Distribution, den characteristics and diet of
the Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis(Mammalia: Canidae) in Karnataka, India: preliminary
observations
H.N. Kumara 1& Mewa Singh 2,3
1 Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History, Anakatti Post, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu 641108, India
2Biopsychology Laboratory,
University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore,
Karnataka 570006, India
3 Evolutionaryand Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific
Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Email:1 honnavallik@gmail.com, 2 mewasingh@bsnl.in
(corresponding author)
Date of publication
(online): 26 November 2012
Date of publication (print): 26 November 2012
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: A.J.T. Johnsingh
Manuscript details:
Ms #
o3046
Received 24 December 2011
Final received 31 October 2012
Finally accepted 02 November 2012
Citation: H.N. Kumara & Mewa Singh (2012). Distribution, den characteristics and
diet of the Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis (Mammalia: Canidae)
in Karnataka, India: preliminary observations. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 4(14): 3349–3354.
Copyright: © H.N. Kumara & Mewa Singh 2012. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium
for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements:This study was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government
of India (Grant No. SP/SO/C-16/99) to Dr. MewaSingh and Karnataka Forest Department to Dr. H.N. Kumara. We thank the
Chief Wildlife Warden and the officials of the Karnataka Forest Department for
permission to carry out this study and for assistance in the field. Special
thanks are due to Mr. A.K. Varma. We acknowledge the
support of Raghunath Rao, Shanthala Kumar, Somashaker, H.P.Ashwin and N. Subhashchandrafor helping us in the field. We thank Shanthala Kumar
for preparing the map.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:94053D67-FB8D-4B8D-879C-F999A7EAA6EE
Abstract: The Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensisinhabits relatively dry areas with scrub thorn forests, deciduous forests,
short grasslands and marginal croplands. Since it is a widely distributed species, especially in the dry tracts, very little attention has been paid to it by researchers and
wildlife managers. We
conducted an extensive survey in the south Indian state of Karnataka to
determine the conservation status of the Indian Fox. We also carried out a more detailed
observation in a small region called “JayamangaliBlackbuck Block” (JBB) and surrounding private lands to study the den site
characteristics of the species. Except for a few districts in the Western Ghats and the west coastal
region, the fox was present throughout Karnataka. Relatively higher encounter rates were observed
in regions with extensive grasslands. We located 52 dens during the study in JBB whichprovide a minimum of 12dens/km2 with 1.33/km2 active
dens. Circumference
of den sites were smaller in JBB than in the adjoining private lands
indicating that foxes frequently shifted dens in this area. The number of openings and active
openings increased as the circumference of the den site increased. Fecal analysis revealed remains of
certain species of plants, vertebrates and invertebrates, with arthropods as
the major food items of the fox.
Keywords: Den characteristics, diet, distribution,
Indian Fox, Karnataka.
For
figures, tables -- click here
Though
historic accounts recognized four species of foxes from the Indian subcontinent
(Pocock 1936), more recent accounts indicate the
occurrence of only two species including the Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis and the Red Fox V. vulpes with three distinct subspecies of the Red
Fox: the mountain form ‘Tibetan Fox’ (V.v. montana),
northern desert form ‘Kashmir Fox’ (V.v. griffithii)
and a western desert form ‘Desert Fox’ (V.v. pusilla)
(Prater 1980). The Indian Fox is
the most common fox and it is known to have a wide distribution extending from
the foothills of the Himalaya to the southern tip of peninsular India; from Sindh province of Pakistan on the Western side to
southern Bangladesh on the eastern side (Johnsingh1978, 1986; Prater 1980).
The
Indian Fox is known to inhabit relatively dry areas, including scrub thorn
forests, deciduous forests, short grasslands and marginal areas of
croplands. The known range of the
species falls within the biogeographical zones of
desert (Zone 3), semi-arid (Zone 4) and the Deccan Peninsula (Zone 6) of India
(Rodgers et al. 2002). The Indian Fox
has been accorded the status of Schedule II in the Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972 in India and classified globally as ‘Least Concern’ by the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species (Johnsingh & Jhala 2007).
Since
the Indian Fox has a wide distribution and is considered as a relatively common
carnivore in India, it has received little attention from both researchers and
managers. Despite the few studies
on its ecology and behavior (Johnsingh 1978),
population estimation in Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
in Andhra Pradesh (Manakadan & Rahmani 2002), resource utilization (Home 2005),
distribution in southern India (Vanak 2005) and
habitat selection (Bhaskaran 2006), the biology and
conservation status of the Indian Fox is poorly known. Vanak (2005)
in a survey of fox in southern India included only five districts of
Karnataka. In this paper, we
present preliminary observations on the distribution of Indian Fox, its den
site characteristics and diet in the state of Karnataka.
Study area
We
conducted the present study in the southern Indian state of Karnataka, which is
located between 11031’–18045’N & 74012’–78040’E. Karnataka covers a total area of
191,791km2. Rainfall in
this state gradually declines from west to east resulting in different forest
or habitat types. The state
receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,975mm ranging from 450mm in the drier
plains on the eastern side to 7,500mm in the Western Ghats on the western
side. Karnataka has been divided
into four ecozones including coastal Karnataka with
mangrove forests, hill region (the Western Ghats) with rainforests and moist
deciduous forests, southern plateau and northern plateau with deciduous
forests, scrub forests and open grasslands (Prasad et al. 1978; Karanth 1986). We studied the den site characteristics at ‘JayamangaliBlackbuck Block’ (JBB) near Maidanahalli in Madhugiri Taluk, Tumkur District. The area of this block was about 3km2, which lies between 77018’–77020’E
& 13044’–13016’N. The area has mainly grasslands with few
thorny shrubs, and some monoculture plantations of Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus grandis. It is an area meant for the protection of Blackbucks Antelope cervicapra. The area receives 400–500 mm of rainfall per annum and harbours 400–550 blackbucks.
Methods
The
study was carried out from January 2002 to July 2006. During this period, we traveled across
different ‘taluks’ of all the ‘districts’ of the
state, either by jeep or by motorcycle. We carried out a vehicular road survey of 9,853km for direct sightings of
foxes. During this survey, we also
informally interviewed over 1400 people including forest department officials,
shepherds, local sheepherders, villagers and others interested in wildlife. We collected secondary data through
interactions with people on the possible occurrence of the species in each taluk. If more
than 50% of the people in a taluk gave a positive
response regarding the occurrence of the fox, we considered the fox as
‘present’ in the taluk. We also collected information on the
occurrence of den sites, and if the den site was close by, we visited it for
confirmation and attempted to sight the fox. We based den classification as per Johnsingh (1978) into three types: simple short
dens, complex cavernous dens, and dens under rocks and we followed the same
classification. We conducted 644km
of night surveys for foxes that included driving and walking transects in open
scrub forests, grasslands and marginal cropland areas in 12 districts. During a driving survey, a researcher
spotlighted from atop a jeep moving at a speed of 5–10 km/hr, and during walks we used a handheld flashlight to spot
foxes. We also made walks in many
other districts of the western coast and the Western Ghats. Since there was neither secondary
information nor direct sightings of the fox in these districts, details on
these sampling efforts are not provided. We also attempted direct sightings by flushing foxes from some active
dens.
We
selected Jayamangali Blackbuck Block (JBB) to
investigate specific details on the characteristics of den sites and fox
abundance. We selected 3km2 of
JBB and about 10km2 of private area around this block for abundance
estimates. The entire region was
searched thoroughly for the presence of all abandoned and active dens of the
foxes by a five member team during March–April
2004. We recorded details on each
den site that included status, distance from cropland, area, numberof openings, number of active openings, and length and width of each den
opening. A total of 81 droppings
were collected from the JBB near the active dens, which were used to identify
the food items.
Results
There
was no evidence for the occurrence of the Indian fox from the coastal region
and forests of the Western Ghats. The foxes were found in all the dry plains of Karnataka in the east,
extending up to the eastern fringes of evergreen forests of the Western Ghats
in the west and northern fringes of deciduous forests in the south (Fig. 1,
Table 1). The population distribution
was continuous with the fox populations in the states of Maharashtra in the
north, Andhra Pradesh in the east and Tamil Nadu in the south. The present distributional range covers
six protected areas in Karnataka that include DarojiBear Sanctuary and Ranebennur Wildlife Sanctuary in
the north, and Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary, RanganathittuBird Sanctuary and Bannerghatta National Park in the
south. Local people revealed the
occurrence of Indian Fox at the northern fringes of BandipurTiger Reserve and Nagarahole Tiger Reserve. Though the foxes occur in the
above-mentioned wildlife protected areas, they are mostly found near the
fringes and close to the croplands.
We
sighted a total of 36 foxes at night time during this
study (Table 2). Most foxes were observed
in Chikodi and Raibag of
Belgaum District and Madhugiri in TumkurDistrict. All the sightings in both
regions were in the grasslands, and 78% (N=28) of the sightings were associated
with the grassland.
We
identified 56 dens, 52 of which were in and around the JBB in Madhugiri where we had intensively explored the dens. Among the 52 dens, 36 were located in
JBB and the other 16 were located in nearby private croplands and marginal
areas. During our study, all three
types of dens were found in the study area. One den was in an abandoned quarry. Most of the dens in the JBB were simple
dens and only a few were complex dens. The minimum number of dens was 12/km2 and 1.6/km2 in
JBB and private areas, respectively. However, the minimum density of active
dens in JBB was 1.33/km2, whereas in the private areas it was 1.3/km2. Mean±SE den
site area was 10.17±6.67 SE m2 in JBB, which was significantly
smaller (t=4.35, df=51, p<0.001) than the mean
circumference in the private area (24.75±17.64 SE m2). The mean
number of openings per den site in JBB was 4.11±3.46 SE and in the private area
was 1.69±11.77 SE. The mean ± SE
active openings of active den sites in JBB were 1.00 ± 0.00 SE and in the
private area were 6.69±4.87 SE. The number of openings (Pearson correlation; r=
0.766, N=52, p<0.01) and active openings (Pearson correlation; r=0.729,
N=52, p<0.01) increased as the circumference of the den site increased.
The
average and the maximum distance between den sites and cropland were about 400
m and 1100 m, respectively. All the
den sites and fox sightings were in open areas with grassland or scrub
forests. Even if the dens were in
scrub forests, they were all located in large open areas at least 50m from the
nearest thick bushes, except two dens that were located beneath thick
bushes. Fecal analysis identified
remains of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Arthropods were the major invertebrates
found in the scats (95%) that included different insects, centipedes, land
crabs and termites. However, termites
were found only in three scats. Undigested plant remains, seeds and fruits occurred in 81%, rodents
occurred in 80% and reptiles occurred in 12% of the scats. Among reptiles, the worm snake Typhlops spp. was recorded in six scats. Other mammals, birds, egg
shells and frogs collectively occurred in < 10% of the scats.
Interviews
revealed that killing of fox by people occurs throughout much of
Karnataka. In most places, foxes
are hunted for meat (especially by a community called Nari Kurava). Conversely, fox has been considered as a symbol of good omen. Hence, people in rural areas have a
tendency to keep a fox skin in their shops. They also believe that a holy thread,
the skin of a fox tied in a thread prepared by village priests and astrologers,
would solve their problems, and they tie this thread on their wrists.
Discussion
Historically,
the Indian Fox has not been recorded from the Western Ghats (Johnsingh & Jhala 2004) as the terrain and vegetation do not favor their
occurrence there. Our study
provides the first distribution estimate of the Indian Fox in the entire
southern Indian state of Karnataka, which confirmed the absence of the species
in the forests of the Western Ghats, coastal region and the thick deciduous
forests of the Eastern Ghats. The
present study also confirms the presence of fox in the predicted distribution
range (both generic and refined distribution range) in the state (Vanak et al. 2008). Since the Indian Fox appears to have a high degree of tolerance to human
disturbance, Bhaskaran (2006) suggested
that the species is a ‘habitat generalist’. However, despite its wide range, the
Indian Fox generally occurs in high densities in grassland habitats. Vanak (2005) and Manakadan & Rahmani (2002) also reported the highest density of Indian
Fox in grassland habitats in southern India. Our study also revealed two major
populations in Chikodi and Raibagof Belgaum District and Madhugiri in Tumkur District, which were found in grasslands with sparse
scrub forest. Further, though the
Indian fox has a high degree of adaptation to its habitat (Bhaskaran2006), they have a low level of tolerance to disturbance. For example, Karanth& Singh (1986) reported that the Indian Fox was the most common carnivore
and sighted very frequently in Ranebennur Wildlife
Sanctuary. Later, Vanak (2005) during his survey in the same region did not
observe a single fox in and around the sanctuary, and ascribed this to
conversion of grassland into Eucalyptus plantations. Since large extents of open grasslands
and scrub forests are available in the Indian subcontinent, the species may
have a wider distribution. Since
foxes live in human dominated landscapes, they are also prone to infection by
many diseases. Manakadan& Rahmani (2002) reported a sharp decline of
foxes in Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra
Pradesh and Johnsingh & Jhala(2007) reported a similar decline in parts of Gujarat, which were attributed to
pathogens (Gompper & Vanak2006).
The
diet of Indian Fox generally includes a large variety of plants, invertebrates
and vertebrates (Johnsingh 1978; Home 2005; Gompper & Vanak 2006; Home
& Jhala 2009). Though the same food items were
identified in the present study also, the fecal samples collected in a short
span of 40 continuous days from a small region in a single season may indicate
the proportion of the diet content to be biased to a few food items. Our findings, however, are more similar
to those from Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra
Pradesh and Ranebennur Wildlife Sanctuary in
Karnataka where 85% of scats contained remains of invertebrates with large
proportions of arthropods (Gompper & Vanak 2006). Plant remains and rodents were found to be the next major food items in
Karnataka, which is of a comparatively higher proportion than in the other
regions in India (Manakadan & Rahmani2000; Home 2005; Gompper & Vanak2006). Since rodents form the major
part of its diet, Advani (1987) suggested that the
Indian Fox plays a major role in controlling rodent populations. Centipedes, land crabs and bird eggs
were also reported as food items in different regions (Pocock1941; Prakash 1959; Johnsingh1978; Prater 1980; Manakadan & Rahmani 2002; Johnsingh & Jhala 2004).
Johnsingh (1978) reported eight dens per square kilometer, whereas in our
study, the number varied from 1.6 to 12 dens per square kilometer. The number of entrances varied from one
to 36 in our study area, which is higher than the number of entrances reported
in Tamil Nadu (Johnsingh 1978). However, the number of entrances
differed between the JBB and its surrounding area. This may be attributed to the difference
in the response to characteristics of the habitat. Though the density of active
dens did not differ between the JBB and private areas, the number of passive dens
in JBB was very high. Conversely,
den site area was very high in private areas, which suggests that foxes
frequently shift dens in JBB than in the private areas. However, Johnsingh(1978) suggested that the Indian Fox repeatedly uses ‘favorite’ den sites such
as those among the cluster of large rocks as they are largely safe from
vandalism by humans that has also been reported for the Red Fox in North
America (Murie 1944; Ables1975). In private areas with
croplands, villages and regular movement of people, the denning habitat is
probably lesser than in JBB. This
may result in larger den sites with more entrances in private areas. Several
entrances are not uncommon among foxes (e.g. many entrances were reported for
the Red Fox in North America (Murie 1944; Ables 1975) and Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) (Chesemore1969).
It
often happens that species considered as common with a wide range of
distribution do not receive the same attention in management as compared to
those listed as high priority species. We emphasize that these species also require adequate management. Vanak & Gompper (2010a,b)
reported that though the free ranging domestic dogs do not have a high food
niche overlap with the fox, they may prevent access to foxes to the
agricultural areas and grassland which are preferred habitats of the fox; and
dogs do kill foxes. Elimination of
free-ranging dogs is a must if we want to save many of our wildlife. We suggest that killing of foxes by
people should be totally stopped and that the number of free-ranging dogs in
fox habitats should be controlled. Certain communities have the false belief that body parts of the fox
kept at home bring wealth and these communities need to be educated. Already local extirpation of the fox has
occurred in several places and this needs to be arrested before the fox also
gains the dubious status of an endangered species.
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