Photographic records of the Asiatic Wildcat from two states of India
Anant Pande 1, Anirudh Vasava 2, Ridhima Solanki 3, C.M. Bipin 4 & Y.V. Jhala5
1,2,3,4,5 Department of Animal Ecology and
Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun 248001, India
2 Present Address: Vidyanagar Nature Club, Vidyanagar,
Gujarat 388120, India
1 anant@wii.gov.in (corresponding author), 2 aniruddh.vasava@gmail.com, 3ridhima@wii.gov.in, 4 bipin@wii.gov.in, 5 jhalay@wii.gov.in
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3351.5283-7 | ZooBank:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6D148CE2-3B9F-40B7-A754-28BC26E59D85
Editor: ShomitaMukherjee, SACON, Coimbatore, India. Date of publication:26 December 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3351 | Received 19 September 2012 | Final received 21 November 2013 | Finally
accepted 29 November 2013
Citation: Anant Pande, Anirudh Vasava, Ridhima Solanki, C.M. Bipin& Y.V. Jhala (2013).Photographic
records of the Asiatic Wildcat from two states of India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 5(17): 5283–5287; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3351.5283-7
Copyright: © Pande et al. 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: This observations came as
byproduct of the research project “
Reintroduction of Cheetah In India” funded by Ministry of Environment and
Forest (MoEF)
Competing Interest: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank Director and Dean, WII
and Dr. M.K. Ranjitsinh,
WTI for their support during the study. We are also grateful to Border Security
Force for a great stay at Shahgarh and Mr. J. Devaprasad, DFO, Nauradehi WS for his hospitality. Sincere thanks to expertsDr. C.A. Driscoll, Dr. S. Kolipaka and Dr. S. Mukherjee who
helped identify the photographs. We would also like to thank the anonymous
reviewers for their valuable comments.
For figures, images -- click here
The Asiatic Wildcat Felis silvestris ornata Gray, 1830 also known as the Indian Desert Cat is one of
the five subspecies of the globally widespread Wildcat Felis silvestris Schreber,
1777 (Driscoll et al. 2007). It is
legally protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) of
India and also included in CITES Appendix II, but appears as Least Concern in
the IUCN Red List database (Driscoll & Nowell2010).
The Asiatic Wildcat inhabits dry steppes, savannahs, bush and
semi-deserts kind of habitats across southwesternAsia (Nowell & Jackson 1996). Fairly distributed in western India (Menon 2003; Prater 2005), it has
been reported from western and central Rajasthan (Sharma et al. 2003; Chhangani & Mohnot 2008)
including the Thar Desert (Dookia2007), Jaipur (Sharma 1998), Saurashtra (Singh 1998)
and northern Gujarat (Gajera & Dharaiya 2011). Kankane (2000) reported the presence of the
Asiatic Wildcat east of the Aravalli Hills near Jhalawar, Rajasthan. In Maharashtra, it is reported from drier areas such as Shirur, Baramati and Indapur talukas (Gogate 1997) and near Pune (Lamba1967).
Apart from these sightings, the Asiatic Wildcat’s presence has also been
recorded from some protected areas in the past. Recently Gupta et al. (2009) reported
the presence of the Asiatic Wildcat in Sariska Tiger
Reserve, Rajasthan. Earlier it was reported from PenchTiger Reserve (Gogate 1997; Mukherjee 1998) and Tadoba Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra (Gogate1997). A road kill of the species
was also found near Semadoh, MelghatTiger Reserve, Maharashtra (Gogate1997). Pardeshiet al. (2010) confirmed the presence of the species in the Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary located in the westernmost part of the Kachchh Desert, Gujarat. In Madhya Pradesh, Yoganand(1999) recorded this species from Panna National
Park, while the eastern-most sighting has been reported from Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary (Shekhar Kolipaka 2011 pers. comm.). A dead specimen (Image 1b) was also
confiscated from a group of Kal Baheliahunters on the Nauradehi-Jabalpur Road, Madhya
Pradesh (Shekhar Kolipaka2011 pers. comm.). However, it is
worth mentioning that only two of above sightings were photographic records and
thus, the ones without photographs remain unauthenticated. Kankane (2000)
photographed a young individual of the Asiatic Wildcat from Rajasthan while
Gupta et al. (2009) reported a camera trap picture of the species from Sariska Tiger Reserve.
We report here the sight records with photographs of the Asiatic Wildcat
from two different bio-geographic zones of India (Fig. 2a). The sightings were made during our field work for the “Re-introduction of Cheetah in India”
project at Shahgarh landscape, Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya
Pradesh.
Shahgarh Landscape, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan: We sighted an individual nearMurar (26037’6.46”N
& 70001’7.5”E) on 08 August 2011 at 19.36hr (Fig. 2b). It appeared unperturbed by our presence
giving us enough time to photograph it (Image 1a). The body was heavily spotted, dusky
brown in color; the lower portion of the tail had dark black rings and was
black-tipped. The ears were pointed
and had pinkish insides. Two
distinct black horizontal stripes on the inside of the forelimbs were also
clearly visible. The terrain was
slightly undulating with a number of shrubs of Calligonum polygonoides and a sparse distribution of Capparis decidua. Three more individuals were seen after the first sighting; one on
the road from Murar to Dhanana(26042’20.4”N & 70011’50.8”E)
on 15 August 2011, another between Dhanana and Lunar
(26022’23.81”N & 70024’9.86”E) on 22 August 2011 and
the last between Asutar (27012’58.43”N
& 70007’48.2”E) and Mirtala (27003’20.63”N
& 70010’40.4”E) on 25 August 2011. All the sightings happened in broad
daylight between 08.00–16.00 hr. However, on all occasions the individuals ran away quickly from the
observers giving no chance to take a photograph.
The ShahgarhGrasslands (27018’–26047’N & 69037’–69029’E)
are located in Jaisalmer District of western
Rajasthan covering an area of over 4000km2 (Ranjitsinh& Jhala 2010). These grasslands fall in the sand dune
covered Desert-Thar (zone 3A) bio-geographic zone of
India (Rodgers et al. 2002) and the vegetation of the area is
classified as northern tropical thorn forest (6b) - subdivision desert thorn
forest-type C1 (Champion & Seth 1968). The major vegetation of the area includes trees of Capparisdecidua, Prosopis cinereriaand Salvadora persica;
shrubs like Calligonum polygonoides,Leptadenia pyrotechnicaand grasses like Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus catharticus etc. The habitat also has a good number of prey species of the Asiatic
Wildcat like the desert monitor, hare, doves, gerbils, geckos, scorpions and
snakes (Anant Pande 2011
pers. obs.).
The area is located along the
international border of India and Pakistan and much of the area is under the
control of the Border Security Force (BSF) and the Indian army. Due to the harsh climatic conditions and
restrictions imposed by the government, the area is sparsely
populated by people. Oil and
natural gas exploration activities are being carried out at a few locations
here paving the way for infrastructurel development
in this fragile ecosystem. Recently, huge reserves of gas were discovered at one of the sites which have accelerated the exploratory and other
auxiliary activities in the region (Bhatia 2012, 2013). The Indira Gandhi canal flows along the
eastern edge of the landscape and the ecology of the surrounding areas is
transforming rapidly due to the invasion of mesicspecies (Prakash 2001; Idriset al. 2009).
Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya
Pradesh: An
individual was seen crossing the road at 14.36hr on 19 December 2011 near Jhamara Village (at 23017’0.2”N
& 79012’51.1”E) in Nauradehi range of
the sanctuary (Fig. 2c). It
crouched first and then started running when we approached it on foot. The body was greyish-brown in color and
spotted. We were able to take a
picture of only the back portion of the cat before it ran inside the bushes,
mostly Lantana camara, thereby blocking a
clear view. However, the photograph
shows reddish underparts as well as black rings on
the terminal portion of the tail based on which it was confirmed as the Asiatic
Wildcat. The vegetation of the area
was dominated by Chloroxylon sweitenia mixed with Terminalia tometosa and shrubs of Helecteres isora.
The NauradehiWS (23005’–23043’N & 79005’–79025’E)
covers an area of 1197.04km2 across three districts of Sagar, Damoh and Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh (Ranjitsinh& Jhala 2010). It lies in the Deccan peninsula (zone
6A) biogeographic zone (Rodgers et al. 2002). The sanctuary continues as a thin strip
of forest towards the west into Bareli Tehsil in RaisenDistrict and towards the east it is intermittently connected to the Rani Durgavathi Wildlife Sanctuary in DamohDistrict and extending up to the Bandhavgarh Tiger
Reserve. The extent of this
forested landscape is about 5500km2 (Shukla2007). The vegetation of the area
is classified as southern tropical dry deciduous forest-type 5A (Champion &
Seth 1968) represented by dominant tree species of Tectona grandis, T. tomentosa,
Lagerstroemia parviflora, Madhuca indica and Chloroxylon sweitenia. Shrubs of Zizyphus mauritiana, Helicteres isora, Holorhina antidysentrica and grasses like Themeda quadrivalvis and Heteropogon contortus are abundant.
There are 74 villages inside
the Nauradehi WS of which seven are forest villages
and the rest are revenue villages. Livestock grazing, forest fire and illegal timber extraction are of
serious concern to park management. Three important roads National Highway 12, Tendukheda-Deoriand Sagar-Jabalpur via Mohlibisect the park. Road widening
activities are being carried out/planned in some parts of the park to divert
more vehicular traffic on these roads causing further disturbance.
Threats and conservation: In common with the other sub-species of wildcat, the Asiatic
Wildcat faces considerable threats from habitat loss and poaching (Nowell & Jackson 1996; Driscoll & Nowell 2010) although there is a need for dedicated studies
to ascertain the extent of these threats to Asiatic Wildcat populations in
India. Reclaiming wastelands in the
name of planned development has resulted in the destruction of the Asiatic
Wildcat habitat and breeding areas in India (Sharma 1998). Although, presently little international
trade persists in Asiatic Wildcats, they have been killed in large numbers for
their fur in the past (Nowell & Jackson
1996). In 1979, traders in India
declared stocks of 41,845 pelts for an export amnesty (Panwar& Gopal 1984). Asiatic Wildcat pelts formed a major
portion of the small cats’ skin seizures by Wildlife Preservation Society of
India from Delhi, Srinagar and Puri (1982–1998)
(Sanyal 1998). About 97 skins of the species were also recovered from a poacher in Barmer District, Rajasthan (Sharma 1998). Since the wildcat is the progenitor of
the domesticated cat F. s. catus, there is a
high probability of its cross-breeding with the abundant population of feral
domestic cats in the vicinity of human settlements, the extent of which remains
unclear, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
All the sightings described
in the present communication happened during the daytime (except the first)
supporting some earlier reports of the species being diurnal (Mukherjee
1998). Although these records may not
represent a significant increase of the known geographical range of the Asiatic
Wildcat in India, it contributes towards the understanding of its habitat and
distribution. No detailed
ecological studies exist on Asiatic Wildcats in India and the available
information on their distribution and ecology seems to be based exclusively on
available opportunistic and often unauthenticated observations. Because of the lack of surveys
concentrating on the Asiatic Wildcat, especially in areas beyond their recorded
geographical range in India, it is possible that their true occurrence and
distribution has gone unnoticed. Their solitary nature and elusive behaviourhas largely contributed to such paucity of information on them. Most of the sightings of the species being
reported from cultivated landscapes highlight the immediate need of a proper
study outside protected areas. Extensive surveys might throw up more light on their distribution,
current population status, ecological requirements and the imminent threats
they face.
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