Additional records of Tettigoniidae from Arunachal Pradesh , India

Author Details: Dr. G. SrinivaSan is working as Scientist-C in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. His area of research interest are in the Bio-systematic studies of short horned and long horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera), Phasmids and Vespidae (Hymenoptera). Shri. D. Prabakar working as Assistant Zoologist at Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai. His area of research interest is in the bio-systematic studies of grasshoppers (Orthoptera).

The state of Arunachal Pradesh is located in northeastern India, situated between 26 0 28'-29 0 30'N and 91 0 30'-97 0 30'E and borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the north.Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalaya.However, parts of Lohit, Changlang and Tirap are covered by the Patkai Hills.Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen Peak and the eastern Gorichen Peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalaya.At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam, is Brahmaputra Valley with its semievergreen forests.Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai Hills, are home to eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests.Toward the northern border, with increasing elevation, comes a mixture of eastern and northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by the eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks.
Species of the family Tettigoniidae, known in American English as katydids and in British English as bush crickets, are very attractive in appearance.They are part of the suborder Ensifera and the only family in the superfamily Tettigonioidea.They are also known as long horned grasshoppers although they are more closely related to crickets than to grasshoppers.They are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical parts of the world (Heller 1995).Tettigoniidae is a widely distributed family that includes about 6000 species in 1070 genera (Otte 1997).Out of these only 159 species of 72 genera are reported from India (Shishodia et al. 2010).The adults are small to large (15-120 mm) and poorly known from India.Some important works on the taxonomy and distribution of Tettigoniidae of northeastern India include: Barman & Srivastava (1976), Shishodia (2000), Shishodia & Tandon (2000), Barman (2003), Shishodia et al. (2003Shishodia et al. ( , 2010)), Kulkarni & Shishodia (2005), Senthilkumar et al. (2006), and Senthilkumar (2010).The present paper deals with 10 species.The classification is after Rentz (1979).

Material and Methods
All the specimens were handpicked during night from the street lights and in the early morning from the vegetation.The collected specimens were killed by using ethyl acetate and preserved as dry specimens.
Diagnosis: Fastigium conical, apex blunt, furrowed dorsally; fastigium verticis slightly surpassing the rim of the antennal scrobae.Rounded eyes, little strongly accentuated.Antenna not surpassing the elytra.Disc of pronotum smooth, more or less straight in front, with hind end convex.Sulcus short before the middle.Pronotum higher than long, hind end almost straight, lower rim wide rounded off with coarse.Prosternum unarmed.The wing hyaline, protruding part chitinous and glossy green.Legs with the following number of spines on dorsal margins: profemur, mesofemur and postfemur smooth; protibia smooth.The mesotibia is smooth on dorso-external and with two spines on dorso-internal side.The posttibia with 30 minute, distinct, black tipped external and 28 minute, distinct, black tipped internal spines.Legs with the following number of spines on ventral margins: profemur and mesofemur smooth but the postfemur with four minute, distinct, black tipped external and seven minute, distinct, black tipped internal spines and with an apical spine; protibia with one external and two internal, mesotibia with four minute, distinct, black tipped external and four minute, distinct, black tipped internal, posttibia with five distantly placed minute, distinct, black tipped ventro-external and 11 minute, distinct, black tipped ventro-internal and with a pair of apical spines on each side.Post tibiae on sides compressed and spread out on all four sides.Supra anal plate long and triangular or tongue shaped; cerci long, lean gradually against the apex rejuvenated and acuminate and symmetrical.Ovipositor broad.Dorsal valvula somewhat shorter than the ventral valvula.On the dorsal part of the valvula are toothed, starting from middle part to apex at the ventral side of the valvula.Subgenital plate long and wide basolaterally; basal triangular indented, lateral far raised and apical supported.Diagnosis: Fastigium sulcated, laterally compressed and conically produced with blunt apex, fastigium verticis distinctly surpassing the rim of the antennal scrobae.Eyes are protruded.The anterior margin of pronotum concave and posterior margin convex.The pronotal margins expands like armour with the lateral carinae denticulated.There is a clearly marked black colour "W-shaped" band attached with an inverted "V-shaped" structure on the dorsal side of the pronotal constriction.The posterior margin of the pronotum appears black because it is dotted with black.The lower half of the lateral sides of the pronotum is pale green and the upper half is black.The prosternum unarmed.A pale coloured band runs on the ventral side of the abdomen.The radius sector two of the tegmina arises before the middle.The hind femur with 10 spines on its external margin of the ventral side.The basal three are small and the remaining spines are gradually increasing in their size with the space in between them.No spines on the inner margin.A long apical spine present on the external side and a short spine on the internal side of the hind femur.The dorsal side of the hind femur is smooth.The dorsal side of hind tibia bearing six sickle-shaped spines on its external margin and 10 on its internal margin.The ventral side of the hind tibia has 11 normal shaped spines.The base of the spines is dark brown and the tips are red.The fore tibia has three spines on the external margin, eight spines on the middle and 10 on the internal margin of the dorsal side.The subgenital plate broadest at the base and then narrowed posteriorly.The lobes of the united styli curved inward with a blunt end at the apex.The circus gradually narrowed, covered with spinules, bristles and curved at apex.The tibial tympana open on both the sides.
Colouration: Body is green.The tegmina are green with five white-centered discontinuous transverse black bands.The femur and tibia of the three pair of legs are transversed with black and white coloured bands.
Measurements (in mm): Diagnosis: Fastigium, shortened apically, verticis conical, apex blunt, dorsally furrowed, slightly surpassing the rim of the crowded antennal scrobae.The dorsal surface of pronotum smooth, bears two distinct sutures.The lower margin of the lateral pronotum is undulated.Prosternum unarmed.The chief specific characters of the species are those of the form of the tegmina and their venation.Absence of ocelli on the tegmen.This species should be identified after the spines on their hind legs.The dorsal side of the hind femora is smooth.The number of spines on the ventro-external margin of the hind femora is 13 and as a rule these spines are a little longer than the spines of the internal margin.The number of smaller spines on the ventro-internal margin of the hind femora is 10.There are four spines on the dorso-internal margin of the hind tibia.The dorso-external margin of the hind tibia is smooth.The number of spines on the ventroexternal margin of the hind tibia is eight.The number of spines on the ventro-internal margin of the hind tibia is seven and as a rule these spines are a little smaller.The number of spines on the ventro-external margin of the mid leg femur is seven whereas five long spines on the internal margin and they are in equal distance.There are five very short spines on the ventro-internal margin of the mid leg femur.There are only two spines on the dorsal side of the mid leg tibia.There are eight spines on the ventro-external margin and six on the ventro-internal margin of the mid leg tibia.The dorsal side of the fore femur smooth.There are five spines on the ventro-internal margin of the hind femur and four spines on the ventro-external margin.The ventro-internal margin of the fore tibia has five spines and six on the ventro-external margin.Tibial tympana closed on both the sides.
Colouration: The general colour of the specimen is green.
Diagnosis: Fastigium verticis conical, dorsally furrowed, extends well beyond the rim of antennal scrobae.The species is easily known by the rather inflated general shape, the granulated pronotum with an angulated hind border, granulated margins of pronotum, the unicolourous vertex and the ocellate elytra.Prosternum unarmed.Meso and metasternum broader than long; lobes angulated; metasternum narrowing posteriorly.In the males the anterior branch of medial vein is bent anterior near the base and the ocelliform markings are found between the two branches of medial vein just behind this curved part of the anterior branch.The chief specific characters of the species are those of the form of the tegmina and their venation.This species should be identified after the spines on their hind legs.There are 13 spines on the dorsal side of the hind femora.The number of spines on the ventro-external margin of the hind femora is 13 and as a rule these spines are a little longer.The number of spines on the ventro-internal margin of the hind femora is 12.There are six spines on the dorsal side of the hind tibia among them the 1 st one is small and the distance between the 1 st and 2 nd spine is very less when compared to the distance between the rest of the spines i.e. from 2-6.The number of spines on the ventro-external margin of the hind tibia is nine.The number of spines on the ventro-internal margin of the hind tibia is nine and as a rule these spines are a little smaller.The number of spines on the ventro-external margin of the fore femur is seven whereas four long spines on the internal margin and they are in equal distance.There are eight small spines on the ventrointernal margin of the fore tibia and the basal three are less in interspine distance when compare to the interspine distance of 4 th -8 th spines.There are seven spines on the ventro-external margin of the fore tibia.Tibial tympana closed on both the sides.
Colouration: The general colour of the specimen is green.
Measurements Diagnosis: Fastigium verticis triangular, apex obtuse, dorsally furrowed, slightly surpassing rim of antennal scrobae.No minute pits are found in the area below the eyes.Pronotum smooth with very few isolated tubercles; with one transverse furrow in the anterior half of the disc; anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin angular; paranota acutetriangular in general outline but ventral margin truncate, latero-anterior margin faintly convex with very faint sinuosities in ventral half, latero-posterior margin concave.Tegmen broad, semitransparent, oval and of a pale green but rather narrow for the genus; subcosta running distant from radius to behind branching of radius sector, and after a short approach deviating again; media with a sinuate curvature in basal area.Prosternum unarmed.Meso and metasternum transverse, mesosternum with a minute tubercle at anterior-lateral angle, metasternum narrowing posteriorly.The meso and metasternum together are about as long as broad.Legs with the following number of spines on ventral margins: profemur six indistinct external and seven indistinct internal, mesofemur six minute external and seven internal, postfemur five indistinct, one minute and five large external, 13 minute internal; protibia six minute external and seven minute internal, mesotibia five minute external and five indistinct internal, posttibia nine small external and seven minute internal.All tibiae with two ventroapical spurs, without dorsal spurs.Posttibia on dorsal margins with six minute external and seven large and broad internal spines.The hind tibiae bear a row of strong broadly based thorns on its dorsal margins, which are situated at equal distances.Tibial tympana closed on both the sides.
Colouration: The general colour is green.In the females the tegmina has a distinct white spot near the base, situated between the radial and the medial vein.The pronotum is green.The head is yellowishgreen, the forehead is dark green, broadly bordered with white along the genae.The clypeus, labrum and the mandibulate are of a whitish-green.The general colour of the legs is of a greenish-grey shade, but the middle femora and tibiae are white below.
Diagnosis: Robust species.Fastigium verticis narrow conical, dorsally furrowed, apex blunt, not surpassing the rim of antennal scrobae.Pronotum not roof-shaped, carinated and granulated with a transverse sulcus distinct on the disc and paranota, obsolete on lateral angles; margins of pronotum not granulated; anterior margin sinuate, convex in middle, posterior margin broadly rounded but convex in the middle; paranota about as high as long, anterior and posterior angle almost rectangular.Prosternum armed; meso and metasternum strongly transverse, all of them as long as wide, lobes blunt; Tegmen broad and leaf like, surpassing hind knees; radius sector branching slightly before the middle of tegmen length, forked.The cubitus of Tegmina pedunculate basally.This species is easily known by the curious rugose erosion path in the anal area of the tegmina and by the peculiar venal pattern.The subcostal and radial veins diverge about the same place, where the branch of the radial vein finds its origin namely a little before the middle of the tegmina.Hind wing caudate.Anterior femora compressed.Knee lobes of all legs bispinose.Legs with the following number of spines on ventral margins: profemur no external and three indistinct internal, mesofemur five minute external and seven internal, postfemur one indistinct, 11 large, broad based external and 11 large internal, mesotibia five minute indistinct external and seven minute internal, posttibia nine small external and seven minute internal.All tibiae with two ventro-apical spurs, without dorsal apical spurs.No spines on femur and tibia on the dorsal margins.Tibial tympana closed on both the sides.
Colouration: The species when at rest on leaves camouflage like a leaf and leafy green in colour.The dorsal sides of meso and postfemur are blue in colour with sky-blue dots in between and the ventral side is light yellow.The protibia and femur are green in colour.The meso tibia is green.The tip of the ovipositor is dark brown to black.with the ventral notch clearly open, ventral tubercle small.Pronotum diverging towards the posterior margin from the dorsal aspect, lateral keels shallow and not markedly elongate.Prosternum armed with a pair of spines.Forewings long with the tip rounded.Cubito-anal area of forewing not distinctly broadened or rounded.The pro femur has a single spine on its external margin and three spines on the internal margin on the ventral side.Hind femora armed both internally and externally on the ventral side.There are 13 spines on the external margin whereas seven spines on the internal margin.The distance between the spines on the external margin is lesser than the internal margin.There are seven spines on the internal margin of the pro tibia on the ventral aspect; the distance between the first four and the last two are somewhat lesser than the distance between the 5 th and 6 th .The protibia has five spines on the internal margin and four spines on the external margin on the ventral side.The profemur and the protibia are smooth on the dorsal side.The tibial tympana closed on both the sides.
Colouration: Body green.A prominent white coloured band bordered with many black dots runs along the lower margin of the cubito-anal area of the tegmina.The fore legs are yellow.
Measurements (in mm): Total length 55; Body 35; Pronotum converging towards the posterior margin from the dorsal aspect, side keels deep and not markedly elongate.Prosternum armed with a pair of spines.Anterior lobes of meso and metasternum rounded and the posterior lobes are angulated.Forewings long, surpassing hind knees with the tip rounded.Radius sector two arise beyond the middle of the wing.Cubito-anal area of forewing not distinctly broadened or rounded.All legs are long and slender.Post femora armed both externally and internally on the ventral aspect.Legs with the following number of spines on ventral margins: profemur no external and two indistinct internal, mesofemur four minute external and no internal, postfemur seven minute external and 14 minute internal, protibia with six external and six internal, mesotibia with six external and six internal, posttibia 25 small external and 25 small internal.All tibiae with two ventro-apical spurs and post tibia with an apical spur on dorsal its margin.Postfemur smooth.Posttibia with the following number of spines on dorsal margins: 28 small external and 25 small internal.Ovipositor longer than the body and straight.The tibial tympana closed on both the sides.Colouration: General colouration green.Tip of the spines in both ventral margins of the post femur are dark brown in colour.Tip of the spines in both ventral margins of the protibia, mesotibia and posttibia are dark brown in colour.Mandibles and hind femur are pale brown.There are 12-15 distinct black spots on the posterior half of the tegmen.Measurements (in mm): Total Length 62; Body 26; Fastigium 4; Pronotum 8; Tegmen 50; Profemur 8; Mesofemur 10; Postfemur 28; Protibia 7; Mesotibia 9; Posttibia 26; Ovipositor 30.Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Odisha; Australia; China; Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia: Penang, Peak Dovens; Indonesia: Java, Borneo and Sumatra.Remarks: New record to Arunachal Pradesh.Genus Pyrgocorypha Stål, 1873 8. Pyrgocorypha subulata (Thunberg, 1815) (Image 8) 1815.Conocephalus subulatus, Thunberg, Mem.Acad.Imp.Sci.St. Petersburg 5: 271.Syntype, Type locality: Oriental region, (BMNH) London.1874.Pyrgocorypha subulata, Stal, Recencio orthopterum.Revue Critique des orthopteres decrits par Linne, De Geer et.Thunberg, 2 Locustina: 107.1891.Pyrgocorypha subulata, Redtenbacher, Verh.der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellsch.Wien 41: 372, 374.