Additions to the fauna
of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and coccoids (Hemiptera:
Coccoidea) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
India, with illustrations and diagnosis
Ankita Gupta 1& Sunil Joshi 2
1,2 National Bureau of
Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary
Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024, India
1 drankitagupta7@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 sunjoshi.pdbc@gmail.com
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3360.4542-55| ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3CCF670A-E0CD-4170-BC81-B67AF91A45DF
Editor: T.C. Narendran, Prof. T.C.
Narendran Trust for Animal Taxonomy, Kozhikode, India. Date of publication: 26 July 2013
(online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3360 | Received 22 September 2012 | Final received 28 June 2013 | Finally
accepted 03 July 2013
Citation: Gupta, A. & S. Joshi
(2013). Additions to the fauna of parasitic wasps
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and coccoids (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with illustrations and diagnosis. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 5(11): 4542–4555; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3360.4542-55
Copyright: © Gupta & Joshi 2013. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: The survey and research was
sponsored by the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (NBAII Institute funds)
Competing Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: We
gratefully acknowledge Dr. B.S. Bhumannavar, Director, National Bureau of
Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), Bengaluru,
India for encouraging us for research work. We are thankful to the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research for providing financial support for the survey
and research work. The first author is extremely thankful to Dr. P.
Vishwakannan, D.F.O., Middle Andamans for the
permission granted to survey and also for the kindness and generosity offered
during the stay at Andamans. We also thank the Director, Central Agricultural
Research Institute, Head, Division of Plant Protection and Dr. Ajanta Birah,
former Sr. Scientist, CARI for facilitating our stay at CARI, Port Blair.
Abstract: An illustrated account with diagnostic details of the reared and
collected species of insect parasitoids along with scale insects and mealybugs
from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is presented. Twenty eight species of insect pests and
parasitoids under two major orders Hemiptera and Hymenoptera are documented, of
which 16 species are reported for the first time from these islands
specifically from South and Middle Andamans. The parasitic wasps reared and collected
belong to six families—Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Chalcididae, Eucharitidae,
Aphelinidae, and Pteromalidae, including 16 species under 12 genera. The majority of the species are primary
or secondary parasitoids attacking many insect groups. The scale insects and mealybugs
documented belong to four families—Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Diaspididae,
and Cerococcidae, including 12 species under 11 genera. Information on the species distribution,
host association, and brief taxonomical description of each species along with
illustrations is provided for easy identification. Illustrations include habitus photographs
of 16 species of parasitic wasps and 12 species of scales and mealybugs.
Keywords: Andamans, host record, mealybugs,
parasitoids, scale insects.
The Andaman and Nicobar
Islands consist of 349 islands situated in the Bay of Bengal in the northern
Indian Ocean between 60–1400N and 920–9400E. The insect fauna of the Andamans and
Nicobar Islands is relatively less known in comparison with the explored and
documented diverse fauna from the Indian mainland.
A compilation of abstracts
covering 320 research publications dealing with agricultural research during
the period 1978–1990 from the bay islands and a list of natural enemies
of insect pests was documented (Bhumannavar et al. 1991a,b). A total of 41 species of parasitic wasps
from the superfamily Chacidoidea of the order Hymenoptera were listed from the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Noyes 2012). Insect herbivores and the natural enemies associated with mangroves of
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were also documented (Veenakumari et
al. 1997).
Parasitic wasps play a key
role in targeting insect pests of economic importance. To document parasitoids associated with
scales and mealybugs, recent surveys were undertaken in two batches from the
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bengaluru, India, to the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands during the months of February and March, 2012. The
islands surveyed were South and Middle Andamans covering Port Blair, Sipighat,
Blooms Dale, Wandoor, Havelock Island, Neil Island, Lakshmanpur, Rangat,
Jirkatang, Baratong, Mount Harriet, Kadamtala and Yerata.
We documented 28 species of
insects and parasitoids under the two major orders Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. Out of these, 16 species of parasitic
wasps belong to the order Hymenoptera under the super family Chalcidoidea, of
which many are associated with mealybugs and scale insects and amongst them
nine species of wasps are reported for the first time from these islands and
two species are documented with new host records. Of the total 12 species of
scales and mealybugs from the order Hemiptera, seven species are reported for
the first time. The insects
collected were reared to adult stage on the associated hosts. The parasitoids that emerged during the
rearings were collected and documented.
Material and Methods
Sampling: This work is based on studies
of nearly 160 specimens collected from South and Middle Andamans. The wasp
specimens were collected using sweep nets, yellow pan
traps, malaise traps, and the collection of parasitized hosts was followed by
subsequent laboratory rearing. Malaise traps and yellow pan traps were set in 20 different
locations. Parasitized hosts were
collected and kept in the laboratory for parasitoid emergence. Wasp specimens were processed using
Hexamethyldisilazane (Brown 1993) and card mounted and identified consulting
(Hayat 1986, 1998, 2006; Mani 1989; Narendran 1989; Noyes & Hayat 1994;
Narendran & Mini 2000; Xiao & Huang 2001; Verma et al. 2002). The scale insects and mealybugs were
collected from the infested host plants and preserved in 70% alcohol. Specimens were later mounted on slides
following standard devised techniques (Sandlant 1978). Scale insects were identified following
identification manual of family Coccidae (Hodgson 1994) and mealybugs were
identified based on the keys for South Asia (Williams 2004). The wasp and coccid images were taken
using Leica M 205 A stereozoom microscope with Leica DC 420 inbuilt camera
using automontage software (version 3.8). All the specimens are deposited in the
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bengaluru, India.
Sampling sites: South Andamans collection
sites: Port Blair, CARI campus, Sipighat, Blooms Dale Farm, Neil Island,
Lakshmanpur, Mount Harriet, Havelock island, Kalapattar, and Jirkatong/Jirkatang. Middle Andamans include: Kadamtala and
Rangat. For Baratong/Baratang:
Middle Andamans is at its north and South Andamans at its south.
The GPS readings of all the
surveyed sites are as follows: Sipighat 11.36560N & 92.400E; Blooms
Dale Farm 11.7980N & 92.260E; Neil Island 11.49940N
& 93.930E; Lakshmanpur 11.37980N & 92.390E;
Kadamtala 11.50290N & 92.390E; Mount Harriet 11.50290N
& 92.250E; Havelock island, Kalapattar 13.01620N
& 77.050E; Port Blair, CARI campus 11.36560N &
92.670E; Jirkatong/Jirkatang 11.36620N & 92.850E;
Rangat 12.21130N & 92.410E; Baratong/Baratang 12.21130N
& 92.460E; Yerata 12.21130N & 92.460E
Order
Hymenoptera
(Images
1–16)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Super family: Chalcidoidea
Family Encyrtidae (Images
1–6)
Leptomastix nigrocincta Risbec (Image 1)
Leptomastix nigrocinctaRisbec, 1959: 27, F. Lectotype F (designated by Noyes & Prinsloo, 1998):
Madagascar (MNHN).
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Enc/Ana/dact/2, 10.iii.2012, one male and one female,
Mount Harriet, sweep net, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Female. Head yellowish, mandible orange with base yellowish;
pedicel and flagellum brown; scape yellowish with dorsal margin brown; mesosoma
orange; mid coxae brown, rest legs yellow; metasoma orange; F1 shorter than
clava, 0.7x clava; F6 almost 2x as long as wide; fore wing with linea clava
interrupted not more than two lines of setae; marginal vein 0.8x post marginal
vein and 1.16x stigma vein.
Distribution: Throughout
India including Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Hayat 2006).
Hosts: Coccidohystrix insolita (Sankaran) and Phenacoccus sp.
(Noyes & Hayat 1994).
Anagyrus diversicornis (Howard) Noyes, 2000: 34,
71-72, F, M, tax., des., distrib. (Image 2)
Copidosoma diversicornis Howard
in Riley, Ashmead & Howard, 1894: 92, F. Lectotype F (designated by Noyes,
1979: 147): West Indies, St Vincent (BMNH).
Brief diagnosis: Scape
yellowish with a brown patch in middle; pedicel, F1, F3-F6 and first segment of
clava dark brown; F2 and rest of clava white. Head and mesosoma dark
brown; metasoma completely dark brown. Legs pale yellow with femora and tibia
with brown infuscation dorsally; wings hyaline. Ovipositor exserted.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Enc/Apo/bicol/1, 10.iii.2012, one female, Mount
Harriet, sweep net, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Distribution: Andaman
Islands (new record) and Tamil Nadu.
Hosts: Indet. coccids on Annona squamosaand pseudococcid on Solanum nigrum (Manickavasagam et al. 2001).
Callipteroma sexguttata Motschulsky (Image 3)
Callipteroma quinqueguttata Motschulsky, 1863:
36–37, F. Syntypes F: Sri Lanka, Mt. Patannas (ZMMU). Synonymy by Boucek,
1977:70.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Enc/Call/sexg/1, 10.iii.2012, one female, Mount
Harriet, sweep net, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Female blackish-brown; forewings mostly dark brown with hyaline
areas, normally hyaline at base, two hyaline spots below submarginal vein, one
on anterior wing margin at apex of venation and one opposite on posterior wing
margin, one distad of this in disc of wing and apex narrowly hyaline.
Distribution: India:
Andaman Islands (new record), almost widely distributed
throughout India (Hayat 2006).
Hosts: Birendracoccus saccharifolii on sugarcane from
Pakistan (Noyes & Hayat 2004).
Lakshaphagus fusiscapus (Agarwal) (Image 4)
Cheiloneurus fusiscapus Agarwal,
1965: 62, 63-65, F. Holotype F: India, Aligarh (ZDAMU).
Lakshaphagus fusiscapus (Agarwal): Hayat, 1981:
22-23, tax.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Enc/Lak/fus/5, 10.iii. 2012, five
females, ex. Cerococcus indicus (Maskell), Yerata, middle
Andaman, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Head and mesosoma dark orange; mid and hind tibia without
brownish bands; funicle segments quadrate to slightly longer than broad, F1-F3
brownish, broader than long; F4-F6 whitish, clava dark brown; metasoma dark
brown and metallic. Scutellum in apical third with scale like dark brown setae,
the apical pair much longer.
Distribution: India: Andaman Islands (new record), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Hayat 2006).
Hosts: Cerococcus sp., Ceroplastodes sp. and Planococcus
citri. Full details given in Hayat 2006
Remarks: Lakshaphagus fusiscapus (Agarwal) is a new record from Hibiscus sp. scale
- Cerococcus indicus (Maskell) from Yerata in Middle Andamans.
Family Eulophidae
Elasmus
noyesiVerma & Hayat (Image 5)
Elasmus noyesi Verma
& Hayat in Verma et al., 2002: 36, 249, 258–259, F: BMNH.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Eul/Elas/nov/1, 10.iii.2012, one female, Rangat,
Malaise trap, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body
black with greenish-blue shine, intense on fronto vertex, pronotum, mesosoma,
propodeum, dorsal sides of hind coxae. Scape pale brown with
dark brown infuscations dorsally, flagellum dark brown. Scutellum with a
yellowish longitudinal narrow band on each side. Coxae almost black. Wings hyaline. Hind tibia with diamond
shaped patterns. Metasoma
reddish-brown basally, reddish-brown colouration more conspicuous laterally; apex black. Fore femora yellowish except brown infuscation at base on dorsal margin.Mid and hind femora dark brown, yellowish at apex and base.
Distribution: Andaman
Islands (new record), Karnataka and Kerala (Noyes 2012).
Elasmus
flavescens Verma & Hayat (Image 6)
Elasmus flavescens Verma & Hayat in Verma
et al., 2002: 36, 251, 284-285, F: BMNH.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Eul/Elas/flav/1,
10.iii.2012, one female, Mount Harriet, sweep net, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body
yellow with following brown to black parts: large portion of frontovertex
surrounding ocelli extending in front of anterior ocellus; pronotum largely
black (except sides and apex yellow); axillae and tegulae brown; metanotum dark
brown; propodeum metallic blue. Metasoma yellow with basal half of T1 black with metallic green
shine; tergite T3 with a brown spot medially; T6 largely blackish, T7 yellow;
scape 3.5X as long as broad.
Distribution: Andaman
Islands (new record), Karnataka and Kerala (Hayat 2006).
Hosts: Unknown.
Family Chalcididae (Images
7–11)
Antrocephalus
mitys (Walker) Boucek, 1976: 345-346. (Image 7)
Halticella mitys Walker,
1846: 81, F, Mauritius (BMNH).
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Chal/Ant/mit/4, 05.iii.2012, four females, Sippighat,
Malaise trap, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Female
black; legs rufous. Antennae
largely black (except F1 and F2 dark brown). Hind femur reddish; metasoma longer than
mesosoma; post marginal vein subequal to
marginal. Propodeum
with distinct lateral teeth. First tergite of metasoma smooth and shiny. Hind femur with inner
basal tooth; scutellum with two teeth at apical margin and median fovea.
Distribution: India:
Andaman Islands (new record), Kerala, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh
(Noyes 2012)
Hosts: Mostly from the family Pyralidae- Chilo partellus Swinhoe,Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Lamida moncusalis Walker and Apomyelois(Ectomyelois) ceratoniae (Zeller) (Noyes 2012).
Brachymeria ryukyuensis Habu (Image 8)
Brachymeria ryukyuensis Habu, 1963: 115, Japan
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Chal/Bra/ryuk/3, 10.iii.2012, three females and males,
Kadamtala, sweep net collection, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body black. Antennae
black. Tegulae
pale yellow; coxae and trochanters black; hind femora with apical yellow patch;
fore and mid tibiae pale yellow with incomplete black patch in the middle; hind
tibia black with sub basal and apical yellowish-white patch. All tarsi pale
yellow. Pre orbital carinae
not prominent and post orbital carinae present; apex
of scutellum slightly pointed and round in shape.
Distribution: India:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura and Kerala (Noyes 2012).
Hosts: Unknown.
Dirhinus anthracia Walker (Image 9)
Dirhinus anthracia Walker, 1846: 85, BMNH,
Philippines.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Chal/Dir/anth/1,
10.iii.2012, one female, malaise trap, Kadamtala. coll.
Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Black. Antenna rufous. Fore and mid leg rufous, hind legs
black. Straie on
first metasomal tergite reaching 1/3rd of length, remaining tergite
smooth and shiny. Head and
mesosoma prominently setose, setae pale white. Fore wings slightly fuscous. Propodeum rugose with submedian and sublateral carinae.
Distribution: India:
Andaman Islands (new record), Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh
and Manipur (Noyes 2012).
Hosts: Calliphora villosa, Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus ferrugineus, Musca
domestica, Sarcophaga aurifrons, Placoptera reflexa, Brachartona
catoxantha, Pyrausta machaeralis (Narendran 1989). Hapalia machaeralis, Chortoicetes
terminifera and Bombyx mori (Noyes, 2012).
Hockeria polycarinata Narendran (Image 10)
Hockeria polycarinata Narendran, 1989: 89-90, F,
USNM, Java.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Chal/Hock/poly/1, 10.iii.2012, 1 female, Malaise trap,
Rangat, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Scape and first three funicular segments yellowish brown; tegulae
yellowish-brown; Hind coxa black; hind femur balck with apex and base
reddish-brown hind tibia reddish-brown with middle ventral margin black also
extending to dorsal region. Hind trasi reddish-brown. First metasomal tergite with small basal
carinae, inclined laterally on both sides; present in basal 1/3rd of
first tergite.
Distribution: Andaman
Islands (new record) and Indonesia (Java) (Noyes, 2012).
Hosts: Unknown.
Hockeria bifasciata Walker (Image 11)
Hockeria bifasciata Walker, 1834: Lectotype F,
designated by Boucek, 1992: 53, 61, BMNH, France
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Chal/Hock/bifa/2, 08.iii.2012, two males, Malaise
trap, Sippighat, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body black, antennae dark brown. Legs including coxae black
except for faint brown apices of tibiae. Head and mesosoma distinctly punctuate
and setose. Scutellum entire. Propodeum with distinctly carinae, faint
transverse carinae present inside the areola of propodeum. Metasoma
sessile, smooth and shiny. Basal 1/3rd of
first tergum rugose with small carinae; lateral sides of second tergum with
fine punctures. Marginal vein longest; post marginal
vein rudimentary; stigma vein short and curved, 0.3x marginal vein.
Distribution: India:
Andaman Islands (new record) and Kerala (Noyes 2012).
Hosts: Unknown from India.
Family Eucharitidae (Images
12–16)
Schizaspidia andamanensis (Mani) (Image 12)
Kapaloides andamanensis Mani,
1942: 156, M, ZSIC, India-Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Schizaspidia andamanensis (Mani): Narendran,
1986: 53.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Euch/Schi/and/3, 11.iii.2012, three males, Mount
Harriet, yellow pan trap, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body dark metallic green; scape and pedicel yellowish-brown;
coxae concolorous with mesosoma. Scutellum
with a median furrow. Legs light brown. Scape 2.7x as long as wide; head 1.4 x as wide as long. First flagellar segment with a branch; branches of
flagellar segments only slightly flattened and cylindrical. Petiole longer than coxa in male. Scutellar processes 1.17x
longer in male than in female; almost of same width
throughout except at extreme apex. Tines of the scutellar
fork slightly convergent; bending in curve towards each other; carinae clearer
in male than in female.
Distribution: Andamans (Mount Harriet - new record) and Port Blair (Noyes
2012).
Hosts: Unknown.
Family
Aphelinidae (Images 12–16)
Marietta
leopardina Motschulsky (Image 13)
Marietta
leopardina Motschulsky, 1863: 52, F, M, ZMMU, Sri Lanka.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Aph/Mar/leop/14, 06.iii.2012, two females, ex. indet. scales on ornamental plant from Rangat, middle Andaman, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body
0.8–0.9 mm, pale coloured, with a beautiful pattern of dark bands or
spots on head, mesosoma, metasoma and legs. Antenna six-segmented in female and
five-segmented in male. Fore wing
conspicuously maculated with a dark and light pattern of setae; marginal vein
about 1.25x as long as submarginal vein, postmarginal absent, stigmal vein
punctiform.
Distribution: Throughout India including Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the
Oriental region (Noyes 2012).
Hosts: Commonly recorded as a hyperparasitoid associated with mealybugs
and scales. Complete host details
mentioned in Hayat 1998.
Coccophagus
ceroplastae (Howard, 1895) (Image 14)
Aneristus ceroplastae Howard,
1895: 351, F, ?USNM, Jamaica.
Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard): Hayat, 1998: 162.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Aph/Cocc/cero/11, 06.iii.2012, eight females mounted
on card and several preserved in 70% alcohol, ex. Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner) on Hibiscus sp. from Rangat, middle Andaman, coll. Ankita
Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body dark brown to black, mesosoma including scutellum, dark with
a distinct metallic violet tinge, metasoma dark; antenna brown to dark
brown. Flagellum somewhat
flattened. Fore
wing hyaline, strongly infuscate behind marginal and stigmal veins,
infuscation distally convex; basal cell with few setae; hind wing hyaline.
Distribution: India: Well distributed throughout India.
Host: Reported from scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) viz., Coccus
viridis, C. hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae,
Ceroplastes spp., Pulvinaria psidii, P.
polygonata (Coccidae), etc. Scales and mealybugs
from the families Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae have also been recorded as
hosts (Hayat, 1998).
Remarks: In our study the parasitoid Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)
and Coccophagus sp. was bred from Coccus hesperidium L. scale
from Jirkatang, Middle Andamans and from Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)
from Rangat.
Coccophagus
longipedicellus Shafee (Image 15)
Coccophagus longipedicellus Shafee, 1972: 25, F,
ZAMU, India - Tumkur.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Aph/Cocc/long/2, 06.iii.2012, two females, ex. Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) on Hibiscus sp. from
Rangat, Middle Andaman, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body orange yellow with metasoma having a dark brown cross band
in about middle of dorsum, wings hyaline. First funicle segment short, about 1.5x as broad as long.
Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Karnataka (Noyes 2012).
Hosts: Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) on Hibiscus sp. is new host record from
Andamans. Earlier recorded from Coccus sp.on Mangifera indica L.
Family
Pteromalidae (Images 12–16)
Cephaleta
australiensis (Howard) (Image 16)
Anysis australiensis Howard,
1896: 167, USNM.
Cephaleta australiensis (Howard): Boucek et al.
1979: 438.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Ptr/Ceph/aust/2, four females and three males,
06.iii.2012, ex. Cerococcus indicus (Cerococcidae) onHibiscus sp. from Yerata, Middle Andaman, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Body
with shiny metallic shine, antenna dark brown except scape (yellowish-brown),
legs yellowish-brown except all coxae black, tarsi dark brown, first pair of
legs slightly darker brown. Head
much wider than mesosoma. Male
antenna nine-segmented with all funicular segments longer than broad, first one
curved and longer than scape. Scutellum with silvery white hairs in apical third.
Distribution: Widely distributed throughout India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Assam,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). Oriental region. Nearctic
(Noyes 2012).
Host: Commonly
collected in association with several species of Coccoidea (Sternorrhyncha)
including Coccus spp., Ceroplastes spp., Saissetia spp., Drepanococcus
chiton, Pulvinaria psidii (Coccidae); Cerococcus indicus (Cerococcidae); Ferrisia
virgata (Pseudococcidae) and Asterolecaniidae (Noyes 2012).
Remarks: So far only two species of the family Pteromalidae are reported
from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands - C. australiensis and C.
brunniventris Motschulsky, the latter one is mentioned as recorded from
Andamans in the recent checklist by Sureshan, 2012.
Order Hemiptera
(Images
17–28)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Super family: Coccoidea
Family Coccidae
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Image 17)
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758: 455. F,
Europe: Syntypes, F.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Coc/Cocc/hesp/12, 21.ii.2012, five females, Havelock
Island, indet. climber (Cucurbitaceae), coll. Sunil
Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: Body broadly oval to round; flat to slightly convex in lateral
view; body yellowish-green to yellowish-brown, usually with small brown flecks
scattered on dorsum. Mounted
specimen with enlarged dorsal setae having acute or slightly rounded apices;
ventral tubular ducts between middle legs, with a few (2–3) near base of
hind legs; dorsal submarginal tubular ducts present around body margin.
Distribution: Andaman (new record), Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir,
Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal
(Varshney, 1992).
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Image 18)
Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. F, Sri
Lanka [=Ceylon]: on coffee. Syntypes, F.
Parasaissetia nigra Takahashi, 1955d: 26.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Coc/Par/nig/13, 06.iii.2012, two females, Rangat,
middle Andaman, coll. Ankita Gupta.
Brief diagnosis: Mature females with reticulate pattern on dorsum; marginal setae
enlarged, fimbriate; without subdiscal or discal setae on anal plates; dorsal
setae often capitate.
Distribution: Andaman (recorded earlier), Bihar, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal
(Varshney 1992).
Drepanococcus sp. (Image 19)
Brief diagnosis: Marginal
setae spinose; single long seta laterad of each spiracle; without dorsal setae;
tubular ducts present over entire venter; without elongate prevulvar setae.
Material studies: NBAII/2012/Coc/Dre/sp/15, 21.ii.2012, eight females, Havelock
Island, Annona sp., coll. Sunil Joshi
Distribution: Different species under this genus have been recorded throughout
India (Ben-Dov et al. 2012).
Family Pseudococcidae
Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Image 20)
Sphaerococcus graminis Maskell, 1897: 244. F, Hong
Kong: on grass. Lectotype F, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 45. Type
depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New
Zealand.
Antonina graminis Fernald, 1903b: 121.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Pse/Ant/gram/16, 21.ii.2012, several females, Havelockisland, indet. grass(Poaceae), coll. Sunil Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: Legs absent or represented by sclerotized pockets; antennae
reduced to 2 or 3 segments; spiracles with trilocular pores present in
sclerotized band surrounding spiracular atrium. Clusters of discoidal pores in
ventrosubmarginal areas of abdominal segments II or III to VII or VIII; without
dorsal and dorsomarginal band of multilocular pores; abdominal segments not
forming sclerotized plate-like structures on segments III or IV to VIII; anal
ring at apex of internal tube.
Distribution: Andaman (new record), Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Image 21)
Dactylopius sacchari Cockerell, 1895: 195. F,
Trinidad: St Ann’s, on sugar-cane. Syntypes, F. Type
depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S.
National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Saccharicoccus sacchari Ferris, 1950: 217. Change of
combination.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Pse/Sac/sac/14, 23.ii.2012, two females, Neil island, Saccharum
officinarum L., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: Circulushour-glass shaped; small discoidal pores surrounding
hind coxae; cerarii restricted to anal lobes; multilocular pores present on
dorsum and venter. Antennae usually seven segmented. Anterior
and posterior pairs of ostiole present. Anal ring located at the apex of
abdomen bearing six setae. Multilocular disc pores present mainly on the
anterior and posterior margins of all the abdominal segments. Oral collar
tubular ducts minute and are present in transverse rows on the abdomen.
Distribution: Andaman (new record), Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Family Diaspididae
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Image 22)
Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret, 1869: 124. France,
Syntypes, F. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.
Described: female and first instar.
Hemiberlesia crawii; Cockerell, 1899: 396.
Hemiberlesia lataniae; Borchsenius, 1966: 306.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Dia/Hem/lat/17, 23.ii.2012, 12 females, Neil island, Pisidium
guajava L., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: slide-mounted adult female membranous, and broadly pyriform.
Pygidium with large median lobes close together, almost touching; second and
third lobes reduced, unsclerotized, anal opening very large and its diameter
about equal to length of median lobes, situated near posterior margin, of
pygidium; paraphyses shorter than the lobes, present only on the margin between
the third lobes, Perivulvar pores present.
Distribution: Andaman (Recorded earlier), Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) (Image 23)
Aspidiotus cyanophylli Signoret, 1869: 119. F,
France: Paris, Luxembourg Garden, on Cyanophyllum magnificum, Syntypes,
F. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli; Balachowsky, 1948: 308.
Brief diagnosis: Body of slide-mounted adult female membranous and pyriform, with
a well-developed eye spine present on each side, pygidium with large median
lobes, quite small but well-developed, rounded second lobes and small (often
pointed) third lobes; anal opening-large, situated near the posterior margin of
the pygidium; paraphyses shorter than the lobes.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Dia/Abg/cya/17, 23.ii.2012, two females, Neil island,Pisidium guajava L., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Distribution: Andaman (new record), all other states of India (Varshney 1992).
Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Image 24)
Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell, 1879: 199. F, New
Zealand: Governors Bay, on oranges and lemons imported to New Zealand from
Sydney. Syntypes, F. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod
Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.
Aonidiella aurantii; Berlese, 1895a: 125.
Brief diagnosis: Prosoma becoming highly sclerotised and expanded with maturity; eventually the lateral lobes may project further
posteriorly than the apex of the pygidium. Abdominal segment lacking any prepygidial macroducts. Pygidium with
paraphyses present, most of them not longer than median lobes.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Dia/Aon/aur/18, 21.ii.2012, eight females, Havelock island, Citrus sp., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Distribution: Andaman (new record), Bihar, Punjab, West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Image 25)
Chionaspis aspidistrae Signoret, 1869: 443. F,
France: Paris, on Aspidistra sp. Holotype female. Type depository:
Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.
Pinnaspis aspidistrae; Lindinger, 1912: 79.
Brief diagnosis: Body of slide-mounted adult female narrow and elongate,
membranous, without lateral tubercles. Pygidium with
well-developed median lobes without setae or gland spines between them; second
lobes usually smaller than median lobes. Abdominal
segment 5 with 1-3 submarginal macroducts on each side. Median lobes
protrude as long as second lobes.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Dia/Pin/asp/20, 22.ii.2012, eight females, Andaman
Island, Areca sp., coll. Sunil Joshi
Distribution: Andaman (new record), Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Tripura (Varshney 1992).
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Image 26)
Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley, 1899: 54-55. F,
Nigeria: Abeokuta, Type depository: Washington: United States National
Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of
Columbia, USA.
Pinnaspis minor strachani; Kuwana, 1926: 40.
Pinnaspis strachani; Ferris & Rao, 1947: 39.
Material studied: NBAII/2012/Dia/Pin/str/22, 21.ii.2012, three females, Havelock
Island, Citrus sp., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: Body of slide-mounted adult female narrow and elongate,
membranous, without lateral tubercles, pygidium with well
developed median lobes without spines between them, abdominal segment 5
with 1–3 marginal macroducts. Median lobe protrudebeyong second lobes.
Distribution: Andaman (recorded earlier), Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Family Cerococcidae
Cerococcus indicus (Maskell)
(Image 27)
Eriococcus paradoxus indica Maskell, 1897: 318. F,
India: Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur, on Helicteres isora. Syntypes, F. Type
depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research,
New Zealand, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Notes: Lambdin
& Kosztarab (1977) state that topotype material was examined.
Cerococcus indicus Green, 1910: 5.
Material examined: NBAII/2012/Cer/Cer/ind/19, 21.ii.2012, six females, Havelock island, Hibiscus sp., coll. Sunil Joshi.
Brief diagnosis: Cribriform plates and 8-shaped pores present; spiracular furrows
usually present, posterior furrow usually divided; single anal plate; antennae
1-segmented; legs absent or represented by unsegmented sclerotized spine; anal
lobes usually protruding; labium 3-segmented.
Distribution: Andaman (recorded earlier), Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Kerala,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal (Varshney 1992).
Family Coccidae
Paralecanium sp. (Image 28)
Material examined: NBAII/2012/Coc/Par/sp/21,
22.ii.2012, three females, Andaman Island, coll. Sunil Joshi
Brief diagnosis: Adult female flat, broadly rounded, margin indented at stigmatic
areas. Colour dark castaneous, with a narrow hyaline boarder and with hyaline
canals extending inwards from each stigmatic cleft. Both
antenna and legs wanting. Mounted female with fan shaped flabellae.
Distribution: Andaman
(new record), the species of Paralecanium havebeen recorded from south-east Asia.
Remarks: The species that resembles to the species collected in present
study is Paralecanium mancum Green. Diagnostic characters of this
species are as follows. Colour dark
castaneous, with a narrow hyaline border and with hyaline canals extending
inwards from each stigmatic cleft. Dorsum with more or less well defined, thin, colourless, polygonal, waxy
plates. Eye spots conscious; at some distance from the
margin. Antennae relatively short,
articulation obscure. Limbs entirely wanting. Anal operculum
sub-quadrate, the base of each valve slightly shorter than its outer edge.Stigmatic spines three, blunt, the median spine usually shorter than the other
two. Marginal flabellae
sub-triangular in form, the outer edge flatly curved, the converging slides
approximately straight.
References
Agarwal, M.M. (1965). Taxonomy
of encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Indian Coccoidea. Acta
Hymenopterologica, Tokyo 2: 63.
Ben-Dov, Y., D.R. Miller & G.A.P. Gibson (2012). ScaleNet,
<http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/lifehist.htm> (Accessed June 12th,
2012). Bhumannavar, B.S., P. Gangopadhyay, B. Gangwar & A.K.
Bandyopadhyay (1991a). Abstracts of agricultural
research in Bay islands. Central Agricultural Research Institute. Port Blair, 76pp.
Bhumannavar, B.S., P. Mohanraj, H.R. Ranganath, T. Jacob
& K. Bandyopadhyay (1991b). Insects of Agricultural Importance in Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Research bulletin, Central
Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, 6, 49pp.
Bouček, Z. (1976). Changes
in the classification of some African Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 39:
345–355.
Bouček, Z. (1977). A
faunistic review of the Yugoslavian Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Acta
Entomologica Jugoslavica 13: 1–145.
Bouček, Z. (1992). The New
World genera of Chalcididae. Memoirs of the American
Entomological Institute 53: 61.
Bouček, Z., B.R.S. Rao
& S.I. Farooqi (1979). A preliminary review of Pteromalidae
(Hymenoptera) of India and adjacent countries. Oriental
Insects 12: 433–467.
Brown, B.V. (1993). A further chemical
alternative to critical point drying for preparing small (or) large flies, Fly
Times 7, p. 10.
Habu, A. (1963). Chalcididae
from the Ryuku islands preserved in the Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu
University (Hymenoptera). Mushi 37: 115.
Hayat, M. (1981). Taxonomic
notes on Indian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) - III. Colemania 1: 13–34.
Hayat, M. (1986). Notes on
some species of Marietta (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a
key to world species. Colemania 2:
1–18.
Hayat, M. (1998). Aphelinidae of India
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): A taxonomic revision. Memoirs of
Entomology, International, Associated Publishers, Gainesville,
13: 416pp.
Hayat, M. (2006). Indian
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Department
of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, 496pp.
Hodgson, C.J. (1994). The Scale Insect Family
Coccidae: An identification Manual - 6. CAB International, Wallingford, 639pp.
Howard, L.O. (1895). A new
genus and species of the Aphelininae. Canadian Entomologist 27(12): 350–351; http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent27351-12
Howard, L.O. (1896). On two
interesting new genera of scale insect parasites. Canadian
Entomologist 28(6): 165–167; http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/Ent28165-6
Mani, M.S. (1942). Studies on
Indian parasitic Hymenoptera II. Indian Journal of Entomology 4:
156.
Mani, M.S. (1989). The
Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Zoological
Survey of India, Calcutta, 1067pp.
Manickavasagam,
S., S. Suresh & M. Hayat (2001). Anagyrus diversicornis a new record from India (Hymenoptera: Clacidoidea: Encyrtidae). Zoos’ Print Journal 16: 494; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.5.494
Motschulsky,
V. de (1863). Essai d’un catalogue des insectes de l’Ile
Ceylon (Suite). Byulleten’ Moskovskogo
Obshchestva Ispytateley Prirody (Otdel Biologicheskiy) 36: 36–52.
Narendran, T.C. (1986). Family Eucharitidae. In:
Rao, B.R.S. & M. Hayat (eds). The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the
Adjacent Countries. Oriental Insects 20:
51–55.
Narendran,
T.C. & T.V. Mini (2000). A review of the genera of Oriental Eunotinae
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Journal of the
Zoological Society of Kerala 8&9: 15–28.
Noyes, J.S. (2000). Encyrtidae
of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 1. The
subfamily Tetracneminae, parasitoids of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 62, 355pp.
Noyes, J.S. (2012). Universal Chalcidoidea
Database. Available from: <http://www.nhm.ac./Uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/synonyms>
(Accessed June 12th, 2012).
Noyes, J.S. & G.L.
Prinsloo (1998). A review of the Afrotropical and Malagasy
taxa of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) described by J. Risbec
(1949–1959). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,
Séries 1–6, 34: 71–97.
Noyes, J.S. & M. Hayat (1994). Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). CAB International. The
Natural History Museum, London, 554pp.
Riley, C.V., W.H. Ashmead
& L.O. Howard (1894). Report upon the parasitic Hymenoptera of the island of St.
Vincent. Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) 25:
56–254; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1894.tb00982.x
Risbec J. (1959). Encyrtidae de
Madagascar (Hym. Chalcid). Bulletin de l’Académie
Malgache 35: 27.
Sandlant, G.R. (1978). Slide-mounting fresh
specimens of small soft-bodied Homoptera (Mealybugs, scale insects and aphids).The New Zealand Entomologist 6(4): 430–431; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.1978.9722312
Shafee, S.A. (1972). Indian
species of the genus Coccophagus Westwood (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae). Bulletin of Entomology. Entomological Society of India 13: 25–27.
Sureshan, P.M. (2012). Checklist
of Pteromalidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of India.Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode, Kerala, India, 2012, 14pp. Available
from: <http://zsi.gov.in/checklist/Checklist%20Pteromlaidae.pdf>
(Accessed 12 June 2012).
Varshney, R.K. (1992). A Checklist of the Scale
Insects and Mealybugs of South Asia - Part I. Records of the Zoological
Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 139, 152pp.
Veenakumari, K., P. Mohanraj
& A.K. Bandyopadhyay (1997). Insect herbivores and their natural enemies in
the mangals of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Journal of Natural
History 31(7): 1105–1126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939700770581
Verma,
M., M. Hayat & S.I. Kazmi (2002). The
species of Elasmus from India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). Oriental Insects 36(1): 245–306; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2002.10417334
Walker, F. (1834). Monographia
chalciditum (continued). Entomological Magazine 2: 35.
Walker, F. (1846). List
of the specimens of Hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Part 1 Chalcidites, London, 85pp.
Williams, D.J. (2004). Mealybugs
of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum and
Southdene SDN. BHD. Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia, 896pp.
Xiao, H. & D.W. Huang
(2001). A review of Eunotinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea:
Pteromalidae) from China. Journal of Natural History 35(1):
1587–1605; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002229301317092342