Re-introduction of globally threatened Arabian Gazelles Gazella arabica (Pallas, 1766) (Mammalia: Bovidae) in fenced protected area in central Saudi Arabia
M. Zafar-ul Islam 1, Moayyad Sher Shah 2& Ahmed Boug 3
1,2,3 National Wildlife Research Center, PO Box 1086, Taif, Saudi
Arabia AND Saudi Wildlife Authority, PO Box 61681, Riyadh 11575, Saudi Arabia
1 mzafarul.islam@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Abstract: The Arabian Gazelle is a globally
threatened antelope (Vulnerable) in Saudi Arabia. Small relict populations remain in
limited areas, while historically Arabian gazelles occurred in Mahazat as-Sayd protected area in
central Saudi Arabia but were exterminated by anthropogenic and other
pressures, including habitat loss and hunting. Important habitat has been lost to
agricultural developments, fencing of pasture for livestock and the
construction of human settlements and roads. The reintroduction of Arabian
Gazelles was undertaken in Mahazat during
2011–2014 to bring back this locally extinct species study its ecology
and biology in a fenced protected area. We released a total of 49 (12 males, 37 females) animals. A year after release animals started
breeding and six calves have been recorded so far with more to come. The gazelles prefer to use more rocky
areas where shrubs and acacia trees occur in the reserve, and do not move long
distances except for one individual that moved more than 50km. Mahazat is
fenced, which prevents local people from entering the reserve to poach or
otherwise disturb animals. Management lessons include the need for continued monitor-ing of reintroduced populations. Interactions between Arabian and Sand
Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) were also studied.
Keywords: Arabia, gazelles, man-agement,
reintroduction, threatened.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3971.6053-60 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:631E39DC-623C-4B68-A94C-04DE65C3D46E
Editor: David Mallon, Zoological Society of London,
UK. Date
of publication: 26 July 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3971 | Received 16 March
2014 | Final received 05 May 2014 | Finally accepted 24 June 2014
Citation:Islam, M.Z., M.S.
Shah & A. Boug (2014). Re-introduction
of globally threatened Arabian Gazelles Gazella arabica (Pallas, 1766) (Mammalia: Bovidae) in fenced protected area in central Saudi Arabia. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 6(8): 6053–6060; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3971.6053-60
Copyright: © Islam 2014. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTTallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Funding: The Project is funded by the
Saudi Wildlife Authority, Riyadh Saudi Arabia.
Competing Interest: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author Contribution: All authors have been involved in designing and making the project
proposal till reintroduction and animals monitoring in Mahazat.
Author Details: Dr. M. Zafar-UlIslam is Research Director and field biologist with strong
interest in international wildlife conservation and had been associated with BirdLife International (UK), RSPB (UK), BNHS (India) and
Aligarh Muslim University (India). His main research work is on ecology and
biology of threatened taxa with their habitat evaluation and niche modelling.
Since April 2006, he is looking after the re-introduction and other field
research programs of the country with the National Wildlife Research Center in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Mr. Moayyad Sher Sha. is field researcher
working in Mahazat as-Saydprotected area in Saudi Arabia since last 14 years on HoubaraBustard and also worked on Arabian and Sand gazelles, and Sand Cat. Mr. Ahmed Boug is General Director of
National Wildlife Research Center and field biologistwho studied the ecology and biology of HamadraysBaboon in Saudi Arabia. He has produced several papers in international
journals on his research.
Acknowledgements: We
want to extend our thanks and gratitude to HH Prince BanderBin Saud Bin Mohammed Al Saud (President, Saudi Wildlife Authority) for his
leadership, generosity and continuous support towards the research and
conservation work by the NWRC in the Kingdom. All NWRC/KKWRC staffs are acknowledged
for their help, especially Dr. Mohammed Sandouka, Raziman Khan, Mr. Sham Davande for help in
mapping and Ms. ParveenKhan (Librarian) for providing papers and literature during writing this
paper. We want to thank Dr. David Mallon for reviewing this paper.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Introduction
The taxonomy of gazelles is notoriously
complex, and several classifications have been proposed. Three species have been reported from
Saudi Arabia: Saudi Gazelle Gazella saudiya (now extinct), Mountain Gazelle Gazella gazella(widespread in the Arabian Peninsula) and Arabian Gazelle Gazella arabica (known only from a specimen collected in
the 1820s on the Farasan Islands in the Red
Sea). Recent genetic research has
questioned this arrangement. Lerp
et al. (2013) indicated that G. gazella in
fact consists of two clades, one in the north centred on the Golan Heights, and
a southern clade covering the rest of the former range. Bärmann et al. (2012) demonstrated that G. arabicahad been misidentified and the specimen was in fact G. gazella. These authors, therefore, proposed a
nomenclatural change, preferring to use the name G. arabicafor the southern clade of G. gazella. This arrangement is followed here for
gazelles in Saudi Arabia, including the former subspecies G.g.cora and G.g. farasani (Thouless& Bassri 1991; Groves 1997; Flammandet al. 1998; Grubb 2005).
The former range of G. gazella included southern Turkey, Israel, Iran (Farur Island), Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Saudi
Arabia (Mallon & Kingswood 2001; Kankýlýçet al. 2012). Occasional sightings
have been reported from Egypt (Sinai), Syria, Lebanon and Jordan (Kingswood
& Khairallah 2001; Saleh2001; Masseti 2004). The range of G. g. cora (here referred to as the Arabian Gazelle G. arabica) occurred across most of the Arabian
Peninsula from the Arava Valley in southern Israel,
along the Hejaz and Asir Mountains in western Saudi
Arabia (12-28 °N), through Yemen, Oman and into the Emirates (Shalmon 1987; Uerpmann 1987;
Dunham et al. 2001; Insall 2001; Mallon & Al-Safadi 2001; Samour 2001).
In Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gazelle numbers
have decreased dramatically throughout their range since the middle of the 20thcentury due to anthropogenic and other pressures including habitat loss and
hunting. Important habitat has been
lost to agricultural developments, fencing of pasture for livestock and the
construction of human settlements and roads (Habibi1986; Nader 1989; Thouless et al. 1991; Islam et al.
2010a,b). The IUCN Red List (IUCN
2009, 2014) currently ranks this species (as G. gazella)
as ‘Vulnerable’ (A2ad). Small
relict populations may still occur in Al Khunfah and Harrat al Harrah in the north of Saudi Arabia (Harrison 1968; Green 1986; Thouless et al. 1991; Habibi 1992; Wacher 1993; Seddon et al. 1997; Islam et al. 2012) and on the Tihama coastal plain (Thouless et
al. 1991, 1997; Magin 1993, 1996; Wacher& AlAgeel 2001a; Ahmed Bougpers. comm. March 1999, in Wadi Hali;Zafar-ul Islam pers. obs. 22 February 2009, 80km
south of Al Qunfidah). On the FarasanIslands a strong population of about 1000 individuals has survived (Flammand et al. 1998; Cunningham & Wronski2010), and Arabian Gazelles were released in two protected areas (Ibex Reserve,Uruq Bani Ma’Arid) from 1990 to 2007 (Islam et al. 2012; Wronski et al. 2012a,b,c). Most records of natural Arabian gazelle
populations in Saudi Arabia originate from the western part of the Kingdom,
i.e., the Asir, Sarawat and
Hejaz Mountains (Thouless et al. 1991, 1997; Magin 1993, 1996; Al-Hazmi & Ghandour 1992; Magin & Greth 1994). Four populations are known from the northern Hejaz Mountains extending
from Medina up towards the Gulf of Aqaba, namely Jibal Kallab, Harrat Uwayrid, Ras Suwaihiland Jibal Dakhkhan (Child
& Grainger 1990; Thouless et al. 1991, 1997; Wacher & AlAgeel 1999; Wacher & Strauss 2000; Wacher2001; Ahmed Boug pers. comm. March 1999, near Al
Farah). The Hejaz Mountains are
more arid than the southern Asir and Sarawat Mountains where permanent water is available
throughout the year. In the Asir and Sarawat Mountains a
number of gazelle populations were reported to survive in the foothills and in
the eastern flanks of the Asir, where they are mostly
associated with Acacia-lined wadis (Thouless et al. 1991). From 1990–2001, several surveys have focused on a number of
populations in the Asir National Park (Al Khalili & Nader 1984; M.Z. Islam pers. comm. 2013) and
other proposed protected areas in the region to confirm presence or absence of
gazelles or to establish rough population estimates (Child & Grainger 1990;Magin 1993, 1996; Thoulesset al. 1997; Wacher & Al Toum1998; Wacher & AlAgeel2001b). Since 2001 no confirmed
observations of Arabian Gazelles in the AsirMountains have been reported. Three observations were made by a local shepherd near Jabal Kabkab in Makkah in January 2014 (A. Bougand wildlife rangers pers. comm. 2014).
Historically, Arabian Gazelles occured in Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in central Saudi Arabia but their loss
was attributed to anthropogenic and other pressures (Child & Grainger 1990;Lewlin in press, Islam et al. 2010a,b). Since their presence was confirmed via
interviews with local people and historical records (Magin1996; Thouless et al. 1997; Islam et al. 2010a,b),
the Strategy and Action Plan of the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) suggested the re-introduction of Arabian
Gazelles (Islam et al. 2010a,b). This project is particularly significant
as it is one of the first successful releases for the species in over 20 years
(Islam et al. 2011, 2012). After many years of dedicated
work to identify and conserve different species of gazelles in Saudi Arabia, these
elegant gazelles were successfully released. The release is part of the ongoing
efforts in the Kingdom to conserve a variety of antelopes, an initiative that
is strongly supported by the Saudi people (Magin 1996; Thouless et al. 1997;
Islam et al. 2010a,b).
The
need to reintroduce gazelles from captive bred populations was identified at an
early stage by the Saudi Wildlife Authority and endorsed by an International
Conference on Conservation of Arabian Gazelles (Grethet al. 1996). In line with conference
recommendations, the IUCN guidelines for reintroduction were followed (IUCN
1998). Key subsidiary
recommendations in this approach to reintroduction are that only appropriate
taxa are released within their former historic range and that the original
cause of extinction has been identified and controlled or eliminated. Gazelles reintroduced have all been
placed into former range areas in fenced protected area. Extensive taxonomic research, including
molecular genetic research, has been undertaken to ensure accurate
identification in this difficult group (Greth et al.
1996; Hammond et al. 2001).
The reintroduction of the Arabian
Gazelles was undertaking with the following goals: (a) to re-establish wild and
self-sustaining populations of Arabian Gazelle in Saudi Arabia; (b) to study
the most suitable habitats and establish protected areas in which vegetation
can recover; (c) to manage the re-introduction of herds in protected areas; (d)
to re-introduce in suitable habitats; and (e) to study the ecology and biology
of gazelles in the protected area.
Study area
TheMahazat as-Sayd Protected
Area (22015’N–41040’E) is located in west-central
Saudi Arabia and consists of a gently undulating sand and gravel plain at about
900m altitude comprising dwarf-scrubland dominated by Acacia tortilis trees, other Acacia ehrenbergianaas well as Maerua crassifoliatrees (Fisher & Membery 1998). Perennial grasses, such as Panicum turgidum, Lasiurus scindicusand Octhochloa ompressa,
which are important Arabian Gazelle forage species (Blank 2000; Shah et al.
2013), are abundant on sandy areas and some of elevated areas and
depressions. Net primary production
in Mahazat as-Sayd is low
and rainfall is unpredictable and patchily distributed (Treydteet al. 2001). Mean temperature
ranges from 17°C in winter to 340C in summer, but maximum
temperatures in summer often exceed 450C (Islam et al. 2012). Mahazat as-Sayd is completely fenced (2244km2) and was gazetted in 1988 as a reintroduction site for Arabian Oryx
(Oryx leucoryx), HoubaraBustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii)
and the Arabian Sand Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and
Arabian Gazelle (Vessey-Fitzgerald 1952; Child &
Grainger 1990; Islam et al. 2012). Predators were originally eradicated from several protected areas, but
one Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus) was
located in Mahazat in 2008 (Musleh Ammar (Head ranger) pers. comm. 2012). The Arabian
Gazelles were originally extirpated primarily by excessive hunting before
declaration of PA (Islam et al. 2010a,b).
After the identification the area as
wildlife reserve with fencing and proper protection from livestock grazing,
within five years the recovery of the vegetation increased the chances of
re-introduction of Arabian Gazelles in the area as compared to areas outside
the reserve, which was overgrazed and disturbed. The local community was taken in to
confidence during the process and Saudi Wildlife Authority got full support
both from civil society and the government for the re-introduction of native
wildlife.
Methods
Arabian Gazelles were captured just before
dark by using boma-trapping and put in individual
crates constructed of plywood and measuring 100x36x90 cm. Crates could be opened from both ends
and had 30-40 ventilation holes of 1cm diameter. Animals were transported the 670km to Mahazat at night by truck. Upon arrival at the reserve the gazelles
were placed in a quarantine enclosures identical in size (500x500 m) and
features to those at the KKWRC. Food
and water were provided in enclosure. Arabian Gazelles were obtained from King Khalid Wildlife Research Center (KKWRC). All the translocated gazelles were born in
captivity at KKWRC.
Between 2011 and 2014, three groups of
animals were released from the pre-release enclosure into wild when the vegetation
condition was favorable. All animals were released by opening
gates of pre-release enclosure and allowing them to leave of their own, while
water and alfalfa was provided outside of the
enclosure for three weeks. All
animals that were radio-tagged were monitored on a daily basis by ground
telemetry and at least once a fortnight by aerial telemetry using Maule
aircraft and date, time, location, activity, habitat and group compositions
were recorded.
First
Release: The first group of 17 (4 males, 13 females)
Arabian Gazelles was transferred from KKWRC to Mahazaton 14 March 2011 by road. Age of
gazelles ranged between three months old calf to 10 years old. Radio-collars were secured to each
individual with tag numbers. One
female died on 19 March 2011 in the release pen. On 08 April 2011 four Arabian Gazelles
(1 male, 3 females) were released directly from boxes by His Highness Prince
Bandar bin Saud bin Mohammed Al Saud (President of SWA), including two (1 male,
1 female) from NWRC and other two females from KKWRC. The remaining 14 gazelles (4 males, 10
females) were kept in the pre-release enclosure and released by opening the
gate (Images 1–4).
Second
Release: The
second group of 23 (8 males, 15 females) gazelles was transferred from KKWRC toMahazat on 12 February 2012. Age structure of this group was mostly
2–4 years old and ranged between 1–5 years old animals. One female gazelle was recorded dead in
the pre-release enclosure on 21 February 2012. This group of 22 Arabian Gazelles was
released by opening the enclosure gate on 06 March 2012.
Third
release: Another nine animals (2 males; 7 females)
were released in Mahazat in June 2014.
All animals were tested for tuberculosis,
vaccinated against rabies, foot and mouth disease, rinderpest,
and pasteurellosis, marked with either eartags, marker collars, or radio transmitters, and placed
in quarantine pens for a few months and soft released by opening the gate of
the enclosure.
Results
Post-release
monitoring: In summer of 2011 and 2014, when the
vegetation mostly dried off, a total of eight Arabian Gazelles were recorded
dead, mostly just after the release from the first release between May and
November 2011 and five gazelles (1 male, 4 females) went missing due to
radio-collar failure and the radio collar fell off one female. These animals were not recorded again
until now. Only one female was
found dead on 13 March 2012 among the second released group. Mortalities were controlled by further
improving the release method by releasing animals in winter months, not as late
as in 2011. Another factor
assisting the successful release was that the reserve received good rainfall
contributing to the growth of greenery.
Post-release dispersal of Arabian Gazelles
has been recorded from the intensive monitoring programmes. After release, the productivity was
high. After one year of release,
the gazelles started breeding and five radio-tagged females gave birth to
calves (Fig. 1).
Breeding records of the gazelles: The
first wild born Arabian Gazelles calf was recorded in Mahazaton 28 August 2012 near the fence. This calf was almost one month old when
recorded with the group. Six other
females delivered one each by end of September 2012. The offspring show more adaptability to
the wild than their captive-bred parents. All young animals born before the end of 2012 were alive at the end of
2013. The present population of
Arabian Gazelle in Mahazat reserve is 40–50
(Fig. 1).
Studies related to habitat use, feeding
ecology, range and space use, and group composition are being carried out in Mahazat.
Habitat preference by Arabian
Gazelles
A
recent spot image with 2.5m resolution in color was
acquired from the remote sensing section of the King AbduazizCity for Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia for the Mahazatas-Sayd Protected Area to study the landcover and classified in four major classes. The dominant landcoverclass is sandy followed by rocky and grassland as depicted in Table 1 and Fig.
2. Arabian Gazlles use mainly scrub and grassland
areas in the rocky barren and most avoiding sandy areas in the reserves (Fig.
2).
Food
and water: The released gazelles and their offspring
were mixed feeders, eating grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Growing leaves of Acacia tortilis were eaten. Occasionally
gazelles were observed to stand on their hind legs, resting the forelegs on
bush, to reach leaves growing above their normal levels.
After release, gazelles were occasionally
seen drinking water from the waterhole that was created especially for
them. Once animals moved away from
the release sites, the territorial male was rarely seen outside his territory;
however, regular checks were made for the gazelle footprints near the release
site and some of the animals used to visit in the late evening and early
morning in search of food and water.
One of the males moved almost 20km from
the release sites. The release site
is near to the hilly part of the reserve (10km away) and most of the animals
are confined to these areas. Females who were about to deliver young went to a secluded place and
after delivering the calf, female and the calf moved around 50m away, likely to
avoid small carnivores being attracted to the smell of the placenta.
Discussion
The reintroduction of the Arabian Gazelles
in Mahazat as-Sayd has
faced some difficulties including (a) maintaining long-term regular monitoring
due to lack of full time researchers; (b) lack of skills for mass capture
techniques for Arabian Gazelles in case of need to fix or re-fix the radio
collars, especially of new born individuals.
Major lessons learned from other
reintroductions in Saudi Arabia include (a) when wide-ranging species are
confined to restricted areas, even if such areas are large, it is essential
that an effective population management plan is in place before any
re-introduction is carried out, and that the plan is properly implemented. If this is not done, large-scale
mortalities will occur (Islam et al. 2010a,b); (b) prior to any
transplantation, range conditions in the release area have to be improved and
the area protected from livestock exploitation. Once pasture conditions show adequate
signs of improvement and the site is adequately protected, re-introduction of
the animals can be contemplated; (c) the time of release should coincide with
suitable vegetation conditions; (d) keeping the animals in pre-release
enclosures within the re-introduction site to get them acclimatized to the
natural environment and provide minimal amount of food and water; (e) regulate
tourism in re-introduction areas as this can lead to increased habitat
degradation; and (f) a public-awareness program should be put in place to
inform citizens of the biological and historic significance of the Sand Gazelle
in the society.
A healthy (disease-free, injury-free) breeding
Arabian Gazelle population has been established in Mahazatas-Sayd Protected Area for more than two years, and
is considered to be a success. Productivity by released Arabian Gazelles high; society and the
government support the re-introduction and Mahazathas been suggested as a destination for national and international tourists.
Management plan
The ungulate populations in the Mahazat As-Sayd Protected Area
are valuable resources that could be put to good conservation (or other use)
with careful planning. An active
management plan for the ungulate populations in MahazatAs-Sayd Protected Area was developed in the end of
2008 by experts including ecologists, biologists, botanists, vets, sociologists
and policy and decision makers to minimize periodic large-scale mortalities in
the reserve (Islam et al. 2010b).
In the plan artificial provision of water
and alfalfa is provided at five different locations to animals in Mahazat since May 2008 to minimize mortality.
Under this project, auxiliary rangers are
given training to monitor the population and protect it from suspected
hunters. Such surveillance would be
greatly facilitated by the rugged nature of most gazelles in the area.
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