A
preliminary survey on the avian community of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary,
Jharkhand, India
Sushant Kumar Verma
At & P.O.- Harharguttu, Near
TRF Colony, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand 831002, India
Email: vermasushant2008@gmail.com
Date of publication (online): 26 May 2011
Date of publication (print): 26 May 2011
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Nishith Dharaiya
Manuscript details:
Ms
# o2181
Received
21 April 2009
Final
received 05 April 2011
Finally
accepted 26 April 2011
Citation: Verma, S.K. (2011). A preliminary survey on the
avian community of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa3(5): 1764–1770.
Copyright: © Sushant Kumar Verma 2011. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Dr. A. Alim, Head of the Department of Zoology,
Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, for his valuable suggestions. I
also wish to thank Miss Ghazala Sabih (MCA Project Trainee, TISCO) and Master
Aditya Karan Verma for their constructive criticism and untiring help
throughout the study period. I am also thankful to the local people residing
near Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary for availing themselves to me. They have opened
their hearts and their doors, supplying me with resources
which helped me a lot in data collection.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
The importance of local
landscapes for avian conservation can only be understood by knowing the
structure of the bird community of that region (Kattan & Franco 2004). Bird diversity of both temperate and tropical
forests has been studied by many workers from time to time (MacArthur &
MacArthur 1961; Terborgh et al. 1990; Thiollay 1994; Robinson et al. 2000; Latta
et al. 2003; Blake 2007). Valuable
information on factors influencing population dynamics, interactions, community
structure, and conservation can be gathered by monitoring seasonal changes of
avifauna (Ornelas et al. 1993). Seasonal fluctuations in abundance and number of species have been
studied in several temperate (Anderson et al. 1981; Best 1981), as well as in tropical avian
communities (Karr 1981; Blake 1992; Blake & Loiselle 2000).
Very few studies (Ball
1874; Lopez & Mundkar 1997; Gupta 2004) have been made on the species
composition of birds in different parts of Jharkhand (India) and no attempt has
been made to study the avifauna of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary. The present study investigates the bird
community of this sanctuary, their seasonal variations and also highlights
conservation challenges. A
comprehensive checklist of birds along with their status is also presented in
this document.
Study Area
The Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary which extends over 193km2 in the thick
forest of the Dalma Mountain range is located 10km from Jamshedpur in Jharkhand (India). This wildlife sanctuary is blessed with a nearby flowing river called
Subarnarekha. Dimna Lake, which is
located down the Dalma Hills, provides an excellent habitat for resident
aquatic birds. Several migratory
birds visit this lake every year during winter. An image of the study area was downloaded from the internet with the help of Google earth software (Image 1).
Climatic conditions in
Dalma are typical of Indian sal forest and its natural vegetation comprises a
combination of Sal forest and tropical dry deciduous types. The hottest months are May and June in
which the temperature may rise up to 440C. The period from November to February is comparatively cool
with an average temperature of 100C. The maximum rainfall is received during the months of July
and August from the south west monsoon. The luxuriant forest of this sanctuary
offers excellent habitat for its inhabitants. These forests contain a large number of wild birds that are
ecologically specialized and extremely sensitive to habitat loss. Deforestation, pollution, and the
introduction of cattle are seriously threatening these forests.
Methods
Bird Sampling: The bird community of
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand was studied during September 2006 to
November 2008. A combination of
variable radius point count method (Bibby et al. 2000) and transect method (Emlen
1971) was used for the sampling of birds. Four transects (2km length and 100m width) were laid within the
sanctuary at different sites (Table 1). Five permanent sampling points were established in each transect and a
distance of 100m was maintained between them. Seasonal variation was determined
by dividing each year into four seasons. These seasons were (1) spring—February andMarch, (2) summer—April to June, (3) rainy season (monsoon)—July to
September and (4) winter (post monsoon)—October to January. For each year a data matrix was
constructed which recorded the species and their abundance in each season. Sampling was conducted, mostly in the
morning (0700–0900 hr) and in the evening (1600–1900 hr). Each bird seen was recorded at every
point distributed along each transect. Each point was sampled three times a season making a total of 240 point counts.
Data analysis: The cumulative number of
species observed in each site was considered as the species richness for that
site. Based on the present
investigations a bird list was compiled (Table 5). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H = -Σ pi ln
pi) was calculated for each site. Seasonal variation in the abundance of birds was also
calculated using the Shannon-Weiner formula. Similarity between sites was determined by Sorensen’s index
of similarity as given below:
IS = 2j / (a + b)
where j = number of species
common to both sites
a = number of species in
site A
b = number of species in
site B. (Table 2)
One-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was performed to test for differences between sites in terms
of species richness and diversity values.
Bird species were ranked
into following abundance categories (Ramírez-Albores & Ramírez 2002):
abundant (total of 40 or more individuals recorded daily), common (17 to 39
individuals recorded daily), scarce (11 to 16 individuals recorded), irregular
(five to 10 individuals recorded) and rare (one to four individuals
recorded). Species were identified
directly in the field and where identification could not be done, photographs
were taken. They were identified
with the help of field guides (Grimmett et al. 1999; Kazmierczak & Singh 2001; Ali 2001).
Taxonomy adopted here is
after Inskipp et al. (1996).
Results
A total of 71 species
grouped into 36 families were recorded from the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary during
the study period (Table 5). The
Sturnidae family shows the highest species richness within the sanctuary (five
species), followed by Muscicapidae, Motacicillidae, Columbidae, Ardeidae, Anatidae (four species of each) (Table 5). The
species richness of selected sites varied between 39 to 51
(Table 3), while overall diversity values ranged from 2.87 to 3.33(Table 4). Of the species recorded
in this study, 51 species were resident and the remaining species were recorded
as migratory (Table 5). On the
basis of relative abundance four species can be considered as rare, seven as
irregular, 17 as scarce, 25 as common and 18 as abundant (Table 5, Fig.
1). A distinct seasonal variation
in avian species richness was observed with a peak during the monsoons
representing 43 species. However,
species richness and the diversity values for the sites were seasonally almost
similar (ANOVA, p > 0.05).
Discussion
The two-year study observed
71 species from the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, which shows that this sanctuary
supports a high diversity of birds. Most of the observed species are breeding residents mainly due to occurrence
of various types of microhabitat within the sanctuary, nearby river and a large
lake. Due to the abundance of
endemic species this sanctuary is very important for bird conservation in this
part of the world.
Seasonal changes in species
richness were observed which is mainly due to changes in weather conditions or
fluctuations in food productivity and habitat quality (Loiselle & Blake
1991; Norris & Marra 2007). Species richness of birds in the sanctuary becomes maximumduring the monsoon season due to greater availability of insects and favourable
weather conditions.
Occurrence of almost same
species richness and similar diversity values during a season for the different
sites selected for the sampling indicates uniform distribution of birds
throughout the sanctuary. The Dimna Lake which is a famous
tourist spot is located in the vicinity of the Dalma Wildlife
Sanctuary. Increasing tourist
activity especially during the months of December and January is now becoming a
serious threat to the birds of this sanctuary. Utilization of river beds for sand
is imposing immense pressure on the birds that breed at the river beds. Cattle grazing and use of forest wood
as a source of fuel by local people are also creating adverse conditions for
the birds of the region.
Therefore various measures
should be taken for the conservation of birds of the sanctuary. Cattle grazing should be allowed in a
controlled manner. Alternative fuel sources should be made available to the local
communities. Establishment of
eco-tourism committees with the help of local people and conducting awareness
programs by the forest department on a regular basis would be an effective step
in the avian diversity conservation of the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary.
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