Clarias microspilus,a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Heok HeeNg ¹ & Renny K. Hadiaty²

¹ Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2 #03-01, Singapore 117546.

² Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gedung Widyasatwaloka,Jalan Raya Jakarta km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.

Email: ¹ heokhee@nus.edu.sg(corresponding author), ² rkhadiaty@gmail.com

Date of publication (online): 26 March 2011

Date of publication (print): 26 March 2011

ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)

Editor: K. Rema Devi

Manuscript details:

Ms # o2386

Received 18 January 2010

Final received 16 November 2010

Finally accepted 23 February 2011

Citation: Ng, H.H. & R.K. Hadiaty (2011). Clarias microspilus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1577-1584.

Copyright: © Heok Hee Ng & Renny K. Hadiaty2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Author Details: Heok Hee Ng graduated with a PhD from the University of Michigan in 2006 and has been working on the taxonomy of Asian catfishes since 1994. Now at the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research in Singapore, his current research focus is on sisoroid taxonomy and systematics. Renny Hadiaty was awarded her bachelor’s degree from the University of General Soedirman at Central Java in 1985.  She has been on the research staff of The Research Center for Biology since, working on Southeast Asian freshwater fish diversity.  She has been involved in several collecting expeditions in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua, and having described more than 20 fish species. 

Author Contribution: RKH collected part of the type series and assisted in writing the manuscript.  HHN collected data and wrote the remainder of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements:We are grateful to Melanie Stiassny(AMNH), John Lundberg (ANSP), James Maclaine (BMNH), David Catania (CAS), Maurice Kottelat (CMK), Mary Anne Rogers (FMNH), Sven Kullander (NRM), Martien van Oijen (RMNH), Douglas Nelson (UMMZ), Jeffrey Williams (USNM), Isaäc Isbrücker (ZMA) and Kelvin Lim (ZRC) for permission to examine material under their care. We thank Soetikno Wirjoatmodjowho collected the first specimens from Pucuk Lembang recognizable as the new species. Thanks are also due to H.B. Munaf and T. Sim, who collected additional specimens. Financial support to RKH by a Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research Visiting Fellowship is acknowledged.

Abstract: Clarias microspilus, a new species of walking catfish is described from the short coastal rivers draining the western face of the Leuser Mountain Range and debouching into the Indian Ocean in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province, northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It can be distinguished from Southeast Asian congeners in having a combination of the following characters: distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray 6.5–9.2 % SL; body depth at anus 14.9–18.9 % SL; head width 18.6–21.7 % SL; head depth 12.9–16.0 % SL; interorbital distance 40.5–44.5 % HL; occipital process width 31.7–40.8% HL; 64–68 dorsal-fin rays; 51–56 anal-fin rays; anterior tip of frontal fontanel reaching line through middle of orbit; anterior margin of pectoral spine with 22–34 serrations and posterodorsal margin smooth.

Keywords: Aceh, Alas River drainage, Ostariophysi, Southeast Asia

Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Clarias microspilus adalah ikan lele jenis baru yang dideskripsi dari beberapa sungai pendek di sebelah barat Gunung Leuser dan mengalir ke Samudra Hindia, di Propinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, Sumatra, Indonesia. Ikan ini bisa dibedakan dari kerabatnya di Asia Tenggara dengan adanya beberapa kombinasi karakter, yaitu jarak antara ujung occipital process dan pangkal sirip punggung 6,5–9,2 % PS; tinggi badan di anus 14,9–18,9 % PS; lebar kepala 18,6–21, 7 % PS; tinggi kepala 12,9–16,0 % PS; jarak antar mata 40,5–44,5 % PK; lebaroccipital process 31,7–40,8 % PK; sirip punggung dengan 64–68 jari-jari; 51–56 jari-jari pada sirip anal; ujung fontanel depan mencapai garis tengan mata; siripdada sebelah depan mempunyai 22–34 gerigi, sedangkan sisi belakangnya halus.

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Introduction

The Old World catfish family Clariidae is a moderately diverse group of catfishes (113 species in 16 genera; Ferraris 2007). The family is diagnosed by the following autapomorphies: presence of well-developed mesial cartilage complex connecting the inner mandibular barbels at midline; pars lateralis lying completely dorsal to the pars ventralis of the protractor hyoideus;dorsolateral portion of cleithrum anterioposteriorly elongate; well-developed posterodorsal projection on the opercle; and a prominent ventrolateral crest on the anterior ceratohyal (Diogo 2007). The genus Clarias Scopoli, 1777 is the most speciosein the family Clariidae, accounting for almost half the diversity of the family (56 species; Ferraris 2007). Clarias is naturally distributed in inland water bodies in both Africa and Asia, with the bulk of the species being found in Africa. However, recent studies (e.g. Lim & Ng 1999; Teugels et al. 2001; Sudarto et al. 2003; Ng 2004) have uncovered a greater diversity of Asian taxa than previously known. The genus has also been shown to be paraphyletic, with the Asian species of Clarias needing to be assigned to a separate genus (Teugels & Adriaens2003; Agnèse & Teugels2005).

During ichthyological surveys of NangroeAceh Darussalam province in northern Sumatra, specimens of a Clarias species superficially resembling C. batrachus were collected. A detailed study of this material revealed them to belong to an undescribed species, which is named herein as Clarias microspilus, a new species.

Material and Methods

Measurements were made point to point with dial calipers and data recorded to tenths of a millimeter. Counts and measurements were made on the left side of specimens whenever possible. Vertebrae and median-fin rays were counted from radiographs, while paired-fin rays were counted under a binocular dissecting microscope. Subunits of the head are presented as proportions of head length (HL). Head length and measurements of body parts are given as proportions of standard length (SL). Measurements follow those of Ng (1999). Asterisks after meristiccounts indicate values for holotype. Institutional acronyms follow Ferraris (2007).

Clarias microspilus sp. nov.

(Image 1)

Type material

Holotype: MZB 8706, 136.1mm SL; Sumatra: NangroeAceh Darussalam Province, Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, Sungai Lembang at Pasilembang(3⁰1’N & 97⁰21’E), coll. S. Wirjoatmodjoet al., 26.ii.1999.

Paratypes: MZB 4768 (3), 118.7–125.5 mm SL; ZRC 46418 (1), 127.4mm SL; Sumatra: Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province. Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, Kandang (3⁰6’N & 97⁰21’E), coll. H.B. Munaf, 15.xi.1982. MZB 8705 (1), 175.7mm SL; Sumatra: Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, Sungai Lembangat Pucuk Lembang (3⁰6’N & 97⁰28’E), coll. R.K. Hadiaty & A. Mun’im, 02.ix.1997. MZB 8713 (1), 233.2mm SL; Sumatra: NangroeAceh Darussalam Province, Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, swamp at Suaq Belimbing (3⁰4’N & 97⁰26’E), coll. S. Wirjoatmodjo, 21.ii.1999. ZRC 51917 (4), 127.6–141.6 mm SL; Sumatra: Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Province, KabupatenAceh Selatan, Desa Ujung Padang, blackwaterswamp along Tapaktuan–Subulussalamroad (3⁰1’55.2”N & 97⁰20’17.6”E), coll. T. Sim et al., 18.iv.2009.

Diagnosis

Clarias microspilus can be distinguished from all Southeast Asian congeners, except for C. intermedius, C. insolitus, C. meladerma, C. olivaceus and C. planiceps, in having a serrated (vs. smooth or rugose, with irregular bumps) anterior margin of the pectoral spine. It differs from C.intermedius and C.meladerma by a longer distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 2.8–5.6), from C.insolitus, C.olivaceus and C.planiceps by a deeper body (14.9–18.9 % SL vs. 9.7–15.2) and wider head (18.6–21.7 % SL vs. 14.0–18.7). Clarias microspilus further differs from C. intermedius in having fewer rays in the median fins (64–68 vs. 70–72 dorsal-fin rays and 51–56 vs. 61–62 anal-fin rays), from C.insolitus in having a shorter distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 10.3–12.4), and from C.meladerma in having more serrations (22–34 vs. 14–22) on the anterior edge of the pectoral spine. It is further distinguished from C. olivaceus in having a more posteriorlysituated frontal fontanel (the anterior tip of the frontal fontanel reaching to a line through the middle of the orbit vs. to anterior orbital margin), a smooth (vs. weakly serrated) posterodorsal margin of the pectoral spine, a shorter distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 9.3–11.1) and a wider occipital process (31.7–40.8 %HL vs. 25.5–31.5), and from C.planiceps in having a deeper head (12.9–16.0 % SL vs. 9.5–11.5) and smaller interorbital distance (40.5–44.5 % HL vs. 46.4–49.9).

Description

Biometric data in Table 1. Head depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex and ventral profile almost straight. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones not readily visible, but sutures sometimes evident. Anterior pair of nostrils tubular and medial to maxillary barbelbase. Posterior pair of nostrils bordered by nasal barbels anteriorly and fleshy membrane posteriorly; posteromedialto maxillary barbel base. Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorsolaterally on head. Anterior fontanel short and squat (“shoe-shaped” of Teugels, 1986); anterior tip reaching to line through middle of orbits. Occipital process rounded. Gill openings narrow, extending from dorsal-most point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. Gill membranes free from isthmus but united to each other with 8 (n=5) branchiostegalrays. First branchial arch with 5+13 (n=2) or 5+14* (n=3) gill rakers.

Mouth subterminal, with fleshy, plicate lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxillarytooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. Vomerinetooth band unpaired, continuous across midline, crescenticand smoothly arched along anterior and posterior margins. Premaxillary and dentary teeth viliform;vomerine teeth subgranular. Barbels in four pairs; long and slender with thick fleshy bases. Maxillary barbel extending to base of fifth or sixth dorsal-fin ray. Nasal barbel, extending nearly to level of base of last pectoral-fin ray. Inner mandibular-barbelorigin close to midline; barbel thicker and longer than nasal barbel and extending beyond base of last pectoral-fin ray. Outer mandibular barbeloriginating posterolateral to inner mandibular barbel, extending nearly to base of first pelvic-fin ray.

Body cylindrical, becoming compressed towards caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile rising very gently from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex to middle of head and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral in position. Vertebrae 20+40=60* (n=1), 19+42=61 (n=3), or 20+42=62 (n=1).

Dorsal fin with long base, spanning posterior three-quarters of body;with 64* (n=1), 66 (n=3), or 68 (n=1) rays covered by thick layer of skin and without spine. Dorsal-finmargin straight, parallel to dorsal edge of body. Pectoral fin with small spine, sharply pointed at tip, and 8,i (n=5) rays. Almost entire length of anterior spine margin with 22–34 prominent serrations; posterior spine margin smooth or with uneven asperities (Image 2). Pectoral-fin margin straight anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Pelvic-fin origin at anterior third of body, with i,5 (n=5) rays and convex margin; tip of adpressedfin reaching base of first two or three anal-fin rays. Anus and urogenitalopenings located at vertical through middle of adpressedpelvic fin. Anal fin with long base and 51* (n=1), 54 (n=2), or 56 (n=2) rays covered by thick layer of skin; margin straight and parallel to ventral edge of body. Caudal peduncle very short. Caudal fin rounded, with i,7,7,i (n=5) principal rays.

Coloration

In 70% ethanol: Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body violet-gray, fading to pale gray on ventral surfaces. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins violet-gray with very thin hyaline distal margin. Pectoral-fin rays violet-gray, with hyaline interradialmembranes. Pelvic fins hyaline. Barbels and pectoral spines violet-gray dorsally and light grey ventrally.

Distribution

Known from the short coastal rivers that drain the western face of the Leuser Mountain Range (Fig. 1).

Etymology

From the Greek, mikros, meaning small, and, spilos, meaning spot. The name is used in reference to the very small white spots arranged in a longitudinal and several transverse series on the body.

Discussion

Among Southeast Asian Clarias, Clarias microspilus further differs from members of the C. nieuhofii group (C. nieuhofii, C. nigricans and C. pseudonieuhofii) in having a shorter, deeper body (depth at anus 14.9–18.9 % SL vs. 8.7–13.0) with fewer vertebrae (60–62 vs. 74–82), dorsal- (64–68 vs. 82–106) and anal-fin (51–56 vs. 74–87) rays, and the median fins separate from (vs. confluent with) the caudal fin. It is further distinguished from C. anfractus in having a deeper caudal peduncle (7.7–9.4 % SL vs. 6.4–7.3), broader occipital process 31.7–40.8 % HL vs. 22.0–28.2), fewer dorsal- (64–68 vs. 71–77) and anal-fin (51–56 vs. 57–62) rays and the white spots on the body very small and almost invisible (vs. large and prominent), from C. batrachus in having a deeper body (depth at anus 14.9–18.9 % SL vs. 12.5–15.9) and broader occipital process (31.7–40.8% HL vs. 26.1–30.7), from C.batuin having a deeper body (depth at anus 14.9–18.9 % SL vs. 9.0–11.4) with fewer vertebrae (60–62 vs. 67–71), and anal-fin rays (51–56 vs. 61–70), from C.kapuasensis in having a wider head (18.6–21.7 % SL vs. 16.9–18.8), longer occipital process (7.7–14.8 % HL vs. 5.2–6.6) and the white spots on the body very small and almost invisible (vs. large and prominent), and fromC. leiacanthus in having a shorter distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 8.1–11.7). Clarias microspilus further differs from C. macrocephalus in having a longer distance between thetip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 3.7–4.7), from C. microstomus in having a deeper body (depth at anus 14.9–18.9 % SL vs. 13.0–13.5), shorter distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 12.8–13.1), wider head (18.6–21.7 % SL vs. 16.2–17.2), narrower interorbital distance (40.5–44.5 % HL vs. 46.7–50.2), from C.pseudoleiacanthus in having a longer distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 4.5–5.6), and from C.sulcatus in having a deeper head (12.9–16.0 % SL vs. 10.6–12.9), broader occipital process 31.7–40.8 % HL vs. 26.3–27.9), and fewer anal-fin rays (51–56 vs. 56–64).

Besides the species mentioned in the diagnosis, there are four species of Asian Clarias with a serrated anterior edge of the pectoral spine (C.brachysoma, C.dussumieri, C.fuscus, and C.magur). These species are not found in Sundaic Southeast Asia, and brief comparisons are made with the new species below. Clarias microspilus differs from C. brachysoma (from Sri Lanka) and C. dussumieri (from southern India) in having a shorter distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 9.0–11.1). Clarias microspilus is distinguished from C. fuscus (from northeastern Laos, northern Vietnam, China, Taiwan and Japan) in having more anal-fin rays (51–56 vs. 43–52), a longer distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (6.5–9.2 % SL vs. 4.8–6.5) and broader occipital process (31.7–40.8 % HL vs. 26.7–30.0), and from C. magur (from the Indian subcontinent) in having a short and squat (vs. long and thin; “sole-shaped” vs. “knife-shaped”) anterior fontanel.

We have examined material from the Alas River drainage (which drains the eastern face of the Leuser Mountain Range) that is not conspecific with C. microspilus. These specimens differ from the type series of C. microspilus in having a long and thin (“knife-shaped” vs. short and squat, “sole-shaped”) frontal fontanel and the presence of irregular asperities (vs. serrations) on the anterior edge of the pectoral-fin spines. Current evidence indicates the Alas River material is conspecific with material from Java identified as C.batrachus (fide Ng & Kottelat, 2008).

Comparative Material

Clarias anfractus: ZRC 42598 (holotype), 176.4 mm SL; ZRC 43392 (2 paratypes), 140.4–151.9 mm SL; Borneo: Sabah, Danum, foreststream 600m into conservation area, tributary of Sungai Segama. FMNH 68095 (2 paratypes), 166.3–172.1 mm SL; FMNH 68096 (1 paratype), 204.2mm SL; Borneo: Sabah, Tawau district, Kalabakan, Sungai Tibas camp, Sungai Tawan, 4⁰25’N & 117⁰28’E.

C.batrachus: NRM 54718 (neotype), 174.1mm SL; UMMZ 155807 (3), 168.0–215.0 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bandung. UMMZ 70684 (1), 101.2mm SL; Java: Kali Mandiku Jember. UMMZ 155704 (3), 193.1–206.2 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bogor. UMMZ 155708 (3), 136.8–153.0 mm SL; UMMZ 155710 (5), 55.3–139.0 mm SL; UMMZ 155711 (5), 162.0–209.0 mm SL; Java: Ranu Lamongan, lake at Klakah. UMMZ 155709 (1), 172.2mm SL; Java: Ranu Klidungan. UMMZ 155801 (1), 116.6mm SL; Java: Cikedang, tributary to Citanduy, 1.5km N of Ciawi. UMMZ 155802 (2), 128.7–131.9 mm SL; Java: Ciwalen, tributary of Citanduy at Godebak between Panaunbangan and Panjalu. UMMZ 155803 (5), 128.0–152.0 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Singaparna. UMMZ 155805 (3), 81.8–159.7 mm SL; Java: Citi’is (creek), just below road near mouth in Cimanuk, 3km N of Garut. UMMZ 155806 (3), 153.6–183.9 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Jakarta. UMMZ 155809 (1), 187.5mm SL; Java: vicinity of Tasikmalaja. UMMZ 213398 (1), 170.4mm SL; Java: vicinity ofBobotsari (near Gunung Slamet). ZRC 2585 (4), 170.1–244.8 mm SL; Java: Cilebut.

C.batu: ZRC 40087 (holotype), 245.0mm SL; ZRC 40088 (8 paratypes), 101.3–228.0 mm SL; Malaysia: Pulau Tioman, Sungai Baharu, on right side of Tekek-Juara trail. - ZRC 40089 (9 paratypes), 179.0–305.0 mm SL; Malaysia: Pulau Tioman, Sungai Nipah.

C.brachysoma: ZRC 41607 (1), 94.8mm SL; Sri Lanka: Galle District, Kanneliya forest.

C.dussumieri: MNHN B-0687 (syntype), 222mm SL; India: Mahé (photograph examined).

C.fuscus: UMMZ 100586 (1), 188.0mm SL; China: Canton. ZRC 43356 (1), 234.0mm SL; China: Fujian province, Fuzhou. ZRC 51957 (1), 91.2mm SL; China: Hainan Island, stream on road from Shibi to Wanquan. ZRC 51958 (2), 110.8–156.7 mm SL; Vietnam: Da Nang province, Song ThuyLoan drainage, Suoi Lanh, feeder stream to Suoi Mo, Ban Na foothills. ZRC 43333 (3), 155.4–169.4 mm SL; Vietnam: Hung Yen province, market at Hung Yen. Additional data from Arai & Hirano (1974).

C.insolitus: MZB 6112 (holotype), 122.5mm SL; BMNH 2001.1.15.98-103 (7 paratypes), 53.5–139.7 mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Tengah, Barito River drainage; small stream flowing into Sungai Rekut (tributary of Sungai Busang) about 1.5km upstream from the Project Barito Ulu base camp on Sungai Busang.

C.intermedius: ZRC 46110 (1 paratype), 192.5mm SL; ZRC 46111 (1 paratype), 186.4mm SL; ZRC 46112 (1 paratype), 175.4mm SL; ZRC 46113 (1 paratype), 174.0mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Tengah, Kereng Bengkirai.

C. kapuasensis: Data from Sudarto etal. (2003).

C.leiacanthus: AMNH 217796 (1), 168.9mm SL; Malaysia: Selangor, small stream 800 m from road junction to Batu Arang on Rawang–Kuala Selangor road. ZRC 2596 (2), 93.4–109.5 mm SL; Malaysia: Pahang, Kuala Tahan. ZRC 11678–11679 (2), 109.8–202.9 mm SL; Singapore: Nee Soon Swamp Forest. ZRC 25669 (1), 124.8mm SL; Malaysia: Pahang, 69km on Mersing–Kuantan road. ZRC 37758 (10), 49.1–129.5 mm SL; Borneo: Sarawak, Bako National Park, UluAssam, stream I. ZRC 39105 (4), 37.0–150.0 mm SL; Sumatra: Riau, stream near Pangkalankasai, 43km from Rengat on Rengat–Jambi road. ZRC 39961 (2), 56.9–120.7 mm SL; Malaysia: Johor, 3–4 km towards Kukupafter Sri Bunian turnoff. ZRC 39985 (5), 23.8–177.5 mm SL; Malaysia: Johor, Pontian, Kampung Parit Tekong. ZRC 40131 (1), 97.7mm SL; Java: Java Barat, Bogor, tributary of Cipinang Gading. ZRC 40267 (3), 89.7–109.0 mm SL; Borneo: Brunei, Belaitdistrict, Sungai Sepam, draining into Sungai Ingei. ZRC 43244 (2), 111.8–125.9 mm SL; Sumatra: Sumatera Selatan, Sungai Sentang.

C.macrocephalus: ZRC 30465 (1), 223.7mm SL; Malaysia: Pahang, Sungai Jelai. ZRC 43825 (5), 125.9–160.4 mm SL; Thailand: Narathiwat province, market at Sungai Kolok.

C.magur: UMMZ 187861 (3), 210.7–212.7 mm SL; Bangladesh: Comilla, pond at Hajiganj, 29km north of Chandpur. UMMZ 208609 (1), 163.3mm SL; Bangladesh: Kunti Choumaham, PS Kaska, roadside ditch 27km south of Brahmabaria. UMMZ 208766 (1), 147.8mm SL; Bangladesh: Piyain Gang River below Sangram, 3km below bridge at Indian border. UMMZ 244686 (1), 183.1mm SL; India: West Bengal, market at Mathabhanga.

C. meladerma: ZRC 38979 (6), 172.8–185.5 mm SL; Sumatra: Jambi, Pasar, AngsoDuo. ZRC 40798 (2), 85.3–105.9 mm SL; Thailanad: ChantaburiProvince, downstream of Nam Tok Phliu12⁰31’14.0”N & 102⁰10’36.1”E.

C.microstomus: MZB 9336 (holotype), 122.9mm SL; ZRC 45776 (8 paratypes), 96.1–130.0 mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Timur, Kayanriver drainage, Ladang near Sungai Pingai, 2⁰0’9.6”N & 115⁰9’13.8”E.

C.nigricans: MZB 10705 (holotype), 307.5mm SL; ZRC 45590 (2 paratypes), 197.4–315.1 mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Timur, market in Samarinda. ZMA 121.631 (5 paratypes), 232.4–305.0 mm SL; Borneo:Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda.

C. olivaceus: ANSP 27280 (holotype), 241.8mm SL; ANSP 27281 (3 paratypes), 157.5–209.5 mm SL; Sumatra: Padang. CAS 108051 (1), 216.0mm SL; USNM 193033 (9), 113.0–149.8 mm SL; Sumatra: Lake Toba at Prapat. ZRC 41697 (8), 116.2–231.7 mm SL; ZRC 43236 (2), 204.8–222.1 mm SL; Sumatra: Jambi province, Kerinci, Sungai Penuh market.

C.planiceps: FMNH 68103 (22 paratypes), 70.8–210.8 mm SL; Borneo: Sarawak, Third Division, tributary of Baleh River, between Sungai Entunauand Sungai Putai. USNM 323727 (1 paratype), 297.3mm SL; Borneo: Sarawak, Batang Balui, tributary stream, Batang Belahui.

C. pseudoleiacanthus: Data from Sudarto etal. (2003).

C. pseudonieuhofii: Data from Sudarto etal. (2004).

C.sulcatus: ZRC 22665 (holotype), 180.5mm SL; ZRC 22666 (1 paratype), 207.0mm SL; Malaysia: Terengganu, Pulau Redang, stream on east slope of west ridge. ZRC 22717 (1 paratype), 96.5mm SL; Malaysia: Terengganu, Pulau Redang, stream behind Pasir Panjangon east slope of east ridge.

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