacy of a distinctive evolutionary history, island biodiversity is unique owing to taxonomic distinctness, endemism and specific habitat requirements (da Fonseca et al. 2006).Conversely, the risk of extinction of species is much more pronounced in islands as the populations are rather restricted, small and specific to certain habitats.Anthropogenic interventions have catastrophic effects on island biodiversity and therefore demand urgent attention of conservationists and policy makers.The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) considered the theme of the International Day for Biological Diversity (IDB) on 22 May 2014 as "Island Biodiversity".In the case of Lakshadweep, the entire economy of the islands and the great cultural ethos of the islanders remain closely interlinked with the rich biodiversity.The threats to biodiversity are primarily due to unsustainable developmental activities, increase in human population, overexploitation and climate change (KSCSTE 2013).
Mollusca comprise highly diverse phylum of invertebrates, with accepted described living species of molluscs varying from 50,000 to a maximum of 1,20,000 species, and form the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms (Chapman 2009).They form an economically valuable taxon and are well represented in exports of marine products and in domestic trade in the form of various products such as crafts, curios and pearls.In tropical seas they occupy every trophic level, ranging from primary producers to top level carnivores (Mohamed 2012).The diversity of marine molluscs in India is estimated as 3,370 species by Venkataraman & Wafar (2005) and as 2,300 by Tripathy & Mukhopadhyay (2015).The island ecosystems in India are highly biodiverse with regard to molluscan fauna.While the diversity of molluscan fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands includes 1,282 species (Ramakrishna & Dey 2010), in Lakshadweep there are about 424 species (Rao & Rao 1991).A recent database prepared by KSCSTE (2013) shows that the molluscan diversity in Lakshadweep includes 469 species.Surveys on molluscan fauna of Lakshadweep by various authors in the last few decades are an indication of not having fully explored the molluscan diversity of the island and therefore the number of molluscan species is probably underestimated (Namboodiri & Sivadas 1979;Appukuttan et al. 1989;Apte 1998Apte , 2009Apte , 2012aApte ,b, 2014;;Ramakrishna & Dey 2010;Rao 2003;Apte & Sutirtha 2010;Apte et al. 2010Apte et al. , 2012Apte et al. , 2014;;Prabhakaran et al. 2012;Susan et al. 2012;Venkataraman et al. 2012;Aditi & Apte 2013;Ravinesh et al. 2013;Vishal & Apte 2013;Apte & Vishal 2014).
Considering the increasing threats to marine biodiversity, the Government of India has included many marine species under the four schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972 (http://envfor.nic.in/division/wildlife).Under Indian WPA the species to be protected are listed under Schedules I to VI.While Schedule I and II (Part II) species are covered by the most stringent regulations in the Act to get the highest level of legal protection, species in Schedules II (Part I), III and IV are given progressively narrow levels of protection; Schedule V represents species labelled 'vermin' which are not afforded protection of any kind and Schedule VI includes six plants (Prashanth & Veenakumari 1996;Kunte 2008).A total of 24 species of marine molluscs of India have been included under Schedule I and IV of WPA (Ramakrishna & Dey 2003).This paper documents 19 species of marine molluscs recorded from Lakshadweep, represented under various schedules of WPA, compiled from various databases/publications and also based on the primary data collected.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
India's smallest Union Territory Lakshadweep is an archipelago consisting of 36 islands with an area of 32km 2 .It is a uni-district Union Territory and it comprises 12 atolls, three reefs, five submerged banks and 10 inhabited islands, which include Kavaratti, Agatti, Amini, Androth, Kiltan, Kalpeni, Kadamat, Chetlat, Bitra and Minicoy (Fig. 1).It is located between 8-12 0 N and 71-74 0 E, 220-440 km away from the coastal city of Kochi in Kerala.The islands are ring-shaped atolls lying along a north-south axis (except Androth) with a lagoon to the west and open sea to the east.Lakshadweep is the only coral atoll of the country.With a vast lagoon of 4,200km 2 , it has territorial waters of 20,000km 2 , an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 4,00,000km 2 and a coast line of about 132km.Lakshadweep, Maldives and Chagos are three island groups in the Indian Ocean that together form a vast submarine mountain range, the Chagos-Laccadive Plateau.This volcanic range lies just east of the Mid-Indian Ridge and west of the Mid-Indian Basin, and the chain of islands comprises the most extensive coral reef and atoll community in the Indian Ocean as well as the largest atoll system in the World (Olson & Dinerstein 1998).
As part of the present study, surveys were carried out in Agatti, Androth, Bangaram (uninhabited island), Bitra, Kadamat, Kalpeni, Kavaratti and Minicoy islands for the documentation of molluscs at multiple intervals from January 2012 to September 2014.The organisms were photo documented using methods such as SCUBA diving, snorkelling and intertidal handpicking.The photographs of scheduled molluscs and their life history stages were prepared based on specimens photographed in the Secondary data collection was made from all the published records on molluscan fauna of the islands and available checklists (Appukuttan et al. 1989;Rao & Rao 1991;Apte 1998;Rao 2003;Ramakrishna & Dey 2010;Venkataraman et al. 2012;KSCSTE 2013;Apte 2014).A checklist of molluscs in various schedules of WPA of India was prepared with updated names and classification.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present survey recorded the presence of 14 species of molluscs representing the various schedules of WPA of India.Of these, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) (recorded from Kavaratti) and Tudicla spirillus (Linnaeus, 1767) (recorded from Kalpeni) are new records from Lakshadweep.A checklist of marine molluscs in the various schedules of WPA and species recorded from Lakshadweep (Table 1) shows that 19 species of scheduled molluscs were recorded from the island ecosystem.
1. Harpago chiragra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Images 1a-k) Appukuttan et al. 1989, p.79;Rao & Rao 1991, p. 277;Ramakrishna & Dey 2003, p 28;KSCSTE 2013, p. 146;Apte 1998, p.31;Apte 2014, p. 59.Description: Very thick, robust, ovate and heavy shell, with a distinct anterior notch.Spire very obtuse and knotty.Six long and curved marginal digitations, expanded from the flaring, thick outer lip and canals (Image 1 i, j).Anterior canal and posterior most digitation of outer lip with their bases recurved at right angle to the left side.Deep stromboid notch between 4 th and 5 th labial digitations.Whorls 9-11; the four uppermost whorls are depressed, so as to give the spire a truncated appearance and each of the other whorls have a row of strong rounded knobs.Inner lip serrated.White exterior with brown patches and flecks; aperture rose pink or orange interior.Columellar callus brown in specimens from Lakshadweep and Sri Lanka chocolate brown, and are distinct from Pacific specimens (unpublished data).Columella and aperture lirate (sculptured with fine lines or grooves).Operculum chitinous, dark brown, fusiform, with fine striations on one side.
In the initial developmental phases, H. chiragra shells have thin outer lips, without any fingers (Images 1a-d).As they grow, the outer lips become thick, expand and develop digits (Images 1 e-h).
Remarks: In Lakshadweep it is found around all inhabited islands (Appukuttan et al. 1989;Rao & Rao 1991;Apte 1998Apte , 2014;;Rao 2003;KSCSTE 2013), often associated with a sandy bottom and algae-covered reefs.Found in littoral and sublittoral zones, in tidal pools and low tide levels to a depth of around 20m.This is a common strombid in Lakshadweep.The flesh of this species was earlier collected by the local people for the preparation of pickles.Included in Schedule IV of WPA of India.Not listed in CITES and not evaluated in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Currently the developmental stages are collected by the shell collectors without knowing its identity.Further, the juvenile stages of this species are almost impossible to distinguish from the juveniles of Harpago arthriticus.

2.
Harpago arthriticus (Röding, 1798) (Images 2 a-c) Apte 1998, p.32;Apte 2014, p. 59.Description: Shell thick, robust, ovate and heavy with five labial digitations.Siphonal canal turned to the left.It looks similar to H. chiragra, but differs from the same with slightly depressed, broad rounded arching on the end of aperture.This smaller species is with heavy whitish creamy plications in the aperture between which are dark purplish, streaks, which help distinguishing the species.Large "stromboid notch" located between the 4 th and 5 th labial digitations.The outer lip is yellowish or pinkish yellow with splotches of purplish underlying the white spiral lirae.Columella brownish-purple; four spinal cords on the parietal wall.Peiostracum thin, varnish like.Operculum chitinous, auburn brown colour, fusiform, with fine striations on one side.
Remarks: In Lakshadweep it was recorded from Kalpeni (Apte 1998(Apte , 2014) ) and is rare in occurrence.Included in Schedule IV of WPA.Not listed in CITES.Not evaluated by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.The juvenile stages of this species are difficult to distinguish from the juveniles of H. chiragra.

Lambis crocata (Link, 1807) (Images 3 a-c)
Apte 2014, p. 60.Description: Shape irregular with long, slender, curved siphonal digitations.The whorls are encircled by three rows of small knobs and many spiral threads.The spines on the outer lip, including the one enveloping the posterior canal, are tubular in structure, but are usually filled up when the shell has fully grown, whereas only the most anterior spine remains tubular as the anterior canal.Anterior canal expanded in a very long and slender digitation.The outer surface is white in colour  Apte (2014).In the present study specimens were recorded from Minicoy, Kalpeni, and Kavaratti islands.Rare in occurrence.Specimens were observed at shallow tidal pools and lagoons, around 5-10 m depth.Included in Schedule IV of WPA.Not listed in CITES.Not evaluated in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Lambis truncata ([Lightfoot]
, 1786) (Images 4 a-i) Appukuttan et al. 1989, p.79;Venkataraman et al. 2012, p. 191;KSCSTE 2013, p. 146;Apte 2014, p. 59.Description: Shells large and massive, ovate, with spire very obtuse and knotty.Four uppermost whorls are depressed, so as to give the spire a truncated appearance, and each of the other whorls have a row of strong rounded knobs.The ventral side of the shell is extensively glazed.Columella and the outer lip of the aperture is nearly smooth.Outer lip with a well-marked stromboid notch and six slender, hollow digitations.Inner lip with a heavy, extensive callus covering most of the ventral side of the body whorl and spire, including sometimes the apex in mature specimens.Siphonal canal forming a wide and moderately developed digitation anteriorly slightly bent towards the right (Image 4f).Operculum brown, chitinous, elongate and slightly curved.Outside of shell cream, sometimes with spare light brown to tan speckles.Aperture white deep inside, outer lip and ventral callus creamy pink, sometimes becoming purplish towards the edges of the glazed area.
In L. truncata the juvenile shells are long, with a thin outer lip, which is free from claws (Images 4 a,b).In later stages the outer lip flares up (Images 4 c,d) and then develops digitations (Images 4 e,f).In adults the outer lips become thicker and slightly curve outwards in later stages (Images 4 h,i).Juveniles are easily distinguishable as the apex is flat, hence the name truncata.
Shell length: 320-380 mm.Shell greyish-white colour, slightly mottled with brown; throat saffron-coloured, and both the lips are purplish.Inside of outer lip with numerous crowded, white, slightly raised spiral lirae which end before they reach the broad, smooth yellow orange edge of the outer lip.Columella and parietal wall brownish-purple and overlaid with about 30-40 white to tan white, raised spiral lirae.Operculum long, slightly curved, light brown, with 10 small serrations.
Remarks: Rao (2003) and Apte (2014) recorded this species from Lakshadweep, though the exact locality was not mentioned.We have not found this species from any of the islands and it may be assumed that it is very rare in occurrence in these islands.The population status of the species needs to be studied in Lakshadweep.Included in Schedule IV of WPA and not listed in CITES.Not evaluated by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, either.
6. Cassis cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Images 6 a-c) Rao & Rao 1991, p. 277;Rao 2003, p. 201;Venkataraman et al. 2012, p. 197;KSCSTE 2013, p. 144;Apte, 2014, p. 87.Description: Shell very solid, heavy, rotund, with large horn-like knobs and a wide flat base.Last whorl with 3 or 4 spiral rows of large tubercles, those at shoulder being much longer and stouter than the others.Outer surface of whorls finely pitted, from numerous intersecting axial and spiral threads.Aperture long and narrow, heavily calloused.Outer lip thickened in a broad and flat shelf, with a dorsally recurved outer edge and with 5-7 strong teeth on its inner edge.Inner lip with an extensive callous shield, forming a flange along left side of body whorl, and produced over the spire to join the outer lip at its posterior end.Columella with irregular spiral ridges.Operculum elongate-ovate, about onefourth the length of aperture.
Dorsal side and spire greyish-white, often somewhat spotted with light brown.Calloused ventral side glossy cream or orange, with two spiral rows of brown spots in the central region.Teeth and ridges of the aperture white.Outer lip with 6 or 7 broad patches of brown on its dorsal side and outer edge.
Included in Schedule I of WPA of India.Not listed in CITES.Not evaluated in IUCN red list.This species plays an important ecosystem function in the islands as the predator of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), which feeds on corals (Poutiers 1998).

Cypraecassis rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Images 7 a-d)
Rao & Rao 1991, p. 277;Rao 2003, p. 202;Venkataraman et al. 2012, p. 197;KSCSTE 2013, p 146;Apte 2014, p. 88.Description: Shell thick and heavy, ovate with a strongly callous apertural side.Spire short, with channelled sutures and fine nodulose spiral ribs, but lacking axial varices.Body whorl with rounded shoulder, 3 or 4 spiral rows of rounded knobs posteriorly, two spiral rows of axial ridges anteriorly, and with 2 or 3 nodulose axial riblets between them.Knobs at shoulder not longer and stouter than the others.Aperture long and narrow, with an oblique furrow at posterior end.Outer lip very thick, produced over the spire, with strong teeth along the inner edge.Inner lip strongly lirate, with an extensive, thick and convex callous shield.Columellar margin with an axial swelling bearing strong teeth.Operculum circular to oval, small, with concentric growth lines, about one-tenth the length of aperture.
Dorsal side and spire orange-brown or reddish, mottled and blotched with dark and light brown and grey.Callous ventral side glossy, creamy orange, becoming deep red around and inside the aperture, and stained with dark brown between the ridges of the inner lip.Teeth and ridges of the aperture whitish.
Remarks: This species was recorded from the shallow coastal waters of Minicoy, Kalpeni, Androth, Bangaram, and Chetlet islands (Rao & Rao 1991;Rao, 2003 Rao & Rao 1991, p. 278;Ramakrishna & Dey 2003, p. 19;Rao 2003, p. 206;KSCSTE 2013,p. 144;Apte 2014, p. 91.Description: Spire very tall, occupying more than one-third of the total length.Broad bodywhorl with two prominent varices.Deeply grooved flattened spinal spiral ribs and occasional fine extra ribs below.Aperture broader, bordered by the reflexed margin of inner lip bearing many plaits and by the outer lip having a wavy margin.Shell creamy pink with reddish or dark brown crescents and patches.Aperture orange brown with white channels between teeth on outer lip. Shell length: 390-450 mm.Remarks: Recorded earlier from Agatti, Amini, Chetlet, and Kalpeni islands (Rao & Rao 1991;Rao 2003;Ramakrishna & Dey 2003, KSCSTE 2013;Apte 2014), this species is found among shallow coral seas and on sandy bottoms.As a well-known predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish, it has a critical role in coral reef ecosystem.During the present survey none of the specimens could be located.Over exploitation, especially for shell trade could be the reason for the decline of this species in Lakshadweep.Included in Schedule I of WPA.Not listed in CITES despite requests from some countries because of the absence of trade data.Not listed in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .As the predator of crown-of-thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) which feeds on corals, this species plays a major ecosystem function in the islands (Poutiers 1998).Rao & Rao 1991, p. 277;Apte 1998, p. 23;Rao 2003, p. 174;KSCSTE 2013,p. 149;Apte 2014, p. 76.Description: Shell large, solid, almost cylindrical in outline, with widely convex to nearly straight lateral margins and slightly produced anterior and posterior extremities.Dorsal side moderately swollen, without a mantle groove.Ventral side flat, rounded laterally, with a narrow, straight aperture which is only a little curved posteriorly.Apertural teeth numerous, short and fine.Teeth of inner lip not extending far into the aperture.Anterior longitudinal furrow of inner lip short and rather deep.
Colour pattern variable.The dorsal surface smooth and shiny, brown or yellowish-brown, with three or four yellow or light brown transverse bands.The margins, base and teeth completely dark brown or black; interstices of teeth stained with cream or white.In the living cowries mantle is greyish or black, with long cylindrical papillae.
Shell length: 80-110 mm.Remarks: This species was earlier recorded from Kavaratti and Kalpeni islands (Rao & Rao 1991;Apte 1998;Rao 2003;KSCSTE 2013;Apte 2014) specimen was recorded from Kalpeni.Detailed surveys are required for assessing the status of this species in Lakshadweep, as the collection of cowries is one of the major economic activities of the local population.Distinguishing this species from the other species is rather difficult in the field.
10.Tudicla spirillus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Images 10 a-c) Description: Shell moderately solid, pyriform and with a long, sinuous, smooth siphonal canal.Nuclear whorls mammillate, projecting, swollen, pinkish or yellowish.Spire flat.Spiral sculpture of numerous, raised threads which are squarish and broad on the base of the whorls.Last whorl with a squarish periphery, bounded above by a sharp, wavy keel and below by a series of 6-8 round, low nodules.Aperture ovate-round, glossy, pinkish to purple within, and bounded on the outer side by a sharp lip.Inside of outer wall with numerous, fine, raised, spiral ridges.Parietal shield well-developed, smooth and glossy white.Posterior canal region with a swollen, button-like, white callus.Base of columella with a single, strong, spiral plica.Siphonal canal open along its length, long and slightly sinuous.Colour of shell shiny cream to pinkish grey with sparse flecks of light-brown.
Shell length: 70-85 mm.Remarks: The present study records this species for the first time from Kalpeni and Bitra islands of Lakshadweep.The recorded two specimens were observed on sandy bottom.Further surveys are required to assess the population status of this species included in schedule IV of WPA.Not in CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Images 11 a-c)
Description: Asymmetrical with a characteristically flat, thin, translucent shell.The valves form an orbicular outline, which is compressed laterally; the right valve is almost flat while the left is weakly convex.Outer shell surface marked by projecting imbricate lamellae.Inner shell surface smooth and polished.Generally translucent and colourless, growing more opaque and white with age.
Remarks: The present study marks the record of this species for the first time from Kavaratti Island of Lakshadweep.One specimen was observed on sandy bottom.Further surveys are required to assess the population status of this species included in schedule IV of WPA.Not in CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .13. Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 (Images 13 a-c) Appukuttan et al. 1989, p. 83.Description: Valves moderately thick and heavy.Shell equilateral.Dorsal margin fan-shaped in outline.Valve margins undulate with 4-6 pointed to bluntly rounded, crenulated extremities of rib interstices.Hinge line half of shell length.Characteristic broad leaf-like projecting scales on primary folds of ribs.Small to medium sized byssal opening.
Colour of shell tan or grey but new growth is often white.Mantle colour patterns quite variable, brown, green, blue or purple coloured with large irregular blotches.
Shell length: 300-400 mm.Remarks: Commonly referred to as scaly clam, fluted clam or giant clam, this species was recorded from the Agatti, Bangaram, Bitra, and Chetlet islands by Appukuttan et al. (1989).We recorded this species from Kavaratti Island.Detailed field surveys are required to relocate the populations around the various islands of Lakshadweep.Included in Schedule I of WPA.Not listed in CITES.Listed as 'Lower Risk' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2013).The animal lives in the large external shell.Below the hood pro trudes about 90 small suck er less ten ta cles.Beneath, there is a fun nel con tain ing two sep a rate lobes.

Shell length: 200mm
Remarks: This species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific; the Philippines, via Indonesia and New Guinea to Fiji; north-eastern and north-western Australia.In India this species is reported only from Andaman and Nicobar islands.During the present study one dead specimen was recorded from Bitra Island, from a coral rock bottom.More research is warranted to establish whether this species actually lives around these islands.

CONSERVATION
The threats to biodiversity of Lakshadweep, as summarized in the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), can be due to: (i) the fragility of the island ecosystem, (ii) the imposing of locally unsuitable development programmes which jeopardize the economy and ecology of the islands, and (iii) the lack of knowledge about what was there creates a lacuna in understanding the depth of biodiversity loss (MoEF & Kalpavriksh 2004).As a coral island ecosystem, the entire biological diversity is primarily dependent on corals.The pressure on the ecosystem as well as biodiversity at present is mainly of anthropogenic origin.Global environmental issues such as climate change and the pressure created by increasing human population and demand for natural resources create a host of threats to the sensitive atoll islands, lagoon and the surrounding open ocean (KSCSTE 2013).Elevated Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) caused by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and climate change have already reported to affect the health of the coral reef ecosystem in some islands (Arthur 2000).
Despite the fact that marine molluscs represent an estimated 23% of all extant marine taxa, conservation of marine molluscs remains neglected globally and often information regarding the status of commercially exploited marine molluscs has been overshadowed by the collapse of finfish fishery (McManus 1997).Research into the conservation status of molluscs has so far failed to reflect this importance, with minimal inclusion on the Red List of World Conservation Union (IUCN) (Peters et al. 2013).Inclusion of 24 species of marine molluscs under various schedules of the WPA notwithstanding, the research and conservation on these species received little attention in policy documents.A majority of the molluscs listed in various schedules of WPA of India are preferred items in shell trade markets.High market demand, coupled with a lack of awareness and inadequate enforcement were found to be the major A lack of quantitative data on abundance of species, ranges, habitat requirements, dispersal, and connectivity among populations (Chapman 1999) remains the major handicap in assessing the conservation status of species listed in various schedules of WPA.For example, the extirpation of Giant Triton Charonia tritonis in the Indo-Pacific has been attributed to over harvesting (Moore & Ndobe 2008).Although there is no organised shell trade at present in Lakshadweep, many of the species are collected for food.Further, the developmental stages of scheduled molluscs such Harpago chiragra, H. arthritica and Lambis spp.are often difficult to identify in the field, which indirectly facilitate indiscriminate collection of these species.Many species of Strombidae, to which the genera Harpago and Lambis belong, are eaten, and sometimes an important source of protein.This also reiterates the need for creating more awareness among the islanders regarding the scheduled species of molluscs.A poster on sea shells of Lakshadweep protected under various schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act of India has been prepared for creating awareness (Appendix 1).
According to Peters et al. (2013) research is needed to assess the threat from rare shell collecting towards mollusc population decline to determine what measures should be taken to enable this activity to continue sustainably while at the same time allowing for the protection of vulnerable species.While Indian WPA prevents collection of animals included in various schedules, research priority should also focus on other molluscs such as cowries and octopuses which are currently collected in large numbers.According to Apte et al. (2010) ever increasing economic interactions between the densely populated island communities and the adjoining coral reefs of Lakshadweep can indirectly affect the scheduled Giant Clam (Tridaca spp.), rendering population monitoring imperative.
Islands are very sensitive ecosystems.Hence strategies should be adopted to integrate biodiversity into every developmental plan, especially in the context of rapid economic development of Lakshadweep.Preparation of people's biodiversity register for the island ecosystems, as envisaged in the Biological Diversity Act of India, would help in developing suitable management plans at the grass roots level.As each island is a separate entity in terms of its biodiversity and pressures on it, a separate management plan has to be developed for each island, with the help of local communities, giving due importance for the scheduled species and other heavily exploited species.The participation of local communities should also be ensured for planning and decision making with regard to biodiversity.
Currently, there are 31 MPAs in India represented under 33 national parks and sanctuaries, covering an area of 627,121ha.The only MPA in Lakshadweep is Piiti Wildlife Sanctuary (1ha), included in the category II (Venkataraman et al. 2013).In Andaman and Nicobar islands, however, there are 15 MPAs covering an area of 67,254ha (about 11% of the total area of MPAs in India).Lakshadweep has many untouched and undisturbed pristine reefs like Suheli par with 78.96km 2 of lagoon area, Baliyapani par with 57.46km 2 of lagoon area, Cheriyapani par with 172.59km 2 of lagoon area and Perumul par with 83.02km 2 of lagoon area, which remains to be studied fully for realising the magnitude of biodiversity.While in the Indian context MPAs are not a specific legal category, national parks, sanctuaries and community conservation reserves declared either in selected biodiverse islands or declaration of a biosphere reserve covering the whole Lakshadweep Archipelago is strongly recommended for conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity for future generations.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Generalised diagram of a gastropod mollusc

Image 2 .
Harpago arthriticus Röding a -dorsal view; b -ventral view; c -lateral view (scale = 1cm)Remarks: This species was recorded only from the shallow waters around all the inhabited islands of Lakshadweep(Appukuttan et al. 1989; KSCSTE 2013;Apte 2014).Common in appearance.They were found in areas with sandy bottom.Included in Schedule IV of WPA.Not listed in CITES.Not evaluated in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.5.Lambis indomaris Abbott, 1961(Images 5 a-c)Rao 2003, p. 149; Apte, 2014, p. 60 Description: Shell ovate, tuberculated, and transversely striated, with six knobbed labial digitations and a long slender knobbed siphonal digitation, which is strongly curved to the right.The lobe on the left side of the first digitation is either very much reduced or bent back around the apex of the shell.Digitations 4, 5 and 6 are more stunted.Whorls 9-11.Siphonal canal long, strongly curved to the right and bearing 4-5 weak knobs.Aperture rather narrow, quadrate and deep within its solid purple.

Image 4 .
Lambis truncata Lightfoot a-f -various life stages; g -dorsal view of adult shell; h -ventral view of adult shell; i -lateral view of adult shell (scale = 1cm)

12.
Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) (Images 12 a-c) Rao & Rao 1991, p. 286; KSCSTE 2013,p.150 Description: Valves heavy and thick.Valve margins undulate with about five generally sharply triangular extremities of rib interstices.Hinge line less than half of shell length.Inequilateral valves are elongate to shortobtuse-triangular. Raised external valve sculpture.Large byssal opening.Greyish-white shell tinted with yellow or pinkish-orange.Bright blue, green or brown coloured mantle conceals the distinctively furrowed edges of shell.Image 10. Tudicla spirillus (Linnaeus) a -dorsal view; b -ventral view; c -spire (scale = 1cm) a b c © Bijukumar & Ravinesh Image 11. Placuna placenta Linnaeus a -dorsal shell; b-ventral shell; c-dorsal view of both shells opened (scale = 1cm) It is one of the widespread scheduled species recorded from almost all the islands of Lakshadweep (Rao & Rao 1991; KSCSTE 2013).Apte (2013) reported on the ecology, population dynamics and conservation of T. maxima in the Lakshadweep Archipelago.Also known by the name 'Small Giant Clam', this species grows on rocks and crevices of coral reefs, usually attached by the byssus threads.Included in schedule I of WPA.Not listed in CITES.Listed as 'Lower Risk' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

14.
Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 (Images 14 a, b) Ramadoss 2003, p.207.Description: Large and thick shell, with smooth surface, polished and marked by reddish-brown wavy lines against creamy background.Parietal wall of aperture black.Shell spirally coiled and partitioned internally into a series of gas-filled flotation chambers.

Image 14 .
Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus a -dorsal view of shell; b -lateral view of shell (scale 1 cm) b a © Bijukumar & Ravinesh driving forces behind the illegal marine curio trade (John et al. 2012).