A preliminary
survey on soil and plant parasitic nematodes of southern Goa, India
A.C. Maria Lizanne 1 & Irvathur Krishnananda Pai 2
1 Carmel College of Arts, Science &
Commerce for Women, Nuvem, Salcette, Goa 403604, India
2 Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao
Plateau, Goa 403206, India
1 marializanne@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 ikpai@unigoa.ac.in
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3568.5400-12 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FEF74B33-6C2F-487A-8D89-1F86FBA25100
Editor: N. Mohilal Meitei, Manipur
University, Canchipur, India. Date of
publication: 26 January 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3568 | Received 26 March 2013 | Final received 29 July 2013 | Finally accepted
05 November 2013
Citation: Lizanne, A.C.M. & I.K. Pai (2014).A preliminary survey
on soil and plant parasitic nematodes of southern Goa, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 5(17): 5400–5412; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3568.5400-12
Copyright: © Lizanne & Pai 2014. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use
of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing
adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: The Apostolic Carmel Educational Society of Goa.
Competing Interest: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish
to express their sincere gratitude to Prof. M.S. Jairajpuri, Prof. Irfan Ahmad
and the research scholars of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, for their expertise. The authors also extend their thanks
to Dr. Divakar Mesta, Carmel College for Women for his valuable inputs and all
those who helped in the collection of the samples.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
The number of taxa unknown to science is
particularly more for underground biota, especially nematodes, with only an
estimated 3% of the world’s species having been studied and described (Barker
et al. 1994). Nematodes are
biologically diverse and versatile, occupying diverse habitats and constitute
nearly 90% of all metazoans in number (Hugot et al. 2001). Soil inhabiting nematodes predominate
over all other soil animals, both in number and species. Nematodes possess several attributes
that make them useful ecological indicators (Bongers 1990; Freckman 1988; Neher
2001). They are very important and
beneficial in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of soil
nutrients in terrestrial ecosystem. A review of the literature by Boag & Yeates (1998) regarding
nematode diversity, stressed the critical lack of information in tropical
areas.
Goa is the smallest agrarian state of
India by area, but has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the WesternGhats which has been internationally recognized as a
Biodiversity Hotspot. Extensive
work has been done on the fauna of Goa (Director ZSI 2008). However, groups such as nematodes are
practically ignored and unrecorded in all biodiversity studies. Owing to their microscopic size and
hidden life they might have been totally neglected. There are about 28,000 species of
nematodes that have been recorded globally and the estimated diversity is to be
about 1,000,000 (Hugot et al. 2001). On record, so far, only 10 species of nematodes have been recorded from
Goa (goafoundation.org). To fill in
the lacunae in the knowledge about the diversity of nematodes in Goa, the
present study was carried out to explore the nematode diversity of the
state. Based on the results
obtained, the present paper reports the diversity of soil inhabiting nematode
fauna from South Goa District of Goa State (Fig. 1).
Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from August 2011 to November 2011 and from
July 2012 to December 2012 from five talukas—Canacona, Marmagoa, Quepem,
Salcette and Sanguem. About 50 soil
samples were randomly collected from five different villages of each taluka
covering 20 landscape elements (Table 1). From each type of landscape, soil samples of about 500 –1000 g
near the roots of the plants were collected by taking care to avoid the top soil of about 10–15 cm depth. Each
sample was collected in a self-sealing plastic bag with a label containing
necessary field information. They
were either processed immediately or stored in the refrigerator at 40C
and processed later. The processing
involved soaking the samples in freshwater for a few minutes and then
collecting the nematodes from these samples by Cobb’s decanting and sieving
method (Cobb 1919), followed by the modified Baermann’s funnel method (Thorne
1961). The nematodes that were
isolated were fixed in warm 4% formalin and processed by slow glycerine method
(Seinhorst 1959). They were mounted
in dehydrated glycerine after 4–5 weeks of dehydration and permanent
slides of the specimens were prepared using paraffin wax ring method and
numbered serially (de Maeseneer & d’Herde 1963). For classification the nematodes were
listed according to Goodey (1963), Jairajpuri & Khan (1982), Jairajpuri
& Ahmad (1992), Andrassy (1999), Siddiqi (2000), Choudhary et al. (2010)
and websites of NEMAPLEX.
Results: In
the present study, about 400 permanent slides were prepared. A total of 52 species of nematodes
belonging to seven orders were recorded, of which 27 species were from order
Dorylaimida, six from Mononchida, nine from Tylenchida, three from Alaimida,
four from Rhabditida, two from Enoplida, and one from Araeolaimida. The detailed information of these 52 species
is as follows:
Phylum Nematoda (Rudolphi, 1808) Lankester, 1877
I Order Dorylaimida Pearse, 1942
Suborder Dorylaimina Pearse, 1936
Superfamiliy Dorylaimoidea De Man, 1876
Family Dorylaimidae De Man, 1876
Subfamily Laimydorinae Andrassy, 1969
Genus Amphidorylaimus Andrassy, 1960
1. Amphidorylaimus infecundus (Cobb, 1936) Andrassy, 1960
Genus Afrodorylaimus Andrassy, 1960
2. Afrodorylaimus bwana Andrassy, 1964
Genus Prodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959
3. Prodorylaimus longicaudatus (Butschli, 1874) Andrassy, 1959
4. Prodorylaimus obesus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1982
Genus Mesodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959
5. Mesodorylaimus mesonyctius (Kreis, 1930) Andrassy, 1959
Subfamily Thornenematinae Siddiqi, 1969
Genus Thornenema Andrassy, 1959
6. Thornenema baldum (Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1959
7. Thornenema lissum (Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1959
Genus Coomansinema Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1989
8. Coomansinema dimorphicauda Ahmad & Jairajpuri 1989
Family Qudsianematidae Jairajpuri, 1965
Subfamily Qudsianematinae Jairajpuri, 1965
Genus Baqriella Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1988
9. Baqriella qaiseri Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1988
Genus Ecumenicus Thorne, 1974
10. Ecumenicus monohystera (De Man, 1880) Thorne, 1974
Genus Labronema Thorne, 1974
11. Labronema ferox Thorne, 1939
Genus Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959
12. Eudorylaimus himalus Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1982
Subfamily Discolaiminae Siddiqi, 1969
Genus Discolaimus Cobb, 1913
13. Discolaimus texanus Cobb, 1913
14. Discolaimus laksi Khan & Laha, 1982
Family Nordiidae Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1964
Subfamily Pungentinae Siddiqi, 1969
Genus Enchodelus Thorne, 1939
15. Enchodelus (Parenchodelus) constrictusJairajpuri & Loof, 1968
16. Enchodelus (Parenchodelus) longidens Jairajpuri
& Loof, 1968
Subfamily Actinolaimoidinae Jairajpuri & Ahmad,
Genus Oriverutus Siddiqi, 1971
17. Oriverutus labiatus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1987
18. Oriverutus paragus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1987
Family Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965
Subfamily Aporcelaiminae Heyns, 1965
Genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965
19. Aporcelaimellus obscures (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Heyns,
1965
20. Aporcelaimellus baqrii Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1982
Genus Aporcelaimus Thorne & Swanger, 1936
21. Aporcelaimus regius (De Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936
Superfamily Longidoroidea Thorne, 1935
Family Longidoridae thorne, 1935
Subfamily Longidorinae Thorne, 1035
Genus Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922
22. Longidorus brevicaudatus (Schur. Stek, 1951) Khan, 1987
23. Longidorus elongates (De Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger,
1936
Family Xiphinematidae Dalmasso, 1969
Subfamily Xiphinematinae Dalmasso, 1969
Genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913
24. Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949
25. Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913
Superfamily Belondiroidea Thorne, 1939
Family Delondiridae Thorne, 1939
Subfamily Belondirinae Thorne, 1939
Genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920
26. Axonchium (Axonchium) amplicolle Cobb, 1920
27. Axonchium (Epaxonchium) vulvulatum Nair &
Coomans, 1974
II Order Mononchida Jairajpuri, 1969
Suborder Mononchina Kirjanova & Krall, 1969
Superfamily Mononchoidea Chitwood, 1937
Family Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937
Subfamily Mononchina Chitwood, 1937
Genus Mononchus Bastian, 1865
28. Mononchus aquaticus Coetzee, 1968
29. Mononchus tunbridgensis Bastian, 1865
Family Iotonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
Subfamily Iotonchinae Jairajpuri, 1969
Genus Iotonchus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1950
30. Iotonchus trichurus (Cobb, 1917) Altherr, 1958
31. Iotonchus indicus Jairajpuri, 1969
Genus Parahadronchus Mulvey, 1978
32. Parahadronchus shakili (Jairajpuri, 1969) Mulvey, 1978
33. Parahadronchus andamanicus (Jairajpuri, 1969) Mulvey, 1978
III Order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949
Suborder Tylenchina Thorne, 1949
Superfamily Tylenchoidea Orley, 1880
Family Tylenchidae Orley, 1880
Subfamily Tylenchinae Orley, 1880
Genus Tylenchus Bastian, 1865
34. Tylenchus filiformis Butschli, 1873
35. Tylenchus indicus Khan et al., 1969
Genus Ottolenchus Husain & Khan, 1967
36. Ottolenchus parvus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1979
Subfamily Boleodorinae Khan, 1964
Genus Psilenchus de Man, 1921
37. Psilenchus minor Siddiqi, 1963
Family Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1960
Subfamily Telotylenchinae Siddiqi, 1960
Genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913
38. Tylenchorhynchus elegans Siddiqi, 1961
Family Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934
Subfamily Hoplolaiminae Filipjev, 1934
Genus Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905
39. Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963
40. Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc, 1958
Genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945
41. Helicotylenchus indicus Sddiqi, 1963
Superfamily Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936
Family Criconematidae Taylor, 1936
Subfamily Criconematinae Taylor, 1936
Genus Criconemella De Grisse & Loof, 1965
42. Criconemella xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Luc & Raski, 1981
IV Order Alaimida Siddiqi, 1983
Suborder Alaimina Siddiqi, 1983
Family Alaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
Genus Alaimus de Man, 1880
43. Alaimus primitivus de Man, 188
44. Alaimus hamulus Siddiqi & Husain, 1967
Genus Amphidelus Thorne, 1939
45. Amphidelus novus Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968
V Order Rhabditida (Orley, 1880) Chitwood, 1933
Suborder Rhabditina (Orley, 1880) Chitwood, 1933
Superfamily Rhabditoidea (Orley, 1880) Travassos 1920
Family Rhabditidae Orley, 1880
Subfamily Peloderinae Andrassy, 1976
Genus Caenorhabditis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1953
46. Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas, 1899) Dougherty, 1953
Suborder Cephalobina Filipjev, 1934
Family Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934
Subfamily Cephalobinae Filipjev, 1934
Genus Cephalobus Bastian, 1865
47. Cephalobus persegnis Bastian, 1865
Subfamily Acrobelinae Thorne, 1937
Genus Acrobeles von Linstow, 1877
48. Acrobeles timmi Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979
Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937
Family Panagrolaimidae Thorne, 1937
Subfamily Panagrolaiminae Thorne, 1937
Genus Panagrolaimus Fuchs, 1930
49. Panagrolaimus fuchsi Ruhm, 1956
VI Order Enoplida (Baird, 1853) Chitwood, 1933
Family Ironidae de Man, 1876
Subfamily Ironinae (De Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1922
Genus Ironus Bastian, 1865
50. Ironus longicaudatus De Man, 1884
51. Ironus ignavus Bastian, 1865
VII
Order Araeolaimida De Coninck and Sch. Stek. 1933
Superfamily
Plectoidea (Orley, 1880) Chitwood, 1937
Family
Plectidae Orley, 1880
Subfamily
Plectinae (Orley, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922
Genus PlectusBastian, 1865
52. Plectus
cirratus Bastian, 1865
Abbreviations: L =
Total body length; a = Body length/greatest body width; b = Body length/neck
length; c = Body length/tail length; c’ = Tail length/body width at anus or
cloaca; V = Distance of vulva from ant. end x 100/body
length; G1 = Distance of vulva from ant. ovaryx100/body length; G2 = Distance of vulva from post. ovary x100/ body length; ABD = Anal Body Diameter
Description
and Diagnosis
I
Order Dorylaimida
Amphidorylaimus infecundus (Cobb, 1936) Andrassy, 1960
Small nematodes less than 1mm long,
cuticle finely striated, lips well offset by constriction and angular,
oesophagus cylindroid with basal expansion up to less than half its length,
tail gradually tapering up to anus, similar in sexes
Locality: Canacona Quepem Salcette Sanguem
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.2376N, 15.3603N,
15.1967N.
Longitude: 74.05711E, 74.2391E, 73.9234E,
74.1195E.
Habitat: Near the roots
of vegetable plants, coconut and sapota plantations.
Dimensions: Female: L=0.91–0.95mm,
a=45, b=4.3, c=3.5–3.7, V=36–37, stylet=10=11µm.
Afrodorylaimus bwana Andrassy, 1964
Body length 2–5 mm, cuticle
striated, lip region offset by depression, odontostyle with an aperture about one-third
its length, ventromedian supplements closely spaced, tail long and filiform in
females and conoid with pointed tip in males.
Locality: Salcette Quepem
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.2376N.
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.2391E.
Habitat: Near the roots of roadside weeds.
Prodorylaimus longicaudatus (Butschli, 1874) Andrassy, 1959
Body 2–5mm long, cuticle finely
striated, lip region offset by depression, odontostyle with wide lumen
odontophore rod-like, female reproductive system amphidelphic, ventromedian
supplements numerous, tail conoid to long, filiform, similar in sexes.
Locality: Salcette Quepem Sanguem
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.2376N, 15.1967N.
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.2391E, 74.1195E.
Habitat: Near the roots of roadside weeds
and bushy plants
Dimensions: Female: L=2.58–3.05mm,
a=22–29, b=4.8–5.2, c=4.8–6.2, V=43–45,
odontostyle=32–33µm.
Male: L=1.91–2.25mm, a=31–39,
b=5.0, c=11–13, odontostyle=34–35, spicules=76µm, supplement
number=23–25.
Prodorylaimus obesus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1982
Body length usually 1–3 mm, female
body curved upon fixation, tapering towards extremities, cuticle with
transverse striations, guiding ring ‘double’, tail elongate-conoid and dorsally
curved, caudal pores on either side.
Locality: Canacona Mormugao Salcette
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.414N, 15.3603N.
Longitude: 74.05711E, 73.81E, 73.9234E.
Habitat: Near the roots of bushy plants
and roadside weeds.
Dimensions: Female: L=1.64–1.80
mm, a=25–30, b=4.5–5.2, c=27–30, V=50–56,
G1=22–27, G2=20–27, odontostyle=23–25,
odontophore=32–33, esophagus=346–365µm, tail=61–70 µm,
ABD=30–33µm.
Mesodorylaimus mesonyctius (Kreis, 1930) Andrassy, 1959
Body 1–2mm long, cuticle thick with
transverse striations, lip region continuous and angular, odontophore
rod–like, oesophagus muscular and enlarging gradually, abrupt near the
middle, vulval lips strongly cuticularised, female tail elongate-conoid in
anterior and dorsally curved in posterior.
Locality: Canacona Mormugao Salcette
Quepem Sanguem
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.414N, 15.3603N,
15.2376N, 15.1967N.
Longitude: 74.05711E, 73.81E, 73.9234E,
74.2391E, 74.1195E.
Habitat: Near the roots of flowering
plants in the gardens, paddy fields.
Dimensions: Female:
L=1.02–1.12 mm, a=31.5–34.6, b=4.2–4.9, c=30.2–37.3,
c’=1.2–1.6, V=52.0–55.6, G1=12.3–26.0, G2=14.6–27.2,
odontostyle=10–12, odontophore=12.5–17, tail=30.5–37.0,
prerectum=51.5– 73, rectum=22–36.
Male: L=0.99–1.05mm, a=28–33,
b=4.1–4.5, c=47.6–61.8, c’=0.7–0.9, V=51.9–55.1,
odontostyle=11–12, odontophore=13.5–17.5, tail length=17–22, prerectum=76–115,
rectum=27–34, spicule=37–44, ventromedian supplements=9–11.
Thornenema baldum (Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1959
Female 0.3–3mm long, lip region
offset by depression, sclerotised labial framework, odontostyle cylindrical, oesophagus
expanded basally, female reproductive system amphidelphic, tail elongate-conoid
to long, filiform in females; obtusely conoid in males.
Locality: Quepem Sanguem Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.1967N, 15.01415N.
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.1195E, 74.05711E.
Habitat: Near the roots of casuarina
plantation and forest area.
Dimensions: Female: L=1.0–1.2 mm,
a=26–31, b=4.8–5.2, c=8.2–9.7, c’=5.6–6.5,
V=33–35, G1=11.1–12.5, G2= 12–18.
Thornenema lissum (Thorne, 1939) Andrassy, 1959
Body length 0.3–2.0mm, lip region
rounded continuous with body contour, labial framework sclerotised, basal part
of oesophagus expanded, female reproductive system mono-opisthodelphic, female tail long to filiform, male tail obtusely conoid.
Locality: Mormugao Quepem Salcette
Latitude: 15.414N, 15.2376N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.81E, 74.2391E, 73.9234E.
Habitat: Near the roots of vegetable
plantation, flowering plants.
Coomansinema dimorphicauda Ahmad & Jairajpuri 1989
Body curved upon fixation, cuticle thick
with fine transverse striae, lip region amalgated and continuous with body,
odontostyle massive and wide, odontophore rod–like, female system
amphidelphic, vagina with strong distal sclerotisation, female tail short,
convex–conoid with rounded tip and slight projection, male tail short,
conoid.
Locality: Quepem Salcette Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E, 74.05711E
Habitat: Near the roots of plants in scrub
jungle, roadside weeds
Dimensions: Female: L=1.25mm, a=25,
b=3.8, c=43, V=56, G2=13, odontostyle=22µm, odontophore=24µm,
esophagus=328–330 µm, prerectum=71µm, rectum= 36µm, tail=29µm,
ABD=27–30µm.
Baqriella qaiseri Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1988
Body length 0.7mm, small, slender, outer
margin of lips forms a flap over oral area, odontostyle attenuated, three
cardiac glands present at the oesophago–intestinal junction, vagina
sclerotised distally, tail elongate–conoid, dorsally bent.
Locality: Sanguem Salcette
Latitude: 15.1967N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 73.9234E
Habitat: Near the roots of the plants in
forest area
Dimensions: Female: L=0.73–0.77 mm,
a=22–23, b=3.3–3.5, c=18–20, c’2.3–3.0,
V=49–52, G1=10, G2=10–11, odotostyle=12.0–12.5,
odontophore=17–18, esophagus=213–233 µm, prerectum=35µm, rectum= 19µm, tail=38–42µm,
ABD=14–16 µm.
Ecumenicus monohystera (De Man, 1880) Thorne, 1974
Small nematode, 1.0–1.2 mm long,
lips distinct offset by a slight depression, guiding ring ‘single’, vulva a
transverse slit, vagina extending posteriorly, female reproductive system mono–opisthodelphic,
tail blunt and digitate.
Locality: Canacona Mormugao Salcette
Quepem Sanguem
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.414N, 15.3603N,
15.2376N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.05711E, 73.81E, 73.9234E,
74.2391E, 74.1195E
Habitat: Near the roots of paddy plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.05–1.16 mm,
a=35–39, b=4.8–5.1, c=30–34, V=35–36, G2=13–15,
odontostyle=11–12, odontophore=16–17, esophagus= 214–230 µm,
prerectum=35–51 µm, rectum=20–23 µm, tail=33–35 µm,
ABD=20–23 µm.
Labronema ferox Thorne, 1939
Body robust, 1.0–3.5 mm long,
cuticle finely striated, lip region offset by deep constriction, broad and
thick, odontostyle with side lumen and aperture, odontophore rod-like, guiding
ring sclerotised, oesophagus enlarging gradually, vulva longitudinal, tail hemispheroid.
Locality: Quepem Sanguem Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.1967N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.1195E, 74.05711E
Habitat: Near the roots of plants in the
forest area and scrub jungle.
Eudorylaimus himalus Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1982
Body curved upon fixation more
posteriorly, odontostyle attenuated, cardia short and rounded, cardiac disc
present, tail short and conoid with ‘saccate bodies on the ventral side, pair
of caudal pores on either side.
Locality: Sanguem Canacona Salcette Quepem
Latitude: 15.1967N 15.01415N 15.3603N
15.2376N
Longitude: 74.1195E 74.05711E 73.9234E
74.2391E
Habitat: Near the roots of teak and acacia
trees
Dimensions: Female:
L=1.20–1.31 mm, a=21–31, b==3.6–3.9, c=53–57,
c’=0.9–1.0, V=51–55, G1=13–14, G2=10–13, odontostyle=21–23,
odontophore=34–39, esophagus=309–363µm, prerectum=54–67µm, rectum=
23–25 µm, tail=22–24 µm, ABD=24–26 µm.
Discolaimus texanus Cobb, 1913
Body 1.2–2.7 mm long, lip region discoid
and widely expanded, odontostyle long narrow thick walled, guiding ring single,
basal expanded part of oesophagus marked off from anterior slender part by
abrupt expansion, cardia disc-like with a blunt conoid part female reproductive
system amphidelphic, tail bluntly rounded with obtuse tip.
Locality: Salcette
Latitude: 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.9234E
Habitat: Near the roots of vegetable
plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.52–1.62 mm,
a=47.7–55.8, b=4.9–5.4, c=36.3–40.7, c’=2.3–2.5,
V=43–48, odontostyle=10–12, odontophore=13–20, stylet length=
24–32, esophagus length=300–310, tail length=40–43,
prerectum=11–14, rectum=16–24, G1=85–118, G2=78–115.
Discolaimus laksi Khan & Laha, 1982
Female body arcuate upon fixation, lip
region distinctly set off from the body, odontophore slightly longer than the
odontostyle, reproductive system amphidelphic, tail dorsally convex and conoid.
Locality: Salcette
Latitude: 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.9234E
Habitat: Near the roots of banana
plantation
Dimensions: Female: L=0.6–1.08 mm,
a=34–35, b=3.1–4.1, c=38–47, V=48–49.
Enchodelus (Parenchodelus) constrictusJairajpuri & Loof, 1968
Body curved ventrally upon fixation, more
towards the posterior half, lip region slightly set off, ovaries reflexed, tail
short-conoid and ventrally arcuate.
Locality: Quepem Sanguem
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.1195E
Habitat: Near the roots of roadside weeds
and forest plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.40mm, a=24, b=5.2,
c=36, c’=1.5, V=51, G1=26, G2=30.
Male: L=1.19mm, a=23, b=5.1, c=32, c’=1.6,
T=51, Spicule=46–48 µm.
Enchodelus (Parenchodelus) longidens Jairajpuri & Loof, 1968
Body ventrally curved to C-shaped,
odontophore linear, without flanges, reproductive amphidelphic, tail long, conoid
provided with two caudal pores on either side.
Locality: Mormugao
Latitude: 15.414N
Longitude: 73.81E
Habitat: Near the roots of bushy plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.58mm, a=35,
b=4.5–5.3, c=32–35, c’1.5–1.7,
V=48–51, G1=18, G2=20
Male: L=1.64mm, a=33, b=5.2, c=29, c’=1.8,
Tail=65.
Oriverutus labiatus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1987
Body curved ventrally upon fixation,
tapering towards the extremities, odontostyle attenuated, tail elongate conoid
and dorsally bent.
Locality: Mormugao Salcette
Latitude: 15.414N 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.81E 73.9234E
Habitat: Near the roots of bushy plants
and roadside weeds
Dimensions: Female: L=0.88–1.1 mm,
a=31–37, b=3.4–3.6, c=21–24, c’=2.2–2.6, T=52–60,
G2=13–16, odontostyle=15–16 µm, odontophore=19–20 µm, esophagus=253–278
µm, prerectum=39–44 µm, rectum=24–27 µm, tail=41–45 µm,
ABD=17µm.
Oriverutus paragus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1987
Body slightly curved ventrally upon
fixation, odontostyle attenuated, well developed lateral guiding pieces, tail
elongate conoid and ventrally curved with two caudal pores on either side.
Locality: Sanguem Canacona
Latitude: 15.1967N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 74.05711E
Habitat: Near the roots of forest trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.98–1.22 mm,
a=26–28, b=3.1–3.8, c=20–22, c’=2.2–2.6, V=48–52,
G1=17–19, G2=16–21, odontostyle=17–18 µm,
odontophore=22–24 µm, esophagus=309–311, prerectum=55–666 µm,
rectum=21–22 µm, tail=50–56 µm, ABD=21–23 µm.
Aporcelaimellus obscurus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Heyns, 1965
Medium-sized nematode with robust body,
cuticle finely striated, lip region set off with deep constriction, oral
aperture hexagonal, female reproductive system amphidelphic, tailshort and conoid.
Locality: Mormugao Salcette
Latitude: 15.414N, 15.3603N
Habitat: Near the roots of paddy plants
Dimensions: Female: L=2.64–2.88 mm,
a=28–35, b=3.2–4.2, c=61–67, V=51–57, G1=11–13,
G2=11–17, odontostyle=24–26 µm, odontophore=42–46 µm,
esophagus=657–684 µm, prerectum=120–139 µm, rectum=57–60 µm,
tail=42µm, ABD=48–53µm.
Aporcelaimellus baqrii Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1982
Body ventrally curved upon fixation,
reproductive system amphidelphic, female tail hemispheroid, irregularlyspaced ventromedian supplements, tail short and conoid, pair of caudal pores on
either side.
Locality: Mormugao Salcette
Latitude: 15.414N 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.81E 73.9234E
Habitat: Near the roots of bushy plants
and roadside weeds.
Dimensions: Female:
L=1.82–2.06 mm, a=28–32, b=3.6–3.8, c=63–67,
V=53–57, G1=7–8, G2=8–9, odontostyle=42–56,
odontophore=38–41, esophagus= 507–544 µm, prerectum=45–67 µm,
rectum=41–45 µm, tail=27–30 µm, ABD=32–36 µm.
Male: L=1.86mm, a=29, b=3.5 c=58,
T=45, odontostyle=24, odontophore=39, esophagus=540µm, spicules=63µm, lateral
guiding piece=16µm, ventromedian supplements=12, prerectum=65µm, tail=32µm, ABD=38µm.
Aporcelaimus regius (De Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936
Large-sized nematode, cuticle with
criss-cross lines, lips region off set by deep constriction, odontostyle wide,
aperture occupying more than one-half length, cardiac disc present, tail short,
conoid to bluntly rounded.
Locality: Canacona
Latitude 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil
around the roots of vegetable plants.
Longidorus brevicaudatus (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1951) Khan, 1987
Female body tapering
towards the extremities, lip region knob-like, reproductive system
amphidelphic, tail cylindrical with rounded terminus.
Locality: Sanguem
Latitude: 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.1195E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of the
forest plants
Dimensions: Female: L=3.6–3.9 mm,
a=126–137, b=11.4–14.8, c=87.6–107.5, V=49–53.
Longidorus elongatus (De Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936
Body long and elongated, lips amalgated, odontostyle
long and attenuated, odontophore without basal flanges, female reproductive
system amphidelphic, tail short, conoid and bluntly rounded.
Locality: Sanguem
Latitude: 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.1195E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of the
plants of forest area
Dimensions: Female: L=5.2–6.1 mm,
a=78.6–106.6, b=11.5–13.5, c=87.0–121.5, V=45.6–53.1,
odontostyle=79–91 µm, odontophore=57.5–66.5 µm, tail
length=44.5–59.0.
Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949
Female body long and slender with rounded
anterior and elongate-conoid posterior extremity, odontophore nearly 2/3rdof the odontostyle, tail narrow, female elongate-conoid and filiform, male tail
conoid ending in a digitate terminus with two papillae on either side
Locality: Mormugao Salcette
Latitude: 15.414N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.81E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of
vegetable plants and sapota plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.8–2.6 mm,
a=51–71, b=5.3–8.0, c=15–35, c’=3.1–8.6, V=28–36,
odontostyle=80–111 µm, odontophore=55–64 µm, guiding
ring=80–110 µm.
Male: L=2.1–2.3mm, a=52–65,
b=5.4–6.4, c=47–54, c’=1.4–1.7, odontostyle=93–104µm,
odontophore=51–61µm, guiding ring=87–98µm, spicule=53–58 µm.
Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913
Body long and slender, lip region
continuous, odontostyle long and attenuated, odontophore with well developed
basal flanges, female reproductive system amphidelphic, tailshort and conoid.
Locality: Sanguem Canacona Quepem
Latitude 15.1967N, 15.01415N, 15.2376N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 74.05711E, 74.2391E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of
teak trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.8–1.6 mm,
a=37–40, b=5.2–6.7, c=56–57, V=55–56.
Axonchium (Axonchium) amplicolle Cobb, 1920
Body length 1.1–3.0mm, straight to ventrally
arcuate body upon fixation, lip region offset with inner section prominently
demarcated, odontostyle fusiform, female body broadly rounded, male tail
hemispheroid, conoid with broadly rounded tip.
Locality: Quepem Salcette Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E, 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil
near the roots of roadside plants and bushy plants.
Axonchium (Epaxonchium) vulvulatum Nair & Coomans, 1974
Body usually 1.6–3.5 mm, ventrally
curved upon fixation, conoid lips, odontostyle fusiform, constriction between
the two parts of the oesophagus, vaginal wall internally sclerotised, female
tail hemispherical, spaced ventromedian supplements, male tail convex-conoid.
Locality: Quepem Salcette Canacona Sanguem
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N, 15.01415N,
15.1967N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E, 74.05711E,
74.1195E.
Habitat: Near the roots of vegetable
plants, flower gardens, bushy plants
II Order Mononchida
Mononchus aquaticus Coetzee, 1968
Lip region 18–22 µm wide, 6–8
µm, buccal cavity28–37 µm long and 13–16 µm wide, dorsal tooth of
medium size, situated in the anterior half of the buccal cavity, subventral
walls without any denticles but with an indentation opposite dorsal tooth apex,
reproductive system amphidelphic, presence of an sphincter at
oviduct–uterus junction, tail elongate conoid and clavate at tip, caudal
glands well developed and terminal opening present.
Locality: Quepem Salcette
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
banana plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.4–1.7 mm,
a=33–36, b=3.8–4.3, c=8.5–10.0, V=52–54.
Mononchus tunbridgensis Bastian, 1865
Lip region 10–15 µm wide, 4–5
µm high, buccal cavity 18–20 µm long and 6–7 µm wide, dorsal tooth of
medium size, situated in anterior half of buccal cavity, subventral walls
without any denticle but with an indentation opposite dorsal tooth apex,
reproductive system amphidelphic, sphincter present at oviduct–uterus
junction, tail first conoid then sharply cylindroid, caudal glands and terminal
opening present.
Locality: Sanguem Salcette
Latitude: 15.1967N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
casuarina and acacia trees
Dimensions: Female: L=1.03–1.15 mm, a=26–30,
b=3.7–4.1, c=9–12, V=53–57
Iotonchus trichurus (Cobb, 1917) Altherr, 1958
Lip region 24–30 µm wide, 7–12
µm high, amphidial aperture 4–6 µm wide, buccal cavity 26–33 µm
long and 16–19 µm, dorsal tooth small and basal, its apex 5–8 µm
from the base of buccal cavity, reproductive system mono-prodelphic, sphincter
not present at oviduct-uterus junction, tail long, whip–like, caudal
glands present and terminal opening present.
Locality: Sanguem Salcette
Latitude: 15.1967N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
casuarina and acacia trees
Dimensions: Female: L=1.5–1.9mm,
a=30–45, b=3.6–4.8, c=3–5, V=54–65.
Iotonchus indicus Jairajpuri, 1969
Female lip region 37–44 µm wide,
14–16 µm high, amphidial aperture 5–7 µm wide, located at
12–16 µm from anterior end of body and 35–42 µm from base of buccal
cavity, buccal cavity 40–47 µm long, and 28–32 µm wide, dorsal
tooth small and basal, excretory system not observed, reproductive system amphidelphic,
sphincter not present at oviduct–uterus junction, tail elongate, conoid
and tapering regularly, caudal glands poorly developed and opening subterminal
dorsally.
Locality: Quepem Salcette
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
banana plants and mango and casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=1.55–1.98 mm,
a=21–32, b=4.1–4.9, c=5–8, V=57–65.
Parahadronchus shakili (Jairajpuri, 1969) Mulvey, 1978
Female length 2.22–3.30 mm, male
length 2.04–2.80 mm, lip region 42–60 µm wide, 16–23 µm high,
amphidial aperture 5–6 µm, buccal cavity 46–65 µm long, 30–40
µm wide, dorsal tooth large and suprebasal, subventral walls bears 3–6
teeth, excretory system not observed, reproductive system amphidelphic, well
developed sphincter present at oviduct–uterus junction, tail
elongate-conoid, tapering sharply, caudal glands well developed opening
terminal.
Locality Salcette Canacona
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
banana plants casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=2.23–3.30 mm,
a=32–42, b=4.2–4.9, c=7–11, V=60–70.
Male: L=2.05–2.81 mm, a=28–42,
b=3.5–4.67 c=9–11, T=42–51.
Parahadronchus andamanicus (Jairajpuri, 1969) Mulvey, 1978
Female length 2.24–3.22 mm, male
length 2.21–2.78 mm, female lip region 46–65 µm wide and
18–24 µm high, buccal cavity 58–77 µm long, 35–44 µm wide,
dorsal tooth large and suprabasal, its apex 26–35 µm or 43–45 % of
the length of buccal cavity from base, each subventral wall bearing denticulate
ridge having 4–8 small denticles, excretory system not observed,
reproductive system mono-prodelphic, posterior uterine sac present, well
developed sphincter present at oviduct-uterus junction, tail long filiform,
caudal glands present, opening terminal.
Locality: Salcette Canacona
Latitude: 15.3603N 15.01415N
Longitude: 73.9234E 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
arecanut and banana plants
Dimensions: Female: L=2.25–3.23 mm,
a=30–41, b=3.8–4.45 c=5–13, V=64–75.
Male: L=2.21–2.78 mm, a=32–42,
b=4.0–4.4, c=6–8, T=25–45.
III Order Tylenchida
Tylenchus filiformis Bütschli, 1873
Body cylindrical from medium to vulva and
tapering uniformly to the acute terminus, tail twice as long as
vulva–anus distance, stylet with small rounded knobs, median bulb ovate,
nerve ring near middle of slender isthmus, basal bulb elongate and pyriform.
Locality: Sanguem Salcette
Latitude: 15.1967N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.1195E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
vegetable plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.46mm, a=26, b=5.5,
c=3.2 V=58, stylet=11µm.
Tylenchus indicus Khan et al., 1969
Female length 0.40–0.50 mm, head
slightly off set, cuticle annulated, spear well developed and knobbed, median
bulb oval, bursa moderately developed and tail relatively
long and slender.
Locality: Quepem Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
vegetable plants and paddy fields
Dimensions: Female: L=0.40–0.50 mm,
a=20–26, c=5.0–6.0, c’ 6–19, V=65–68, spear=12µm,
annules in pharyngeal region=46, tail=80–83µm.
Ottolenchus parvus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1979
Female length 0.38–0.54 mm,
cuticular annule, head smooth, 37–45 annules drawn from anterior body end
to excretory pore, vagina about half body width long, tail tip pointed or
finely rounded.
Locality: Quepem Canacona
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
vegetable plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.39–0.54 mm,
a=27–33, b=5.4–7.2, c=3.9–4.7, V=58–66,
stylet=7–8 µm.
Male: L=0.45mm, a=31, b=6, c=4,
spicules=14µm.
Psilenchus minor Siddiqi, 1963
Female length 0.85mm, male length 0.89mm,
lip region rounded, smooth and continuous with body contour, lateral fields
marked by four incisures, tail elongate-filiform, regularly tapering to a
bluntly rounded tip, bursa adanal, crenate arising near head of spicules and
extending up to phasmid.
Locality: Mormugao
Latitude: 15.414N
Longitude: 73.81E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of bushy
plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.85mm, a=45, b=5.7,
c=5.9, c’=11, V=47.7, stylet=13µm.
Male: L=0.89mm, a=49, b=6.4, c=6.3,
spicule=28µm, gubernaculum=6µm.
Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1936
Female 0.6–1.1 mm long male
0.6–0.9 mm long, head offset, hemispherical with 7 annules, body
cylindrical tapering only slightly at either end, spear 19µ with fairly well
developed, rounded with basal knobs, oesophgeal–intestinal valve
hemispherical but inconspicuous, female tail cylindrical with bluntly rounded
tip which is annulated, bursa beginning anterior to spicules and surrounding
tail tip, gubernaculum slightly curved proximally.
Locality: Salcette Quepem
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.2376N
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.2391E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
teak trees and acacia trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.6–1.0 mm,
a=27–30,b=5–7, c=13–15, V=50–55, stylet=15–18 µm,
lip annules=3, number of tail annules=23.
Male: L=0.5–0.9 mm, a=26–33,
b=4.7–6.9, c=10–15stylet=15–18 µm, spicule=20, gubernaculum=12.
Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963
Female 1.02–1.40 mm long and male
0.94–1.30 mm, cuticle coarsely annulated, lateral fields marked by single
incisures or 2–3 incomplete broken incisures, lip region hemispherical,
marked by 3–4 annules, basal annules with 6–12 longitudinal
striations, cephalic framework strongly sclerotized, stylet robust, basal knobs
tulip shaped, tail rounded with 8–13 annules, spicules arcuate and
cephalated, bursa terminal.
Locality: Canacona Sanguem
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.05711E, 74.1195E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of
casuarina trees and in the forest area
Dimensions: Female: L=1.02–1.40 mm,
a=22–36, b=8.5–9.2, b’=7.0–8.2, c=45–74,
c’=0.67–0.69, V=50–59, stylet=30–34 µm.
Male: L=0.94–1.30 mm, a=26–36,
b=8.9–12.1, b’=6.2–9.1, c=31–28, spicule=37–48µm,
gubernaculum=12–20µm.
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc, 1958
Female length 1.1–1.6 mm, body
cylindrical and cuticle coarsely annulated, head markedly offset,head skeleton powerfully built, female tail short, bluntly
rounded with 10–15 annules going right round its tip, male tail
surrounded by large bursa with a terminal unstriated lobe.
Locality: Quepem Canacoa
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.05711E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
vegetable plants
Dimensions: Female: L=1.1–1.6 mm,
incisures=1, pharyngeal gland nuclei=6, stylet=40–49, labial annules=4,
longitudinal striae on basal lip annule=8–12, tail annule=10–15.
Helicotylenchus indicus, Siddiqi, 1963
Female length 0.45–0.54 mm, Body
spirally curved, lip region conoid–rounded with 4–5 indistinct
annules, lateral field 1/7th of body width, marked with four
incisures, continuous till the tip of the tail, tail hemispherical.
Locality: Quepem Salcette
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.3603N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 73.9234E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
teak and casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.45–0.54 mm,
a=23–25, b=4.5–5.8, b’=3.5–5.2, c=24–29,
c’=1.2–1.6, V=59–65, stylet=24–26µm.
Criconemella xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Luc & Raski, 1981
Female length 0.40–0.62 mm, annules
retrose (200 or fewer) with smooth or slightly rough posterior margins,
especially towards the tail, head broad, first annule entire or emarginated
laterally, lip region conspicuous, elevated, tail broadly rounded to more
conoid, terminus generally a simple rounded or lobed button.
Locality: Salcette Quepem
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.2376N
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.2391E
Habitat: In the soil near the roots of
teak and casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.40–0.62 mm,
a=8–14, b=3–5, c=23–56, V=90–95, stylet=71–86 µm.
IV Order Alaimida
Alaimus primitivus de Man, 1880
Female body length 1.0–1.2 mm, body
tapering evenly at both ends, lip region rounded, amphidial aperture minute, oesophagus
in two parts, anterior narrow tubular and posterior expanding to form an
elongated basal swelling, vulva a transverse slit, female reproductive system
mono-opisthodelphic, tail elongate conoid and tapering to pointed terminus.
Locality: Salcette Canacona
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.01415N
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.05711E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.8–1.2 mm,
a=42–58, b=3.8–4.4, c=7.7–8.3, V=39–55.
Male: L=0.76–0.94 mm, a=55–75,
b=4.5–4.8, c=9–10.
Alaimus hamulus Siddiqi & Husain, 1967
Female body length 0.95–1.20 mm,
female body ventrally arcuate more posteriorly, cuticle with fine striae, lip
region round continuous with body contour, nerve ring a little posterior to
middle of neck, reproductive system mono-opisthodelphic, tail ventrally hooked
tapering ends abruptly to a sharp point.
Locality: Quepem Sanguem
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.1195E
Habitat: In the soil around the roots of
sapota trees and acacia trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.95–1.20 mm,
a=54–64, b=4.3–4.89 c=11–15, V=42–46.
Male: L=1.0–1.2mm, a=58–62,
b=4.3–4.6, c=10–11, T=40–48.
Amphidelus novus Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968
Female body length 1.52–1.62mm, body
slender tapering gradually anterior to slender part of pharynx, cuticle smooth,
lip region narrow, slightly marked off from the body, amphid narrow and
elongate, reproductive system amphidelphic, tail long and filiform, terminus
finely rounded.
Locality: Quepem
Latitude: 15.2376N
Longitude: 74.2391E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
acacia trees
Dimensions: Female: L=1.52–1.62 mm,
a=59–68, b=5.7–6.1, c=6–9, V=32–33.
Male: L=1.45–1.7 mm, a=58–59,
b=5.5–5.6, c=8–9.
V Order Rhabditida
Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas, 1899) Dougherty, 1953
Female body length 0.70–1.1 mm, male
body length 0.53–0.65 mm, body tapering at extremities, lips bearing
circlets of six, pharyngeal collar surrounds about half the stoma, oesophagus
without a median bulb, basal bulb with valve, nerve ring near middle of
isthmus, female tail conical, long
Locality: Canacona Sanguem
Latitude: 15.01415N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.05711E, 74.1195E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
casuarina trees
Dimensions: Female: L=0.70–1.1 mm,
a=19–21, b=6–8, c=8–10, V=52–55
Male: L=0.53–0.65 mm, a=16–18,
b=4.2–4.8, c=22–25.
Cephalobus persegnis Bastian, 1865
Female body length 0.50–.62 mm, body spindle shaped more attenuated anteriorly,
cuticle striated, lips low and rounded, obscurely duplex and median lip
asymmetrical, oesophagus cylindrical and tapers to the isthmus from which it is
separated only by a break in the musculature, female gonad single and
prodelphic, female tail uniformly conoid to blunt terminus.
Locality: Salcette
Latitude: 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.9234E
Habitat: From the soil around the
casuarina trees and vegetable plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.50–0.62mm,
a=21–23, b=3.9–4.9, c=13–15, V=68–69.
Acrobeles timmi Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979
Female length 0.4–0.52 mm, body robust,
tapering towards the extremities, cuticle thick and coarsely striated, cephalic
probolae reaching half way to labials, acute forwardly pointing and lightly
fringed, head off set, vulva post equatorial, ovary single, anterior and
reflexed, tail conoid.
Locality: Canacona
Latitude 15.01415N
Longitude: 74.05711E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots
casuarina trees and banana plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.4–0.52 mm,
a=16.8–18.7, b=3.6–3.8, c=10.2–11.7, V=60–61.
Panagrolaimus fuchsi Ruhm, 1956
Female length 0.59–0.64 mm, 3 or 6
lips amalgamated, cheilstom wider than long, rhabdions absent, prorhabdions
longer than mesorhabdions, both swollen at the base, mesostom funnel shaped,
female tail narrow conical with an offset tip.
Locality: Mormugao
Latitude: 15.414N
Longitude: 73.81E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
flower garden plants and bushy plants
Dimensions: Female: L=0.59–0.64 mm,
a=18–19, b=4.4–5.8, c=5.8–8.4, V=54–59.
Male: L=0.59–0.64 mm, a=23,
b=5.4–5.8, c=7.3–7.4.
VI Order Enoplida
Ironus longicaudatus De Man, 1884
Female body length 1.4–1.6mm, body
slender, tapering towards extremities, ventrally curved upon fixation, cuticle
smooth, head set off, lips round, amphid cup–shaped, pharynx composed of
sclerotized shields with three teeth at its base, one dorsal and two
subventral, stoma tubular, oesophagus cylindrical, vulva pre-equatorial, ovary
paired, opposed and reflexed, tail long and filiform.
Locality: Salcette Quepem
Latitude: 15.3603N, 15.2376N
Longitude: 73.9234E, 74.2391E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
mango and cashew trees
Dimensions: Female: L=1.4–1.6 mm,
a=50–55, b=5.3–6.1, c=4.1–4.9, V=42–44.
Ironus ignavus Bastian, 1865
Female body length 1.40–1.54 mm, body
slender, cuticle without striations head offset by shallow constriction, stoma
long tubular with 3 anterior eversible hook–like tooth, vulva equatorial,
gonads paired, opposed and reflexed, tail tapering to a fine point.
Locality: Quepem Canacona Sanguem
Latitude: 15.2376N, 15.01415N, 15.1967N
Longitude: 74.2391E, 74.05711E, 74.1195E
Habitat: From the soil around the roots of
banana plants and bamboo reeds
Dimensions: Female: L=1.40–1.54 mm,
a=40–50, b=5.2–5.9, c=4.7–5.3, V=45–49.
VII Order Araeolaimida
Plectus cirratus Bastian, 1865
Female body length 0.90–0.93 mm,
body arcuate ventrally upon fixation, cuticle thick and finely striated, head
slightly set off, oesophagus cylindrical with a valvular terminal bulb, ovaries
two, opposed and reflexed, tail long tapering, terminus with spinneret.
Locality: Salcette
Latitude: 15.3603N
Longitude: 73.9234E
Habitat: From the soil of the paddy fields
Dimensions: Female: L=0.90–0.93 mm,
a=21–22, b=4.1–4.3, c=7.9–8.1, V=47–49.
References
Ahmad, W. & M.S. Jairajpuri (1987). Studies on the genus Oriverutus (Nematoda:
Dorylaimida). Nematologica 33: 10–21.
Ahmad, W. & M.S. Jairajpuri (1988). Baqriella qaiseri gen. n., sp. (Nematoda:
Dorylaimida) from Mussoorie hills, India. Indian
Journal of Nematology 18: 27–29.
Ahmad, W. & M.S. Jairajpuri (1989). Coomansinema n. gen. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
with the description of C. dimorphicauda n. sp. Nematologica 35:
142–146.
Andrassy,
I. (1999). A census of genera and
subgenera of free-living nematodes. Journal of nematode
morphology and systematic 2: 45–68.
Barker,
K.R., R.S. Hussey, L.R. Krusberg, G.W. Bird, R.A. Dunn, H. Ferris, P.S. Ferris,
D.W. Freckman, C.J. Gabriel, P.S. Grewal, A.E. Macguidwin, D.L. Riddle, P. A.
Roberts & D.P. Schmitt (1994). Plant and soil
nematodes: social impact and focus for the future. Journal
of Nematology 6: 127–137.
Boag, B. & G.W. Yeates (1998). Soil nematode biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 617–630.
Bongers, T. (1990). The maturity index: an ecological
measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83: 14–19.
Choudhary,
M., W. Ahmad & M.S. Jairajpuri (2010). Alaimina Free-Living Soil-Inhabiting Nematodes. Aligarh Muslim University Press, Aligarh, 156pp.
Cobb,
N.A., (1919). Plant parasitic
nematodes of India, An identification Manual. Ed. Wasim Ahmad. Litho
offset Printers, Aligarh
de Maeseneer, J. & J. d’Herde (1963). Methodes utilisees pour l’etude des anguillules libres du sol. Revue
de l’ Agriculture Bruxelles 16: 441–447.
Director, ZSI (2008) (Ed.). Fauna of Goa, State Fauna Series, 16. Zoological Survey of
India, Kolkata, 531pp.
Esquivel,
A. (2003). Nematode fauna of Costa Rican protected
areas. Nematropica 33: 131–145.
Freckman,
D.W. (1988). Bacterivorous nematodes
and organic matter decomposition. Argiculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 24: 195–217
Goafaoundation.org: NBSAPS Report: google.com -
godfaoundation.org/completed-projects/biodiversity-in-goa/Checklist of Goa’s
Biodiversity <http://www.goacom.com/goafoundation/biodiversity> Accessed on 20 January 2014.
Goodey,
T. (1963). Soil and Freshwater
Nematodes. Second Edition, revised and rewritten by J.B. Goodey,
London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Hugot,
J.P., P. Baujard & S. Morand (2001).Biodiversity in helminth nematodes as a field study: an overview. Nematology3(3): 199–208
Jairajpuri, M.S. & W.U. Khan (1982). Predatory Nematodes (Mononchida).Associated Publishing Company, New Delhi, India, vi+131pp.
Jairajpuri, M.S. & W. Ahmad (1992). Dorylaimida, Predaceous and Plant - Parasitic Nematodes. Oxford
& IBH Publ. Co.
Neher,
D. (2001). Role of nematodes in
soil health and their use as indicators. Journal of
Nematology 33: 161–168.
Seinhorst,
J.W. (1959). A rapid method for the
transfer of nematodes from fixatives to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica 4: 67–69.
Siddiqi,
M.R. (2000). Tylenchida. Parasites
of Plants and Insects. 2ndEdition. CAB International Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE. UK.