Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2026 | 18(6): 29106–29113
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10348.18.6.29106-29113
#10348 | Received 30 December 2025 | Final received 17 April 2026|
Finally accepted 23 May 2026
First record of the genus Berlandina Dalmas, 1922 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from India,
with notes on B. plumalis (O.
Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) and its synonymy
Subhash I. Parmar 1, Dhruv
A. Prajapati 2 & Pranav J. Pandya
3
1 Department of Earth and
Environmental Science, Krantiguru Shyamji
Krishna Verma Kachchh University, Bhuj, Gujarat
370001, India.
1 Department of Environment and
Life Sciences, Krantiguru Shyamji
Krishna Verma Kachchh University, Bhuj, Gujarat
370001, India
1,3 Department of Zoology, R.R. Lalan College, Bhuj, Gujarat 370001, India.
2 Sardar Patel Zoological Park,
Statue of Unity Road, Ektanagar, Gujarat 393151,
India.
1 parmarsubhash329@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 dhruvspidy215@gmail.com, 3 pranavpandya1@yahoo.com,
Editor: John T.D. Caleb, Saveetha
University, Chennai, India. Date of publication: 26 June
2026 (online & print)
Citation:
Parmar, S.I., D.A. Prajapati & P.J. Pandya (2026). First record
of the genus Berlandina Dalmas,
1922 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)
from India, with notes on B. plumalis (O.
Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) and its synonymy. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(6): 29106–29113. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10348.18.6.29106-29113
Copyright: © Parmar et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr. Subhash Parmar is an arachnologist and PhD researcher at Krantiguru Shyamji Verma Kachchh University, Bhuj, India. His research focuses on documenting spider biodiversity, resolving taxonomic issues, and improving knowledge of the distribution and natural history of spiders in western India. Dr. Pranav Pandya is an assistant professor at R.R. Lalan College, Bhuj, Kachchh, India. His research interests include the taxonomy, biodiversity, distribution, and ecology of marine and intertidal fauna. In recent years, he has expanded his research to include the taxonomy, diversity, and ecology of spiders, particularly those inhabiting the arid landscapes of Kachchh.Dr. Dhruv Prajapati is an arachnologist and Zoo biologist at Sardar Patel Zoological Park, Ekta Nagar, India. His research focuses on spider taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity, and conservation. He has over 11 years of experience in arachnological research, has described 20 species of spiders new to science, and serves as a member of the IUCN SSC Spiders and Scorpions Specialist Group.
Author contribution: SIP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing. DAP: Conceptualization, Writing-review and editing, Supervision, Validation, Visualization. PJP: Supervision, Validation, Visualization.
Acknowledgments: Authors are thankful to UGC (University Grants Commission) for providing Junior Research fellowship (Award
no. 231610067756) to SIP for the doctoral research; The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KSKVK University for providing lab facilities under DST–FIST [Pr. No.
SR/FST/ES–I/2018/29(C)]; Mr. Deep Dudiya, Mr. Sebaj Gori and Mr. Ketan Yogi for the support. Also, grateful to Mr. Vivek Chauhan for technical support in image processing.
Abstract: The ground spider genus Berlandina Dalmas, 1922 is
reported for the first time from India with the record of B. plumalis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) in the Kachchh
region of Gujarat. Previously known from western Africa through the
Mediterranean to central Asia, including Iran and Afghanistan, B. plumalis is here recorded for the first time from
India, extending its known distribution eastwards into the Indian subcontinent.
Also, B. afghana Denis, 1958 syn. rest. is
once again proposed as a junior synonym of B. plumalis.
A detailed diagnosis is provided to distinguish B. plumalis
from other congeners, supported by comprehensive illustrations of the male and
female copulatory organs.
Keywords: Arachnida, arid habitat,
biodiversity, distribution, ground spider, Gujarat, Kachchh, morphology, range
extension, taxonomy.
Introduction
The spider family Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892 comprises 2,498 species across 154
genera globally (WSC 2026), with 28 genera and 140 species known from India
(Caleb & Sankaran 2026). Despite extensive taxonomic and distributional
studies on this family, continued research regularly yields new species
descriptions and additional records, contributing to a more comprehensive
understanding of its global and regional diversity (Sankaran & Caleb 2021,
2025; Zakharov & Ovtsharenko
2022; Lin & Li 2023; Wunderlich 2023; Esyunin et
al. 2024; Liu & Zhang 2024; Shodmonov & Fomichev 2025).
The genus Berlandina
Dalmas, 1922, a member of subfamily Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, consists of 43 species distributed
across various biogeographical regions. The genus is widespread across the Palaearctic region and the northern part of Afrotropical
region (Shodmonov & Fomichev
2025; WSC 2026). In this study, we document the first record of the genus Berlandina from India, marked by the occurrence of B.
plumalis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) in
the arid region of Kachchh, Gujarat.
Berlandina afghana Denis, 1958 was originally
described from Afghanistan with two subspecies, B. a. afghana
and B. a. spinitarsis (Denis, 1958). It was
later synonymised with B. plumalis
by Levy (1995) based on variation in epigynal structures, but was subsequently revalidated by Marusik et al. (2014b) based on differences in receptacle
size. Based on observed intraspecific variation in female copulatory
morphology, the present study again treats B. afghana
as a junior synonym of B. plumalis.
Materials
and Methods
The specimens were
hand–collected, preserved in 70% ethanol and studied under a Zeiss SteREO Discovery.V20 stereomicroscope. Microphotographic
images were taken by a Axiocam
208 color digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope and enabled with the
software Zeiss ZEN 3.3. The left male palp was removed, studied and
photographed by placing it in a cavity block filled with 70% ethanol. The epigynes were dissected, cleared of soft tissues using 10%
KOH, and studied and photographed by placing them in a cavity block filled with
70% ethanol. Drawings were hand made by examining the microscopic images. All
measurements are in millimeters (mm). The species was identified based on Levy
(1995), Shodmonov & Fomichev
(2025) and Marusik et al. (2014b), and the
terminology follows the former. The examined specimens have been deposited in
the reference collection of Zoology Research Lab at the Department of Zoology,
R.R. Lalan College, Bhuj, Kachchh.
The following abbreviations are
used: AH—anterior hood | AME—anterior median eye | ALE—anterior lateral eye |
CD—copulatory duct | CO—copulatory opening | E—embolus | F—fovea | MA—median
apophysis | PME—posterior median eye | PLE—posterior lateral eye | PR—primary
receptacle | RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysi | S—septum | SD—sperm duct | SR—secondary
receptacle | ST—subtegulum.
Taxonomy
Family Gnaphosidae
Banks, 1892
Genus Berlandina
Dalmas, 1922
Type species: Gnaphosa
plumalis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872
Diagnosis: For detailed diagnostic
features of the genus see (Koch 1839; Dalmas 1921;
Levy 1995; Marusik et al. 2014a).
Berlandina plumalis
(O.
Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)
(Images 1–25)
Gnaphosa plumalis
O.
Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 225, pl. 15, fig. 3 (male)
Berlandia plumalis
Dalmas, 1921: 268,
figure 45, 52–53 (male, female, S of Callilepis
passerina (Simon, 1884), Gnaphosa
cinereoplumosa (Simon, 1878) and G. rhodopis L. Koch, 1875); Levy, 1995: 940, figure 53–56;
Marusik et al. 2014b: 418, figure 7a–b, 8; Shodmonov & Fomichev 2025:
514, figure 10–23, 43
Berlandina afghana
Denis, 1958:
92, figure 14 (female) syn. rest.
Berlandina afghana
Marusik et al. 2014b: 416, figure 1, 3a–b, 4, 5a–b, 6 (female)
For a complete list of taxonomic
references, see the WSC (2026).
Materials examined
RRLC–ZC/SP–10, 16.vii.2024, 1 female, India,
Gujarat, Kachchh District, Bhuj, from R.R. Lalan
College Campus (23.238° N, 69.658° E), 107 m, leg. S. Parmar; RRLC–ZC/SP–11,
3.ix.2024, 2 female, India, Gujarat, Kachchh District, from Kodki
Village (23.246° N, 69.597° E), 638 m, leg. S. Parmar; RRLC–ZC/SP–12, 2.i.2025,
1 male and 2 female, India, Gujarat, Kachchh District, from Kukma
Village (23.217° N, 69.753° E), 190 m, leg. S. Parmar. From arid habitat with
sparse vegetation.
Diagnosis
The male of B.
plumalis is most similar to that of B. nabozhenkoi Ponomarev & Tsvetkov, 2006 by having a hook–like retrolateral
tibial apophysis (RTA) bent dorsally and a long membranous embolus (E), but can
be easily distinguished by following combination of characters: thinner apical
part of RTA in B. plumalis (vs. thick apical
part of RTA in B. nabozhenkoi; figure 106 in Marusik et al. (2014a)) and straight E in B. plumalis (Image
4, 6–8, 18) (vs. strongly curved in B. nabozhenkoi;
figure 105 & 108 in Marusik et al. (2014a)). The
female of B. plumalis is also very close to
that of B. nabozhenkoi by having a
well–developed elongated septum (S) and large arcuate copulatory ducts (CD),
but can be easily distinguished by following combination of characters: epigynal receptacles, secondary receptacles (SR) placed entally to CD in B. plumalis
(vs. SR placed posteriorly in B. nabozhenkoi;
figure 2 in Ponomarev et al (2018)) and a circular
fovea (F) in B. plumalis (vs. trapezoidal
fovea in B. nabozhenkoi; figure 1 in Ponomarev et al (2018)).
Description
Male (in
alcohol, from Kukma Village) (Image 1–8, 18–19): Body
length 5.98. Carapace length 2.72, width 2.35, abdomen length 3.26, width 2.52.
Eye inter–distances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.11, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.08,
AME–ALE 0.03, ALE‒ALE 0.27, ALE–PME 0.17, PLE–PLE 0.38, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE
0.07, AME–PME 0.15, ALE–PLE 0.14. Measurements of legs: I 7.2 [2, 1.1, 1.7,
1.3, 1.1], II 6.5 [1.9, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1], III 6 [1.7, 0.7, 1, 1.6, 1], IV
missing. Leg formula 1234. Spination (dprv): I [Fe d1–1–0 v0–0–1; Ti
r0–1–1; Mt r2–0–2], II [Fe d1–1–0 v0–0–1; Ti r2–0–2
v0–1–0; Mt r1–1–2 v0–0–1], III [Fe d2–2–2 v0–0–1; Pa d1–0–1 p1 v1; Ti d1–1–1 p1–0–0 v2–2–2; Mt d2–2–2 r2–2–2 v0–0–1]. Carapace
yellowish-brown with slightly darker median groove and dark setae patches on
lateral sides. Labium, endites, and sternum
yellowish-brown. Chelicerae brownish. Legs the same colour
as carapace, without annulations. Abdomen beige, without any clear pattern,
although some brown markings visible. Spinnerets uniformly light brown. Palp
(Image 4–8, 18–19): RTA wide, as long as tibia, broad at the base with
hook–like pointed tip, curved dorsally; cymbium
yellowish-brown, twice as long as tibia, dorsally covered with dense scopula; cymbial furrow
elongated; subtegulum (ST) placed postero-ventrally;
median apophysis (MA) long, bent ventrally, smaller than E and partly hidden by
E; E long, spirally twisted basally, straight apically with arrow–like tip.
Female (Image
9–10, 11–17, 20–21, 23, 23; from Kukma Village): body
length 6.65. Carapace length 3.00, width 2.20, abdomen length 3.61, width 2.30.
Eye sizes and inter–distances: AME 0.12, ALE0.12, PME 0.13, PLE 0.12, AME–AME
0.11, AME–ALE 0.03, ALE‒ALE 0.26, ALE–PME 0.17, PLE–PLE 0.29, PME–PME 0.09,
PME–PLE 0.07, AME–PME 0.15, ALE–PLE 0.16. Measurements of legs. I 6.91 [2.09,
1.17, 1.51, 1.20, 0.92], II 6.0 [1.80, 1.07, 1.10, 1.14, 0.89], III 6.13 [1.7,
0.94, 1.00, 1.49, 1.00], IV 8.87 [2.34, 1.23, 1.62, 2.40, 1.28]. Leg formula
4132. Leg supination (dprv): I [Fe d1–1–0 p0–0–1; Ti v2–1–1; Mt v3–0–2], II [Fe d1–1–0 p1–0–1; Ti p0–0–1 v1–1–2; Mt v2–1–2], III [Fe d1–2–1 p1–1–1 r0–2–1;
Pa p1 r1; Ti d1–0–0 p1–0–1 r0–1–1 v1–2–2; Mt d1–2–0
p1–1–0 r0–1–0 v2–1–0], IV [Fe d1–1–1 p0–0–1 r0–1–0; Pa r1; Ti
d1–0–1 p1–1–1 r0–1–2 v2–2–2; Mt d1–2–0 p1–1–0 r1–0–0 v2–1–2]. Carapace
yellowish-brown, with dark edges and three pairs of dark spots laterally.
Chelicerae brownish. Labium, endites and sternum
light brown. Coxae yellow. Abdomen yellowish-grey with herringbone pattern;
yellow colored ventrally. Spinnerets light brown. Legs yellowish-brown. Epigyne (Image 15–17, 20–21, 23): epigynal
plate wider than long; fovea (F) circular; anterior hood (AH) arcuate with
horizontal “3” shaped marking on margin; copulatory openings (CO) large, placed
laterally; copulatory ducts (CD) large and arcuate; primary receptacles (PR)
and secondary receptacles (SR) oval shaped and subequal in size.
Variations in male palpal morphology
In the
present study the male palp has long spirally twisted E with arrow-like tip
(Image 4, 6, Figure 2) which is similar to those from Uzbekistan (Shodmonov & Fomichev 2025,
figure 13–14,16–18) but minor different from Israel (E situated within a long
sheath; Levy 1995, figure 53–54) and Crete (well sclerotized with a distal
curl; Chatzaki et al. 2002, figure 13–14); tegulum flat (Image 4–5, 18–19), which is similar to those
from Uzbekistan (Shodmonov & Fomichev
2025, figure 13–18) but minor different from Crete (voluminous tegulum, Chatzaki et al. 2002,
figure 13–14); RTA as long as tibia (Image 4–5, 18–19) in present specimen
which is similar to those from Uzbekistan (Shodmonov
& Fomichev 2025, figure 13–18) but differ from
that of Israel (RTA longer than tibia, Levy 1995, figure 53–54).
Variations in female epigynal
morphology
In the
present study we have collected a total of five female specimens, which show
noticeable variation in the size of receptacles. One female (from Kukma Village) has unequal size of receptacles, larger PR
and smaller SR (Image 24), which is similar to those from Uzbekistan (Shodmonov & Fomichev 2025,
figure 21–23) and Israel (SR much smaller than in our specimens) (Marusik et al. 2014b, figure 7–8) and Crete (Chatzaki et al. 2002, figure 15–16), but female from Israel
collected by Levy (1995) had smaller PR and larger SR (see figure 55–56 in
Levy, 1995); three females (from Bhuj, Kodki and Kukma villages) have subequal PR and SR (Image 19), similar
to that of B. afghana from Pakistan (Marusik et al. 2014b, figure 3–6) and the other female
(from Kodki village) has subequal PR and SR but SR
constricted (Image 22). The female from Kukma Village
has arcuate AH (Image 25), which is similar to those of from Uzbekistan (Shodmonov & Fomichev 2025,
figure 21–23), Israel (Marusik et al. 2014b, figure
7–8) and Iran (Zamani et al. 2015, figure 2c); other specimens have AH arcuate
with horizontal “3” shaped marking on margin (Image 15–16, 20), which is
similar to that from Crete (Chatzaki et al. 2002,
figure 15–16).
Justification of synonymy
The male and
female specimens were collected together from the same localities (Kukma Village (1 male, 2 female) and Kodki
village (2 female), Gujarat, India). An examination of these specimens revealed
that the male fully corresponds in palpal morphology
to B. plumalis as described by Levy (1995) and
redescribed by Shodmonov
& Fomichev (2025). However, the associated
females exhibit noticeable variation in epigynal
morphology. Some specimens closely match the epigyne
of B. plumalis (Image 24), whereas others
resemble that described for B. afghana (Image
16–17; 22–23), particularly in the size and shape of the receptacles and the
configuration of the copulatory ducts. The differences in size of epigynal receptacles, can be considered as intraspecific
variation (Image 22–25). Previously, B. afghana
was synonymised with B. plumalis
by Levy (1995) based on variation in external and internal parts of epigynum.
Later, Marusik et al. (2014b) rejected this synonymy
based on the size of primary and secondary receptacles (observed in single
specimen), however, they could not assess variability. Based on these
observations we consider B. afghana as a
junior synonym of B. plumalis and this
synonymy is reinstated in the present study.
Remarks
The species
was collected near the burrows of the Indian spiny–tailed lizard (Saara hardwickii
(Gray, 1827)) (Image 27). Previously, this species had been reported from
rodent burrows (Denis 1958).
Habitat and Vegetation (Image 26–27)
The specimens were collected from
Kachchh District, an arid region in the westernmost part of Gujarat,
characterized by xerophytic vegetation. The habitat consists mainly of thorny
shrubs, grasses, and herbs, including Neltuma
juliflora, Launaea
procumbens, Tridax
procumbens, Xenostegia
tridentata, Evolvulus
alsinoides, Alysicarpus
sp., and Echinochloa colonum.
The species’ presence near the burrows of the Indian spiny–tailed lizard
indicates an ecological association with arid environments. Previously, it was
observed that the species is more abundant in the semi–arid and arid habitats
(Levy 1995; Marusik et al. 2014b; Shodmonov
& Fomichev 2025).
Distribution: West Africa, Mediterranean to
Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan (WSC 2026) and India (new record,
Figure 1).
Distribution in India: Gujarat (new record, Figure 1).
Discussion
The present record of B. plumalis from Gujarat represents a significant eastward
extension of the genus into the Indian subcontinent. Comparative analysis with
previously published accounts from the Palaearctic
and adjacent regions reveals considerable variation in copulatory structures.
In females, variation is evident in the relative size and shape of primary and
secondary receptacles, as well as in the morphology of the epigynal
hood. Minor variability is also observed in male palpal
morphology, particularly in the length of the retrolateral
tibial apophysis, the degree of embolar curvature and
sclerotization. Although these differences are notable, no consistent, discrete
characters were identified that would allow separation of the Indian material
from B. plumalis as currently understood. The
general morphology of genital structures in both sexes agrees well with
published diagnoses of the species. The observed variation is therefore
interpreted as intraspecific, possibly reflecting geographic differentiation
across its wide distribution, as well as inconsistencies in earlier
illustrations and descriptions. The extent of morphological variability
documented across populations from different regions raises the possibility
that B. plumalis represents a species complex.
In this context, the species described from Afghanistan may prove to be
conspecific.
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