Records of the endemic and threatened catfish , Hemibagrus punctatus from the southern Western Ghats with notes on its distribution , ecology and conservation status

1,3,4,5 Conservation Research Group (CRG), St. Albert’s College, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India 2 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India 2,5 Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO), 96 Kumudham Nagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India 3 Wildlife Information and Liaison Development (WILD), 96, Kumudham Nagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India 1 anvaraliif@gmail.com, 2 n.dahanukar@iiserpune.ac.in, 3 arun.kanagavel@gmail.com, 4 philipsiby@gmail.com, 5 rajeevraq@hotmail.com (corresponding author)


Western Ghats Special Series
The publication of this article is supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a joint initiative of l'Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the European Commission, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank.Jerdon (1849) described Bagrus punctatus, now included in the genus Hemibagrus Bleeker, 1862 from the River Cauvery in southern India, and suggested that the species occurs in the river and its various tributaries.The exact type locality, however, was not mentioned.Subsequently, Day (1867Day ( , 1878) ) recorded the species from the Bhavani (a tributary of the Cauvery), at the foothills of the Nilgiri Hills.Since then, very few validated records and voucher specimens of this rare catfish are available.
The Nilgiri Mystus or the Porthole Mystus, Hemibagrus punctatus is endemic to the Western Ghats (Dahanukar et al. 2004) where it is restricted to the tributaries and reservoirs in the Cauvery drainage (Ng & Ferraris 2000;Raghavan & Ali 2011;Ng & Kottelat 2013) (Fig. 1).Habitat degradation as a result of pollution, construction of dams and indiscriminate fishing were suggested to have led to drastic population declines (close to 100%) of this species in its native range (Raghavan & Ali 2011).Field surveys by several researchers failed to record H. punctatus for the last 14 years (see Raghavan & Ali 2011).Due to the heavy declines in population, and the fact that the last confirmed sighting was in 1998, the species has been listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as 'Critically Endangered' (CR) with a possibility that it could be extinct (Raghavan & Ali 2011).
During recent collection trips to various riverine fishing villages and reservoirs in the Cauvery basin, we came across several specimens of H. punctatus in the catches of local fishers.Here we document these records, and provide information on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of this rare catfish.In addition, using mitochondrial cox1 gene, we show the phylogenetic relationship of H. punctatus (Fig. 2) (see Appendix 1 for detailed methods).
The specimens referred to in this paper are deposited in the collections of the Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society (WILD), Coimbatore, India and the Conservation Research Group, St. Albert's College (CRG-SAC), Kochi, India.(Jerdon, 1849) (images 1, 2, 3 & 4)

Morphology
Biometric data presented in Table 1, is the first such information on fresh specimens of this rare catfish.Details of body morphology, coloration, head structure and dentition of the fresh specimen are provided in Images 1, 2 and 3 respectively.The morphometric data gathered from our specimens are largely in agreement with the data taken from museum specimens provided by Ng & Ferraris (2000) as well as Ng & Kottelat (2013).The small deviations in the data that are observed could be due to the fact that the present measurements were taken from fresh specimens as opposed to museum specimens studied by Ng & Ferraris (2000) and Ng & Kottelat (2013).It is also essential to note that at least one of the specimens studied by Ng & Ferraris (2000) is not in good condition (Image 5).Further, the sample size in the current and previous studies (Ng & Kottelat 2013;Ng & Ferraris 2000) are too small (n=4 and 4/3 respectively).
Although there are records of H. punctatus from several west flowing rivers in Kerala viz.Bharatapuzha, Chaliyar (Biju 2005) and Karuvannur (Thomas et al. 2002), they are not backed by voucher specimens and have been considered to be misidentifications (see Raghavan & Ali 2011).However, one of the authors of the present study (SP) encountered a local fisherman near Kanjirapuzha (west flowing Bharatapuzha River Drainage) in Kerala with a catch of Hemibagrus sp.& Ferraris 2000).Although the distribution of H. menoda is restricted to the Brahmaputra, Ganges, Mahanadi and Godavari river drainages in India, Nepal and Bangladesh (Ng 2010;Ng & Ferraris 2000), there are records of this species from the west flowing Pamba and Achankovil rivers in southern Kerala (Kurup et al. 2004;Renjithkumar et al. 2011).However, none of these records are accompanied by voucher specimens, making any validation impossible.Therefore, future studies should also focus on determining the correct identity of the specimens that have been recorded as H. menoda from these river systems.

Population
Members of the genus Hemibagrus are known to be rare, and seldom encountered in local markets (Ng & Ferraris 2000).Hemibagrus punctatus is the only member within the genus that is threatened and continues to face population declines (see various species accounts  Our surveys in the various fish landing centers along the Cauvery in Karnataka State, and interactions with local fishers reveal that H. punctatus is not 'uncommon' in the area, but represents only a very negligible part of the catch.

Habitat and Ecology
Hemibagrus punctatus is known to inhabit rapid rivers and streams (Menon 1999), as well as medium and large reservoirs.The location from where the fisherman caught his specimen of H. punctatus in Athikadavu, Bhavani was a fast flowing stream with deep pools, and bed rock as the substrate (Image 7).The bank on one side had a thick canopy with several wooden logs submerged in the water, while the other bank had a sandy bed with shrubs.The co-occuring species in the fisherman's catch at Athikadavu were Hypselobarbus dubius, Barbodes carnaticus, Kantaka brevidorsalis and Channa marulius.Although we encountered the fisherman at Malavalli, the catch was obtained from a stream flowing 16km east of the town, where the habitat is a fast flowing stream with deep pools and bed rock substrate, with a sandy bed and shrubs on both the shores.The co-occuring species as seen from the catches were Channa marulius, Barbodes carnaticus, Hypselobarbus dubius, Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus.The fishermen also revealed that H. punctatus occur in the river at Malavalli (Image 8) but are encountered rarely.The other sites from where the specimens of H. punctatus were recorded in catches of local fishermen include the Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) reservoir near Mysore and the stream near the town of Bannur.
Based on the feeding habits of related species within the genus Hemibagrus (Froese & Pauly 2012), H. punctatus is most likely to be a carni-omnivore.Rajan (1955) recorded adult specimen (103mm in length) and a severed head (25mm long) of Garra stenorhynchus inside the gut of H. punctatus (320mm in length) collected from the headwaters of the Bhavani River.
Hemibagrus punctatus is known to attain a maximum size of 450mm TL (Day 1889;Menon 1999).Records of H. punctatus from the Tungabhadra Reservoir with sizes of 25-35 kg (and up to 120kg) (Sugunan 1995) are misidentifications and represent H. maydelli, which Ng & Kottelat (2013) consider as one of the largest known species within this genus.

Phylogenetic position
The taxonomy of Hemibagrus is known to be confusing with the validity of many nominal species still unclear (Ng & Kottelat 2013).These authors defined eight 'species groups' of Hemibagrus based on morphological characteristics.Here, using mitochondrial cox1 gene, we show that H. punctatus and H. menoda are indeed sibling species belonging to the same species group as suggested by Ng & Kottelat (2013) with a 4.2% genetic distance separating them (Fig. 2).

Threats
The Cauvery and its tributaries from where H. punctatus has been recorded are subjected to several on-going threats including pollution, construction of barrages and indiscriminate fishing (Dahanukar et al. 2011).Athikadavu, from where we recorded one of our specimens is relatively free of threats barring gill net fishery by the local communities for sustenance.

Conservation actions
No species level conservation plans are currently in place.There is a need for organized surveys throughout the known range of H. punctatus to determine the current distribution and population status of this species.We are currently carrying out such surveys in the Cauvery and its tributaries including Bhavani and Kabini as part of a project to determine the status of missing fishes of Western Ghats.In addition, there is a need to undertake detailed taxonomic studies to clear the ambiguities related to the identity of specimens that have been recorded as H. punctatus (and H. menoda) from many west flowing rivers of Kerala.Local Ecological Knowledge surveys (see Kanagavel & Raghavan 2012) could also help gather important information on the natural history of the species in its native range.
Proposed status: Vulnerable (VU) A2ace, B2ab(iiii) Justification for the proposed status: Population decline of ~100% due to habitat loss and several other threats, which are not yet clearly understood, were suggested by researchers after carrying out comprehensive surveys in its native range (see Raghavan & Ali 2011).While the species may have been extirpated from certain locations, surveys carried out after this assessment have now led to the collection of four specimens from multiple sites in the River Cauvery.However, except for these locations (Athikadavu, Krishnaraja Sagar Dam, Bannur and Malavalli), there are no validated records and voucher specimens of H. punctatus since the late 1990s.Although, the local knowledge of fishers indicate that moderate populations of H. punctatus exist in the Cauvery, out of the current seven confirmed locations where the species is currently known from, in at least three locations it has been suggested that the population of the species has declined close to 100 percent (Raghavan & Ali 2011).Even if we consider that the population in the remaining four sites is stable, the average population decline is still more than or equal to 30%.Further, the habitats that are likely to harbour H. punctatus in these regions are currently threatened as a result of pollution and dams.The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is not more than 2000km because of very fragmented and restricted distribution of this rare species.Further, the fragmented populations are likely to fall under not more than 10 locations based on the on-going threats to the habitat and populations as mentioned earlier.Therefore, Hemibagrus punctatus needs to be categorized as a 'Vulnerable' species.However, it is advised that further studies on the distribution and population status of this species should be carried out along with detailed taxonomic studies to verify the records of the species from the west flowing rivers of Kerala, and the Krishna River system.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of Hemibagrus punctatus in peninsular india

image 4 .
Specimen of Hemibagrus punctatus collected from Malavalli, Cauvery River, Karnataka (CRG-SAC-2012.12.1) © Siby Philip image 5. Day's material of Hemibagrus punctatus from Bhavani River (BMNH 1868.14:8;155mm SL).Photograph by Rajeev Raghavanin IUCN Red List of Threatened Species).From an extensive collection of fishes from Cauvery River,Hora (1937) recorded only a single specimen of H. punctatus.Similarly,Mukerji (1931) recorded a single specimen (200mm in length) from Bhavani River, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, whileRajan (1955) also recorded only a single specimen (320mm in length) from Moyar River at Mangalapatti, Erode District, Tamil Nadu.The species was also reported to be rare in Ombatta swamp of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary(Manimekalan 1998).The maximum number of individuals of H. punctatus that has been recorded is ~50 in the Cauvery Sangam near Mysore in 1996 (J.Jensen pers.comm 03 December 2012).In the Kabini River (Wyanad, Kerala), this species has declined drastically in the last decade with not a single specimen being encountered during repeated surveys since the year 2000 (C.P. Shaji & B.M. Kurup pers.obs.In: Ali & Raghavan 2011).In Tungabhadra, the species was last recorded in the 1980's(Singit et al. 1987), while the last validated record from Moyar was during 1990-1992 (see Ali & Raghavan 2011).Surveys by Johnson & Arunachalam (2009) (actual surveys conducted in 2001-2002) in three tributaries of the Cauvery failed to collect H. punctatus.Overall populations in the native range were, therefore, thought to have declined close to 100% in the last 14 years (Ali & Raghavan 2011).Our record of four specimens caught by local fisherman from the Bhavani and Cauvery rivers in November and December 2012, and local knowledge of fishers in the region suggest that moderate populations of the species are still extant in both the main basin as well as the major tributaries of the Cauvery River and that the fish is not extinct as believed previously (Ali & Raghavan 2011).

image 7 .
Habitat of Hemibagrus punctatus at Athikadavu in Bhavani River.image 8. Probable habitat of Hemibagrus punctatus near Malavalli in Cauvery River.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree based on observed distances of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences of different Hemibagrus species showing the phylogenetic position of Hemibagrus punctatus.