Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2026 | 18(2): 28387–28398
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10130.18.2.28387-28398
#10130 | Received 03 September 2025 | Final received 25 October 2025 |
Finally accepted 15 November 2025
Assessing avian diversity and
conservation status in Dhamapur Lake World Heritage Irrigation Structure,
Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, India
Yogesh Koli 1 , Pravin Sawant 2 & Mayuri Chavan 3
1,2,3 Sant Rawool Maharaj
Mahavidyalaya, Kudal, Maharashtra 416520, India.
1 dryjkoli@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 pravinsawant2615@gmail.com, 3 chavanmayuri0320@gmail.com
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 February 2026 (online & print)
Citation: Koli,
Y., P. Sawant & M. Chavan (2026). Assessing avian diversity and
conservation status in Dhamapur Lake World Heritage Irrigation Structure,
Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 18(2):
28387–28398. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10130.18.2.28387-28398
Copyright: © Koli et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr. Yogesh Koli (YK)—assistant professor,
Department of Zoology, Sant Rawool Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Kudal. He is a
president of My Way Journey Organization, and has carried out his research in
the field of entomology and published his work in national and
international peer reviewed journals. He is currently working on biodiversity
studies and conservation issues in Sindhudurg District. He has published one
book entitled ‘Birdlife of Sindhudurg’ in 2018. Pravin Sawant (PS)—research scholar at Sant
Rawool Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Kudal. He is a founder member of My Way Journey
Organization, exclusively working in the field of biodiversity studies for the
last six years. He is documenting bird diversity of
the Sindhdurg region with Dr. Yogesh Koli. Mayuri Chavan (MC)—is a post graduate student,
working as a researcher with a keen interest in observing insects and birds.
She is highly motivated in conserving and protecting the wetlands.
Author contributions: YK & MC wrote the manuscript
and collected data in the field by surveying birds at different locations. PS
photographed all birds species. PS helped YK in collecting the data during
field work.
Acknowledgements: We thank the principal, Sant
Rawool Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Kudal for providing
necessary facilities for this research work; Mr. Tejas Sawant, Mr. Faiyz
Talikot & Mr. Gurunath Kadam for their kind help during field work.
Abstract: We present a preliminary
checklist of bird species in the wetland of Dhamapur Lake, a World Heritage
irrigation structure in Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, derived from studies
between July 2019 and November 2024. A total of 153 species belonging to 56
families, along with their IUCN Red List status, are documented. Family-wise
analysis revealed that the Ardeidae (8 species) dominated, followed by the
Accipitridae and Muscicapidae. We documented 102 residents, 21 migratory, and
30 local migratory species in the study area. Categorized according to the IUCN
Red List, we documented six ‘Near Threatened’ species, Coracias
benghalensis, Ciconia episcopus, Anhinga rufa, Anthracoceros
cornutus, Melanogaster fuscus, and Esacus recurvirostris, and
four ‘Vulnerable’ species, Ocyceros griseus, Buceros bicornis, Pluvialis
squatarola, and Sterna aurantia, highlighting the urgent need to
conserve this site.
Keywords: Checklist, ecosystem, indicator,
migratory, ornithology, residential, sustainable, threatened, vulnerable,
wetland.
INTRODUCTION
Wetlands serve as a connecting link
between land and water ecosystems (Havril et al. 2018), typically having a
water table near the ground surface or submerged vegetation under shallow water
(Mitsch & Gosselink, 2015). Often referred to as ‘nature’s kidney’ and
‘supermarket’ as they manage the regulation of water supply, support a wide
range of biodiversity, and filter polluted water (Mitsch & Gosselink 2015),
protecting shorelines, and making them crucial habitats (Byju et al. 2025a).
The high-yield ecosystems, covering 6% of land surface (Mitsch & Gosselink
2007) are crucial for many bird species, providing essential habitats for
feeding, breeding, & resting and serve as stopover and wintering areas for
migratory birds (Piersma & Lindström 2004; Grimmett et al. 2011; Byju et
al. 2025b). Waterbirds are essential to the nutrient cycling of wetlands,
occupying different trophic levels, and serve as important bioindicators of an
ecosystem’s ecological health (Byju et al. 2025c).
Dhamapur Lake is associated with
ecologically rich wetlands having considerable biodiversity. It was the first
wetland from Maharashtra to receive a World Heritage Irrigation Structure
(WHIS) award (https://icid-ciid.org/award).
Prior ornithological studies in
Sindhudurg District include a preliminary survey conducted in 2018, which
recorded 247 bird species (Koli et al. 2018). A year later, this number
increased to 307 species covering coastal and forest bird diversity (Rao et al.
2019). Along with this, one of the popular hotspots of biodiversity in
Sindhudurg District, Amboli, was found to host 208 bird species (Satose et al.
2018). Altogether, these studies emphasize the avifaunal richness of Sindhudurg
District, but the available literature is restricted to broad landscapes such
as the coastal region, forest, and hill ecosystems. Though 57 wetlands had been
officially recognized in the Sindhudurg District, one of the most productive
ecosystems remains significantly understudied, except for a single study from
Pat wetland, in which 39 bird species were recorded (Patil et al. 2015), and no
detailed or updated assessment has been made for other wetlands. Therefore, the
present study highlights the baseline data of the avian fauna of the Dhamapur wetland, and addresses potential environmental issues.
Researchers and stakeholders can use these findings for management purposes and
to develop sustainable growth strategies while protecting Dhamapur wetland.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Dhamapur Lake (16.033o
N 73.594 o E), is located in the Sahyadri Hlls of the Western Ghats
at the southern tip of Maharashtra (Image 1). It supplies the largest wetland
in Sindhudurg District, extending over 32 ha, with 21% is covered by forest,
72% by agriculture, and 5% by grassland and scrubland (ICID-CIID 2022). The
lake was established almost 500 years ago with the construction of a dam using
rice straw as fiber, mud as binding material, and tree trunks as pipes and
conduits. This is testament to ancient methods of using knowledge of local
geography to harvest water and ensure a year-round supply. The periphery of the
wetland is covered by a reserve deciduous forest separating the Dhamapur and
Kasle forests. Dhamapur Village has diverse habitats that include
semi-evergreen forest, low-elevation terraced plateaus and grasslands. Sixty-one
minor streams, along with water emerging from two major streams, the Kovadewadi
Dam and the Guramwadi Dam, fill the wetland with water, supporting the needs of
humans and wildlife. The old stream, which has provided water to the wetland
for centuries, starts from the Kalse mountains. Major sites of the present
study covered backwater areas of the wetlands of Pendur Bhatwadi, Mograne
Kalse, and Dhamapur. The study area of the Dhampur wetland is shown in Image 1.
The study was conducted for five
years, from July 2019–December 2024. Field surveys were carried out in winter
(November–February), summer (March–June), and monsoon (July–October) seasons,
seven days a month, 0600–1100 h and 1500–1700 h. Direct observations were done
with binoculars (Olympus 80X) and photographs of birds taken by Canon 200D and
Canon R10, lens Tamron 150–600 mm and 55–250 mm. All identification was done
with the help of a standard field guide, Grimmett et al. (2011). The
residential status of birds was classified as Migratory (M), Resident (R), and
Local migratory (LM).
RESULTS
The 153 species belonging to 56
families that were recorded along with their IUCN Red List status, are listed
in Table 1 and few rarely sighted Images present image 2 & 3. Family-wise,
we recorded eight Ardeidae species, seven each for Accipitridae and
Muscicapidae, and singles for, Aegithinidae, Anhingidae, Apodidae, Artamidae,
Burhinidae, Coraciidae, Dicaeidae, Hirundinidae, Laridae, Passeridae,
Pellorneidae, Pittidae, Ploceidae, Podargidae, Podicipedidae, Rostratulidae,
Trogonidae, Turdidae, Tytonidae, and Zosteropidae consist of single
species. An analysis of documented
species indicates 102 resident species, 21 migrants and 30 local migrants
(Figure 2). According to the IUCN (2025), six species, Coracias benghalensis,
Ciconia episcopus, Anhinga rufa, Anthracoceros cornutus, Melanogaster
fuscus, and Esacus recurvirostris are ‘Near Threatened’, and four
species Ocyceros griseus, Buceros bicornis, Pluvialis
squatarola, and Sterna aurantia are categorized as ‘Vulnerable’
globally (Figure 1). The remaining 144 species fall under the ‘Least Concern’
category. During the observation period, the Dhamapur wetland exhibited a rich
assemblage of avifauna, highlighting its ecological significance as a key
habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial birds. Among the waterbirds, five
species were particularly dominant in terms of abundance and frequency of
occurrence. These included the Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica
(n = 534) and the Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger (n = 360). The
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (n = 266) were commonly seen foraging
in the shallow margins and vegetated zones of the wetland. The Asian Openbill Anastomus
oscitans and Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala (n = 252
each) were other prominent species, often found in shallow margins, moving in
small flocks across open water.
In addition to these aquatic
species, the surrounding terrestrial habitats supported a variety of landbirds,
four of which were notably abundant. The Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus
indicus (n = 217) was regularly recorded along the exposed part of the
grassland. The White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (n = 175)
was frequently observed perched near the waterbody’s edge, preying on small
fish and amphibians. The Asian Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis (n =
142) actively foraged in open areas around the wetland, while the Red-whiskered
Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus (n = 134) was also a regular inhabitant, often
observed scavenging near human settlements adjacent to the wetland.
DISCUSSION
The present study is a baseline
study of avian diversity of the Dhamapur wetland of Sindhudurg. Among the
recorded bird families in the study area, the Ardeidae family is found to be
dominant. Furthermore, all species within this family are typically resident,
except for Nycticorax nycticorax, which migrates locally, suggesting
that Dhamapur wetland serves as a suitable and stable resource throughout the
year.
After assessment of recorded bird
species, it indicates a strong presence of residential bird species, i.e., 102,
indicating that Dhamapur wetland and its surrounding areas offer consistent and
reliable resources. This underscores that the wetland serves as a permanent
area for breeding, nesting, and foraging (Byju et al. 2023). Furthermore, the
presence of 21 migratory birds highlights the importance of Dhamapur wetland as
a wintering ground and stopover location (Anand et al. 2023). Also, with the
presence of 30 local migratory species shows the seasonal movement within the
Konkan region, implying an additional habitat in conjunction with nearby
wetlands like rivers and coastal areas (Rao et al. 2019). The existence of six
‘Near Threatened’ and four ‘Vulnerable’ bird species showcases the ecological
significance of Dhamapur wetland and indicates its role as a critical habitat
for species of global concern.
Human activities such as land
reclamation, pollution, and excessive withdrawal of water resources have
negatively impacted Indian wetlands (Gopi et al. 2014; Byju et al. 2024), which
shows the significant risks for birds. Such concerns are also rising in our
study area. The increase in tourism around Dhamapur has led to heightened
physical disruptions, such as trampling along the banks and increased noise
levels, as well as more on-water activities, like boating. These changes due to
anthropogenic activities can drive birds away from their feeding and resting
spots, disturb sediments in the water, diminish water clarity, and ultimately
impact the quality of their habitats which leads to reduced species
richness, loss of habitat specialists with a rise in generalists, disrupted
migration and greater migratory mortality, reduced fitness, limited food &
foraging efficiency, heightened competition, and decreased nest success (Patil
et al. 2015).
In 2021, the water quality of
Dhamapur wetland showed deviations in key physicochemical parameters (Yogesh
Koli pers. obs. 2021). The slightly
acidic pH (6.38) and elevated COD (78 mg/L), and BOD (24 mg/L) (Table 2) values
indicate high organic pollution and oxygen depletion. These changes are mainly
attributed to anthropogenic inputs, particularly idol immersion activities
involving plaster of paris and chemical paints. Due to these changes and a
sudden increase in water temperature in 2022, dead fish were sighted in
Dhamapur wetland (Joshi 2022).
It not only threatens the quality
of the habitat and food sources within the wetland but also endangers the
diversity of bird species that rely on these ecosystems. Additionally, there
has been a growing number of houses being built around the lake, the
reclamation of wetland areas, and the annual practice of immersing Ganesh
idols, which adds considerable amounts of Shadu soil into the water. During the
Sustainable Ganesh Idol Immersion Campaign in 2023, run by a few NGOs and
college students, around four tons of accumulated shadu soil from the immersion
‘kund’ were collected and measured. This data highlights a huge amount of shadu
soil accumulated in the wetland over the past decades. This accumulation of
clay from shadu soil binds with sand particles at the bottom of the wetland and
alters the water filtration process. This clay contains metals like silica,
magnesium, and iron, which eventually enter aquatic pathways and contribute to
ecological changes (Federal 2021). In 2018, the Sindhudurg Wetland Brief
Documentation Committee had reported 12 Violations at Dhamapur Lake in its
report (Joshi 2022). Out of these 12 violations, only one violation, which was
constructed by the government itself, was demolished after the intervention of
the National Green Tribunal (NGT 2018).
As a result of these pressures,
the Dhamapur wetland was assigned a C+ rating in the 2019 National Wetland
Health Report Card, which was compiled using data from the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). The report indicated that
this poor rating can be largely attributed to the government’s insufficient
conservation efforts.
This study serves as essential
and valuable baseline data on avian species in the need to conserve and manage
this region.
Table 1. Checklist of avian fauna
of Dhamapur wetlands.
|
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Local name |
Status |
IUCN Red List status |
|
1 |
Accipitridae |
Black-winged Kite |
Elanus caeruleus |
कापशी घार |
Residential |
LC |
|
2 |
Brahminy Kite |
Haliastur indus |
समुद्री घार |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
3 |
White-bellied Sea Eagle |
Icthyophaga leucogaster |
समुद्री गरुड |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
4 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans |
घार |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
5 |
Oriental Honey-buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
मधुबाज |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
6 |
Crested Serpent Eagle |
Spilornis cheela |
तुरेवाला सर्पगरुड |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
7 |
Shikra |
Tachyspiza badia |
शिक्रा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
8 |
Aegithinidae |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia |
सुभग |
Residential |
LC |
|
9 |
Alcedinidae |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis |
सामान्य धीवर |
Residential |
LC |
|
10 |
Blue-eared Kingfisher |
Alcedo meninting |
निळया कानाचा धीवर |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
11 |
Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher |
Ceyx erithaca |
तीबोटी धीवर |
Migratory |
NT |
|
|
12 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
कवड्या धीवर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
13 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
पांढऱ्या छातीचा धीवर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
14 |
Stork-billed Kingfisher |
Pelargopsis capensis |
बलाकचोच धीवर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
15 |
Anatidae |
Common Teal |
Anas crecca |
चक्राग |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
16 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha |
हळदीकुंकू बदक |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
17 |
Lesser Whistling-duck |
Dendrocygna javanica |
अडई |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
18 |
Knob-billed Duck |
Sarkidiornis melanotos |
नंदीमुखी |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
19 |
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata |
थापट्या बदक |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
20 |
Ruddy Shelduck |
Tadorna ferruginea |
चक्रवाक |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
21 |
Anhingidae |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
तिरंदाज |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
22 |
Apodidae |
Little Swift |
Apus affinis |
पॅसीफिक पाकोळी |
Residential |
LC |
|
23 |
Ardeidae |
Great Egret |
Ardea alba |
मोठा बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
24 |
Grey Heron |
Ardea cinerea |
राखी बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
25 |
Western Cattle Egret |
Ardea ibis |
गाय बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
26 |
Medium Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
मध्यम बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
27 |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea |
जांभळा बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
28 |
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
ढोकरी |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
29 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
छोटा बगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
30 |
Black-crowned Night Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
रात ढोकरी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
31 |
Artamidae |
Ashy Woodswallow |
Artamus fuscus |
राखी रानपाकोळी |
Migratory |
LC |
|
32 |
Bucerotidae |
Malabar Pied Hornbill |
Anthracoceros coronatus |
मलबारी कवड्या धनेश |
Residential |
VU |
|
33 |
Great Hornbill |
Buceros bicornis |
महाधनेश |
Residential |
VU |
|
|
34 |
Malabar Grey Hornbill |
Ocyceros griseus |
मलबारी राखी धनेश |
Residential |
NT |
|
|
35 |
Burhinidae |
Great Thick-knee |
Esacus recurvirostris |
मोठा करवानक |
Local Migratory |
NT |
|
36 |
Campephagidae |
Small Minivet |
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus |
छोटा गोमेट |
Residential |
LC |
|
37 |
Orange Minivet |
Pericrocotus flammeus |
नारिंगी गोमेट |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
38 |
Caprimulgidae |
Indian Nightjar |
Caprimulgus asiaticus |
रानरातवा |
Residential |
LC |
|
39 |
Jerdon's Nightjar |
Caprimulgus atripennis |
जेर्डनचा रातवा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
40 |
Charadriidae |
Kentish Plover |
Anarhynchus alexandrinus |
केंटीश चिखल्या |
Migratory |
LC |
|
41 |
Pacific Golden Plover |
Pluvialis fulva |
सोन चिखल्या |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
42 |
Grey Plover |
Pluvialis squatarola |
राखी चिखल्या |
Local Migratory |
VU |
|
|
43 |
Little Ringed Plover |
Thinornis dubius |
छोटा कंठेरी चिखल्या |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
44 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
टिटवी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
45 |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus malabaricus |
माळटिटवी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
46 |
Ciconiidae |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans |
उघड्या चोचीचा करकोचा |
Residential |
LC |
|
47 |
Woolly-necked Stork |
Ciconia episcopus |
पांढऱ्या मानेचा करकोचा |
Local Migratory |
NT |
|
|
48 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala |
रंगीत करकोचा |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
49 |
Cisticolidae |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
शिंपी |
Residential |
LC |
|
50 |
Gray-breasted Prinia |
Prinia hodgsonii |
राखी छातीचा वटवट्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
51 |
Ashy Prinia |
Prinia socialis |
राखी वटवट्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
52 |
Jungle Prinia |
Prinia sylvatica |
रान वटवट्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
53 |
Columbidae |
Emerald Dove |
Chalcophaps indica |
पाचू होला |
Residential |
LC |
|
54 |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia |
पारवा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
55 |
Spotted Dove |
Spilopelia chinensis |
ठिपकेवला होला |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
56 |
Grey-fronted Green Pigeon |
Treron affinis |
राखी कपाळाची हरोळी |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
57 |
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon |
Treron phoenicopterus |
पिवळ्या पायाची हरोळी |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
58 |
Coraciidae |
Indian Roller |
Coracias benghalensis |
भारतीय नीलपंख |
Residential |
NT |
|
59 |
Corvidae |
Indian Jungle Crow |
Corvus macrorhynchos |
डोमकावळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
60 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens |
कावळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
61 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
टकाचोर |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
62 |
Cuculidae |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
भारद्वाज |
Residential |
LC |
|
63 |
Pied Cuckoo |
Clamator jacobinus |
चातक |
LM |
LC |
|
|
64 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
कोकीळ |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
65 |
Common Hawk Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius |
पावश्या |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
66 |
Dicaeidae |
Thick-billed Flowerpecker |
Pachyglossa agilis |
जाड चोचीचा फुलटोचा |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
67 |
Dicruridae |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus |
राखी कोतवाल |
Residential |
LC |
|
68 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
कोतवाल |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
69 |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus |
भृंगराज कोतवाल |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
70 |
Estrildidae |
Red Avadavat |
Amandava amandava |
- |
Residential |
LC |
|
71 |
Black-throated Munia |
Lonchura kelaarti |
काळ्या गळ्याची मनोली |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
72 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata |
ठिपकेवली मनोली |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
73 |
White-rumped Munia |
Lonchura striata |
पांढऱ्या पुठठ्याची मनोली |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
74 |
Hirundinidae |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii |
तारवाली भिंगरी |
Residential |
LC |
|
75 |
Jacanidae |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus |
लांब शेपटीचा कमळपक्षी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
76 |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus |
कांस्यपंखी कमळपक्षी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
77 |
Laniidae |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus |
तपकिरी खाटिक |
Residential |
LC |
|
78 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
लांब शेपटीचा खाटिक |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
79 |
Bay-backed Shrike |
Lanius vittatus |
उदिपाठीचा खाटिक |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
80 |
Laridae |
River Tern |
Sterna aurantia |
नदी सुरय |
Local Migratory |
VU |
|
81 |
Leiothrichidae |
Common Babbler |
Argya caudata |
सामान्य सातभाई |
Residential |
LC |
|
82 |
Large Grey Babbler |
Argya malcolmi |
राखी सातभाई |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
83 |
Jungle Babbler |
Argya striata |
जंगली सातभाई |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
84 |
Megalaimidae |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
तांबट |
Residential |
LC |
|
85 |
White-cheeked Barbet |
Psilopogon viridis |
पांढऱ्या गालाचा कुटूरगा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
86 |
Brown-headed Barbet |
Psilopogon zeylanicus |
तपकिरी डोक्याचा कुटूरगा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
87 |
Meropidae |
Blue-bearded Bee-eater |
Nyctyornis athertoni |
दाढीवाला राघू |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
88 |
Asian Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
वेडाराघू |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
89 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus |
निळ्या शेपटीचा राघू |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
90 |
Monarchidae |
Black-naped Monarch |
Hypothymis azurea |
काळ्या मानेची आकाशी माशीमार |
Residential |
LC |
|
91 |
Asian Paradise Flycatcher |
Terpsiphone paradisi |
स्वर्गीय नर्तक |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
92 |
Motacillidae |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
धान तीरचिमणी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
93 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
पांढरा धोबी |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
94 |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola |
पिवळ्या डोक्याचा धोबी |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
95 |
Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava |
पिवळा धोबी |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
96 |
Muscicapidae |
Indian Robin |
Copsychus fulicatus |
चीरक |
Residential |
LC |
|
97 |
White-rumped Shama |
Copsychus malabaricus |
शामा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
98 |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
दयाळ |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
99 |
Tickell's Blue Flycatcher |
Cyornis tickelliae |
टिकेलची निळी माशीमार |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
100 |
Bluethroat |
Luscinia svecica |
शंकर |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
101 |
Malabar Whistling Thrush |
Myophonus horsfieldii |
मलबार शीळ कस्तूर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
102 |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus |
सामान्य गप्पीदास |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
103 |
Nectariniidae |
Vigors's Sunbird |
Aethopyga vigorsii |
विगोरचा शिंजीर |
Residential |
LC |
|
104 |
Little Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera longirostra |
छोटा कोळीखाऊ |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
105 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
जांभळा शिंजीर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
106 |
Crimson-backed Sunbird |
Leptocoma minima |
छोटा शिंजीर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
107 |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
Leptocoma zeylonica |
जांभळ्या पुठठ्याचा शिंजीर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
108 |
Oriolidae |
Indian Golden Oriole |
Oriolus kundoo |
हळद्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
109 |
Black-hooded Oriole |
Oriolus xanthornus |
बुरख्याधारी हळद्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
110 |
Passeridae |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
चिमणी |
Residential |
LC |
|
111 |
Pellorneidae |
Puff-throated Babbler |
Pellorneum ruficeps |
ठिपकेवाला सातभाई |
Residential |
LC |
|
112 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
छोटा पाणकावळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
113 |
Indian Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis |
भारतीय पाणकावळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
114 |
Phasianidae |
Grey Junglefowl |
Gallus sonneratii |
राखी रानकोंबडी |
Residential |
LC |
|
115 |
Red Spurfowl |
Galloperdix spadicea |
लाल चकोत्री |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
116 |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavo cristatus |
मोर |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
117 |
Jungle Bush Quail |
Perdicula asiatica |
जंगली लावा |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
118 |
Picidae |
Lesser Goldenback |
Dinopium benghalense |
छोटा सोनपाठी सुतार |
Residential |
LC |
|
119 |
Yellow-crowned Woodpecker |
Leiopicus mahrattensis |
पिवळ्या मुकुटाचा सुतार |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
120 |
Rufous Woodpecker |
Micropternus brachyurus |
तांबूस सुतार |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
121 |
Pittidae |
Indian Pitta |
Pitta brachyura |
नवरंग |
Migratory |
LC |
|
122 |
Ploceidae |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus |
सुगरण |
Residential |
LC |
|
123 |
Podargidae |
Sri Lanka Frogmouth |
Batrachostomus moniliger |
बेडूकतोंड्या |
Residential |
LC |
|
124 |
Podicipedidae |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis |
टिबुकली |
Residential |
LC |
|
125 |
Psittaculidae |
Vernal Hanging Parrot |
Loriculus vernalis |
पिचू पोपट |
Residential |
LC |
|
126 |
Plum-headed Parakeet |
Psittacula cyanocephala |
टोई पोपट |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
127 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
पोपट |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
128 |
Pycnonotidae |
Yellow-browed Bulbul |
Acritillas indica |
पिवळ्या भुवईचा बुलबुल |
Residential |
LC |
|
129 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
लालबुड्या बुलबुल |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
130 |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jocosus |
शिपाई बुलबुल |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
131 |
Rallidae |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
पांढऱ्या छातीची पाणकोंबडी |
Residential |
LC |
|
132 |
Eurasian Coot |
Fulica atra |
वारकरी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
133 |
Grey-headed Swamphen |
Porphyrio poliocephalus |
जांभळी पाणकोंबडी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
134 |
Slaty-legged Crake |
Rallina eurizonoides |
मातकट पायाची फटाकडी |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
135 |
Rostratulidae |
Great Painted-snipe |
Rostratula benghalensis |
भेंडलावा |
Migratory |
LC |
|
136 |
Scolopacidae |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
सामान्य तुतारी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
137 |
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago |
पानलावा |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
138 |
Strigidae |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
ठिपकेवला पिंगळा |
Residential |
LC |
|
139 |
Brown Fish Owl |
Ketupa zeylonensis |
मासेमार घुबड |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
140 |
Brown Wood Owl |
Strix leptogrammica |
तपकिरी वनघुबड |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
141 |
Sturnidae |
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus |
जंगली मैना |
Residential |
LC |
|
142 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
साळुंकी |
Residential |
LC |
|
|
143 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica |
करड्या डोक्याची मैना |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
144 |
Threskiornithidae |
Eurasian Spoonbill |
Platalea leucorodia |
चमच्या |
Migratory |
LC |
|
145 |
Glossy Ibis |
Plegadis falcinellus |
मोर शराटी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
146 |
Red-naped Ibis |
Pseudibis papillosa |
काळा शराटी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
147 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
काळ्या डोक्याचा शराटी |
Local Migratory |
LC |
|
|
148 |
Trogonidae |
Malabar Trogon |
Harpactes fasciatus |
मलबारी कर्णा |
Migratory |
LC |
|
149 |
Turdidae |
Orange-headed Thrush |
Geokichla citrina |
नारिंगी डोक्याचा कस्तूर |
Residential |
LC |
|
150 |
Tytonidae |
Barn Owl |
Tyto alba |
गव्हाणी घुबड |
Residential |
LC |
|
151 |
Vangidae |
Bar-winged Flycatcher Shrike |
Hemipus picatus |
कवड्या माशीमार-खाटिक |
Migratory |
LC |
|
152 |
Common Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus |
रानखाटिक |
Migratory |
LC |
|
|
153 |
Zosteropidae |
Indian White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus |
चष्मेवाला |
Residential |
LC |
Table 2. Physicochemical
parameters of Dhamapur Wetland.
|
Parameter |
Observed value |
Normal range (Freshwater
standard) |
Remarks |
|
pH |
6.38 |
6.5–8.5 |
Slightly acidic, near lower
limit |
|
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) |
78 mg/L |
< 20 mg/L |
Significantly higher, indicates
organic pollution |
|
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
24 mg/L |
< 3 mg/L |
Very high, suggests heavy
organic load |
|
Sulphate (SO₄²⁻) |
1.75 mg/L |
< 200 mg/L |
Well within safe limit |
|
Iron (Fe) |
< 0.687 mg/L |
< 0.3 mg/L |
Within permissible limit |
|
Lead (Pb) |
< 0.035 mg/L |
< 0.05 mg/L |
Within permissible limit but
close to upper range |
|
Nickel (Ni) |
< 0.075 mg/L |
< 0.1 mg/L |
Within acceptable range |
|
Zinc (Zn) |
< 0.0096 mg/L |
< 5 mg/L |
Well below permissible limit |
|
Copper (Cu) |
0.054 mg/L |
< 1.5 mg/L |
Within safe limit |
|
Chromium (Cr) |
< 0.035 mg/L |
< 0.05 mg/L |
Within acceptable range |
*Normal ranges are based on BIS
(IS:10500–2012) and WHO standards for freshwater and drinking water quality.
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