Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2026 | 18(2): 28263–28274
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10030.18.2.28263-28274
#10030 | Received 01 July 2025 | Final received 12 December 2025 |
Finally accepted 28 January 2026
Floristic composition and
conservation significance of vascular plants in Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife
Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India
Sumit 1 ,
Gulshan Kumar 2 , Sumit Singh 3 ,
Kanwaljeet Singh 4 , Taslima Sheikh 5
,
P. Vishal Ahuja 6 & Arvind Kumar 7
1 Department of Botany, Govt.
College Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 176314, India.
2 Department of Botany, Career
Point University, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India.
3 CSIR–Northeast Institute of
Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India.
4 Department of Education in
Science and Mathematics, Regional Institute of Education, NCERT, Mysuru,
Karnataka 570006, India.
5 Citizen Science Expert, Inspire
Foundation Trust, Baraura Hussain, Bari Balaganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
226003, India.
6 Zoo Outreach Organisation, 3A2
Varadarajulu Nagar, FCI Road, Ganapathy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641006, India.
7 Department of Botany, G.G.M
Science College, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
1 suminirankari@gmail.com, 2 sharmagulshan1980@gmail.com,
3 ssumitthakur14@gmail.com (corresponding author), 4 botanistkanwal64@gmail.com,
5 sheikhtass@gmail.com (corresponding author), 6 vishal@zooreach.org,
7 arvindkumarbotany@gmail.com
Editor: Afroz Alam, Banasthali
Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Date of publication: 26 February 2026 (online & print)
Citation: Sumit,
G. Kumar, S. Singh, K. Singh, T. Sheikh, P.V. Ahuja & A. Kumar (2026). Floristic
composition and conservation significance of vascular plants in
Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(2): 28263–28274. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10030.18.2.28263-28274
Copyright: © Sumit et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Ms. Sumit serves as an assistant professor
of botany at Government College Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. She holds an M.Phil.
and a master’s degree in Botany and brings over 26
years of rich teaching experience at the undergraduate level. A committed
educator and emerging researcher, she is currently pursuing her PhD in Botany,
with a research focus on floristic diversity and ethnobotany, particularly
within the Himalayan region. She has actively contributed
to the academic community through participation in numerous national and
international conferences. Dr. Gulshan Kumar is an accomplished academician
associate professor of botany at Career Point University, distinguished for his expertise in ethnobotany, agro-biodiversity, and
climate-resilient agriculture. Born on 23 October 1980, he has extensive
academic, research, and extension experience, advancing sustainable
agro-technologies and indigenous knowledge systems for Himalayan ecosystems and rural development initiatives across regions
today. Dr. Sumit Singh is a renowned plant taxonomist
currently working as scientist C at CSIR-NEIST, Assam. He has done his PhD from
CSIR-IIIM, Jammu in the Year 2022 with expertise in alpine
Himalayan flora. During his research tenure, Dr. Singh has published more than
20 research articles in different international Journals. Dr. Singh is also the
Fellow of renowned scientific societies like Linnean Society of London, Royal
Asiatic Society, Royal Geographic Society, etc. Dr. Taslima Sheikh is a biodiversity researcher
specializing in species diversity and field based ecological documentation. Her
work focuses on systematic assessments, distribution patterns, and
conservation-oriented studies across India. During her research
tenure, she has published more than 15 research articles and served as reviewer
for various peer reviewed Journals. Dr. Kanwaljeet Singh is currently working as assistant
professor (botany) in the department of Education in
Science and Mathematics, Regional Institute of Education Mysuru (NCERT). He
holds the PhD degree in the field of plant taxonomy and ethnobotany. Dr Singh
has published more than 20 research articles in renowned international
journals. Mr. P. Vishal Ahuja is a dedicated conservation biologist and academic researcher from
Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, India. He holds a master’s degree in botany
reflecting both his scientific expertise and commitment to environmental
awareness and education. Since joining the Zoo Outreach Organisation
in 2012, he has been actively engaged in biodiversity conservation and
ecological restoration initiatives. He currently serves as the principal
investigator of a Native Forest Restoration Project in Chamba District, spearheaded by the Zoo Outreach Organisation. Mr. Arvind Kumar is a renowned botanist currently
serving as assistant professor (botany) in department of higher education,
Jammu and Kashmir. Mr. Kumar is an accomplished teacher and author with
teaching experience of more than 10 years. He has published
various research articles in the field of plant diversity and ethnobotany.
Author contributions: Sumit Singh conceptualized and designed the study. Sumit and P. Vishal
Ahuja conducted the field study, collected the
specimens and wrote the manuscript. Sumit Singh and Taslima Sheikh were
involved in supervision, data analysis, and critical review. Gulshan Kumar
provided supervision, materials and assisted in data collection. Kanwaljeet
Singh contributed to data interpretation. All authors reviewed
and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors express their sincere gratitude to the head, Department of
Botany, Career Point University, and the vice chancellor for providing the
necessary facilities. We are also thankful to the forest
officials of Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary for their support and
cooperation during the fieldwork.
Abstract: Kalatop–Khajjiar Wildlife
Sanctuary represents one of the ecologically significant forested landscapes of
the northwestern Himalaya; however, updated and systematic documentation of its
vascular flora has remained limited. In view of increasing anthropogenic
pressures and climate variability, a comprehensive floristic survey was
undertaken during 2023–2025 to assess the plant diversity and conservation
status of the sanctuary. A total of 141 plant species representing 112 genera
and 53 families were recorded. Out of these, 136 species belonged to
angiosperms and five species to gymnosperms. Among dicotyledons, Asteraceae was
the most dominant family, with 24 species. Among the monocotyledons,
Orchidaceae was the most dominant family, with five species. The study area is
dominated by native species, and only 9.93% of species were alien. The
sanctuary hosts ten endangered plant species, including Taxus contorta
and Lilium polyphyllum. The findings highlight the sanctuary as a
reservoir of native and threatened plant diversity in the western Himalaya. The
recorded baseline data serve as critical resources for biodiversity assessment,
habitat management, and conservation strategy development. It is imperative to
reinforce protective measures and support long-term ecological monitoring to
safeguard this fragile ecosystem against emerging environmental challenges.
Keywords: Altitude gradient, angiosperms,
conservation, endangered, endemism, flora, Himalayan plants, native, protected
areas, threatened.
INTRODUCTION
A thorough
knowledge of the floristic composition of a plant community is essential for
understanding the overall structure and function of an ecosystem (Gairola et
al. 2010). Even in the present day, floristic research holds significant value,
especially in geographic regions with limited knowledge of their flora, within
protected areas, and in biodiversity hotspots (Wagensommer 2023). Such studies
also help us in understanding the changes that take place in forest plant
communities (Lalithalakshmi et al. 2024). Moreover, such data are essential for
formulating effective conservation strategies (Wani et al. 2023; Sherafu et al.
2024).
The Indian
Himalayan Region (IHR) is one of the most ecologically significant and
biologically rich areas in the world. It is globally recognized as a major
biodiversity hotspot due to its extraordinary range of climatic conditions and
diverse altitude gradients that span from subtropical foothills to alpine and
glacial zones (Palni & Rawal 2010; Haq et al. 2023). Covering roughly 18%
of India, the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) stretches over 2,800 km and varies
in width from 220–300 km, with its altitudes ranging 200–8,000 m, harbours
nearly 8,000 species of flowering plants, about 40% of which are endemic
(Samant 2021).
Himachal
Pradesh holds a prominent position among the Indian states comprising the IHR,
due to its expansive forest cover, rich flora, and diverse habitats. Notably,
the Chamba District, which lies in the northwestern part of Himachal Pradesh,
is characterized by its rugged terrain, high mountains, and deep valleys. The
Chamba District is home to five designated Wildlife Sanctuaries: Gamgul
Siyabehi, Kalatop-Khajjiar, Kugti, Sech Tuan Nala, and Tundah (Kumar et al.
2018). Despite their ecological significance, these protected areas remain
largely underexplored or, in some cases, completely unexplored in terms of
their biodiversity and ecological potential. The Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife
Sanctuary (KKWS) is the smallest sanctuary in the district and is an
ecologically sensitive zone known for its scenic beauty and rich plant
biodiversity. Khajjiar, ‘Mini Switzerland’ is a popular tourist destination
that welcomes thousands of tourists annually (Verma & Kapoor 2011). This
influx of vehicles on a daily basis leads to environmental pollution, posing a
growing threat to the sanctuary’s diverse flora due to both ecological and
human-induced factors. Besides, a variety of abiotic and biotic factors,
including pollution, deforestation, over-exploitation of forest resources,
habitat destruction or fragmentation, and invasive species, significantly
influence the ongoing transformation of ecosystems (Haq et al. 2023).
Consequently, it is essential to periodically update the floristic inventory to
achieve a thorough understanding of species interactions within their
environment and among themselves. Furthermore, these serve as important
indicators of shifts in floristic composition, recent invasions, and the
current status of endemic and threatened taxa in a given phytogeographical area
(Ravi et al. 2016). Keeping this in view, the current study was conducted to
investigate the floral diversity of KKWS. Information pertaining to the
floristic diversity of KKWS is scanty. Verma & Kapoor (2011) studied the
floristic composition of the Sanctuary. In continuation, the present
communication describes and analyses the floristic composition and life forms
of KKWS.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Study area
The KKWS
was founded in 1958. It currently spreads over an area of 17.17 km2 (Kumar
et al. 2014). The altitude ranges 1,850–2,750 m (Kumar et al. 2018). The
sanctuary is divided into two blocks – Khajjiar and Lakkarmandi, and six beats
– Khajjiar, Khajroth, Talai, Lakkarmandi, Kalatop, and Dainkund (Kumar 2020).
The area can be categorized into three ecosystems: dense forests of mixed fir,
spruce and deodar with oak and rhododendron, a lake meadow- Khajjiar,
surrounded on all sides by deodar trees, and a small portion of alpine pasture
at the Dainkund area. Precipitation is in the form of rain and snow. The
temperature ranges from sub-zero in winters to 32 oC in summers. The
sanctuary represents the flora of sub temperate to alpine climate (Verma &
Kapoor 2011).
Data
collection
Extensive
field surveys were conducted from 2023–2025 across various growing seasons to
collect plant samples and to record data from various geographic locations of
the study area. For each species, GPS coordinates (latitude, longitude, and
altitude), as well as field data on plant habit, floral morphology, and
phenology, along with other data such as date, location, voucher number,
information about the flower colour and other features that are lost during
pressing, were recorded in the field book. Plants that are uncommon or
threatened were thoroughly examined, and data were documented. Digital photos
of the collected vouchers were taken to record the presence of specific species
in the specified regions. Voucher specimens were processed according to the
methodologies outlined by Jain & Rao (1977) in their Herbarium Techniques,
which involve pressing, drying, applying 1% mercuric chloride solution for
preservation, mounting on standard-sized herbarium sheets of 28 x 42 cm, and
subsequently stitching and labelling them. The identification of plant species
was carried out using local and regional floras, including authoritative
references such as Collett (1902); Chowdhery & Wadhwa (1984); Polunin &
Stainton (1984); Stainton (1988); Aswal & Mehrotra (1994); Dhaliwal &
Sharma (1999); Singh & Sharma (2006), scientific articles and herbarium of
Career Point University Hamirpur. The collected plant specimens were deposited
at the Herbarium of Career Point University, Hamirpur. Voucher specimens marked
with an asterisk (*) were previously collected and deposited as a part of an
earlier ethnomedicinal study in the same area (Sumit et al. 2025). These
voucher specimens were included in the current research, and additional
information for these species was collected during this investigation. Plant
species identified for the first time in the present study were collected,
processed, authenticated and assigned new accession numbers.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
In the
present study, a total of 141 plant species representing 112 genera and 53
families were documented (Table 1 & 3). This constitutes approximately
14.02% of the total flora of the Chamba District and about 4.33% of the overall
flora of Himachal Pradesh. Native species dominated (90.07%); only 9.93% of
species were found to be alien. Out of these, 136 species were angiosperms (115
species of dicotyledons and 21 species of monocotyledons), and five species
were gymnosperms. Among the dicotyledons, Asteraceae was the most dominant
family (24 species) followed by Lamiaceae (9 species), Rosaceae (8 species),
Caryophyllaceae (6 species), Fabaceae (5 species), Polygonaceae (5 species),
Apiaceae (4 species), Balsaminaceae (4 species), Berberidaceae (3 species),
Primulaceae (3 species), Onagraceae (3 species), Acanthaceae (3 species).
Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Crassulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Geraniaceae, Hydrangiaceae, Mazaceae, Urticaceae and Adoxaceae were represented
by two species each. Rest of the dicot families, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae,
Campanulaceae, Cornaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Haloragaceae,
Moraceae, Orobanchaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Saxifragaceae, Ulmaceae, and Vitaceae were represented
by one species each. Among the monocotyledons, Orchidaceae was the most
dominant family (5 species), followed by Zingiberaceae (3 species), Poaceae (2
species), Juncaceae (2 species), Asparagaceae (2 species), and Smilacaceae (2
species). Families Acoraceae, Araceae, Commelinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Liliaceae,
were represented by one species only. Pinaceae was found to be the most
represented family with four species and Taxaceae was represented by one
species only.
The overall
diversity includes 101 herbs, 17 shrubs, two climbing shrubs, 12 trees, four
climbers, and five orchids (Figure 2). Chaerophyllum reflexum, Selinum
vaginatum, Polygonatum verticillatum (Image 2I), Artemisia
absinthium, Berberis lycium (Image 2J), Podophyllum hexandrum (Image
1D), Valeriana jatamansi, Dioscorea deltoidea (Image 1C),
Rhododendron arboreum, Malaxis muscifera (Image 1A), Pyrus pashia,
Rosa macrophylla (Image 2H), Ulmus wallichiana, Urtica dioica,
Cautleya spicata (Image 2K), Hedychium spicatum (Image 2L), Roscoea
alpina (Image 1G), Cedrus deodara and Taxus contorta (Image 1 F).
Some exotic medicinal plants include Acorus calamus, Vincetoxicum
hirundinaria and Digitalis purpurea (Image 1B). Some species were
edible: leaves of Stellaria media, Rumex nepalensis, Nasturtium
officinale, Pilea scripta, and Urtica dioica are cooked as
vegetables, flowers of Rhododendron arboretum and Berberis
napaulensis (Image 2M) are used to make chutney, Ripe fruits of Berberis
lycium, Berberis napaulensis, Pyrus pashia, and Rubus
macilentus are edible. Leaves of Quercus leucotrichophora, Ficus
hederacea, Polygonum plebeium, Rumex nepalensis, and Cornus
macrophylla are used as fodder.
CONSERVATION
STATUS
One-hundred-and-three
of 114 species recorded from the study area are not assessed and 31 species as
‘Least Concern’ (LC) according to the IUCN Red List. Ten species from the study
area were found to be threatened based on different assessment authorities. At
the global level, as per IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Podophyllum
hexandrum and Taxus contorta are categorized as ‘Endangered’ (EN),
while Malaxis muscifera and Ulmus wallichiana are listed as
‘Vulnerable’ (VU). Lilium polyphyllum is categorized as ‘Critically
Endangered’ (CR) under the IUCN Red List.
At the
national and regional level, assessments by the Conservation Assessment and
Management Plan, 2010 for Himachal Pradesh categorize Dioscorea deltoidea
and Polygonatum verticillatum as Endangered (EN) within the state (CAMP
2010). Additionally, Selinum vaginatum and Roscoea alpina are
listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Himachal Pradesh under CAMP assessments.
Regarding
legal protection and trade regulation, Dioscorea deltoidea is included
in Appendix II of CITES (2025) (Appendices 2025), indicating that although it
is not necessarily threatened with extinction globally, its trade must be
regulated to avoid utilization incompatible with its survival. Furthermore, Valeriana
jatamansi has been categorized as Critically Endangered (CR) by FRLHT (Foundation
for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions) under national medicinal plant
conservation assessments (ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants 2024).
CONCLUSION
The present
study offers valuable insights into the floristic diversity and conservation
status of the flora of KKWS, contributing to our understanding of its rich
botanical heritage. The sanctuary, distinguished by its diverse ecosystems,
serves as a vital habitat for a range of rare and threatened plant species.
Despite its protected status, the sanctuary is not immune to anthropogenic
disturbances, including tourism pressure, habitat fragmentation, resource
extraction, and the growing impacts of climate variability. The outcomes of
this investigation establish a significant baseline database that can support
efforts in biodiversity management, restoration planning, and policy creation.
Continuous floristic assessments, paired with habitat protection strategies and
community-based conservation initiatives, are necessary to maintain the Sanctuary’s
ecological integrity. Strengthening awareness, regulating tourism, and
implementing science-based management strategies will be crucial for the
sustainable conservation of this ecologically sensitive and biologically rich
Himalayan region.
Table 1. Number of families,
genera, and species reported from the study area.
|
Groups |
Families total (% of the total) |
Genera total (% of the total) |
Species total (% of the total) |
|
Angiosperms (i) Dicotyledons |
40 (75.47) |
89 (79.46) |
115 (81.56) |
|
(ii) Monocotyledons |
11 (20.76) |
18 (16.07) |
21 (14.89) |
|
Gymnosperms |
02 (3.77) |
05 (4.47) |
05 (3.55) |
|
Total |
53 (100) |
112 (100) |
141 (100) |
Table 2. List of vascular flora
of Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India.
|
Family |
Taxa |
Voucher no. |
Life form |
Habitat |
Flowering/fruiting |
Altitude (m) |
Latitude N |
Longitude E |
IUCN Red List status |
Nativity |
|
Acoraceae |
Acorus calamus L. |
CPUH14232* |
Herb |
Marshy area |
June–September |
1961 |
32.546° |
76.058° |
– |
Alien |
|
Acanthaceae |
Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees |
CPUH14215 |
Herb |
Road side |
November–June |
1993 |
32.549° |
76.059° |
LC |
Native |
|
Strobilanthes attenuata (Wall. ex Nees)
Jacq. ex Nees |
CPUH14135 |
Shrub |
Forest margin, Road side |
June–October |
2374 |
32.549° |
76.018° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Strobilanthes penstemonoides (Nees)
T.Anderson |
CPUH14171 |
Shrub |
Forest trail |
July–October |
2029 |
32.539° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Adoxaceae |
Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. |
CPUH14045 |
Shrub |
Road side |
March–June |
2442 |
32.529° |
76.033° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don |
CPUH14100 |
Shrub |
Forest area |
May–October |
2283 |
32.534° |
76.044° |
LC |
Native |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Cyathula capitata Moq. |
CPUH14133 |
Herb |
Forest trail |
July–October |
2425 |
32.547° |
76.019° |
NA |
Native |
|
Cyathula tomentosa (Schult.) Moq. |
CPUH14177* |
Herb |
Forest margin |
August–October |
2198 |
32.535° |
76.048° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Apiaceae |
Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. |
CPUH14137 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
June–September |
2690 |
32.525° |
76.026° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl. |
CPUH14097* |
Herb |
Forest margin |
May–September |
2104 |
32.534° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don |
CPUH14075 |
Herb |
Forest trail |
June–October |
2023 |
32.539° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) C.B.Clarke |
CPUH14200 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
July–October |
2662 |
32.525° |
76.025° |
VU (CAMP 2010) |
Native |
|
|
Apocynaceae |
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. |
CPUH14118* |
Herb |
Open meadow |
April–August |
2452 |
32.534° |
76.044° |
– |
Alien |
|
Aquifoliaceae |
Ilex dipyrena Wall. |
CPUH14223 |
Tree |
Forest area |
April–September |
2080 |
32.534° |
76.051° |
LC |
Native |
|
Araceae |
Arisaema propinquum Schott |
CPUH14068 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
June–September |
2372 |
32.529° |
76.042° |
NA |
Native |
|
Asparagaceae |
Polygonatum govanianum Royle |
CPUH14040 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–August |
2057 |
32.538° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. |
CPUH14041* |
Herb |
Forest margin |
May–August |
2029 |
32.539° |
76.053° |
EN (CAMP 2010) |
Native |
|
Asteraceae |
Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C.B.Clarke |
CPUH14178* |
Herb |
Forest margin |
July–October |
2365 |
32.529° |
76.033° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.)
DC. |
CPUH14207 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
August–October |
2730 |
32.522° |
76.030° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.-Mazz. |
CPUH14210 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
July–September |
2690 |
32.524° |
76.027° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Artemisia absinthium L. |
CPUH14099* |
Herb |
Road side |
July–September |
2265 |
32.534° |
76.046° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Bidens pilosa L. |
CPUH14191* |
Herb |
Road side |
July–October |
1950 |
32.538° |
76.052° |
– |
Alien |
|
|
Bidens tripartita L. |
CPUH14198 |
Herb |
Marshy area |
August–October |
1935 |
32.545° |
76.059° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Carpesium abrotanoides L. |
CPUH14091 |
Herb |
Road side |
August–October |
2034 |
32.534° |
76.051° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Carpesium cernuum L. |
CPUH14078 |
Herb |
Road side |
August–October |
2053 |
32.534° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Carpesium trachelifolium Less. |
CPUH14230 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
August–October |
2707 |
32.524° |
76.028° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Cordiofontis flexuosa (Royle ex Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom |
CPUH14197 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
July–September |
2690 |
32.524° |
76.027° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Erigeron acris var. multicaulis (Wall.
ex DC.) C.B.Clarke |
CPUH14067 |
Herb |
Forest trail |
May–October |
2323 |
32.531° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Erigeron canadensis L. |
CPUH14186 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–October |
2370 |
32.530° |
76.039° |
NA |
Alien |
|
|
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.)
Cabrera |
CPUH14047 |
Herb |
Road side |
March–October |
1979 |
32.539° |
76.065° |
NA |
Alien |
|
|
Hypochaeris radicata L. |
CPUH14055 |
Herb |
Open grassland |
July–October |
2206 |
32.536° |
76.046° |
NA |
Alien |
|
|
Jacobaea analoga (DC.) Veldkamp |
CPUH14132 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
July–October |
2285 |
32.532° |
76.035° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. |
CPUH14049 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
April–October |
1993 |
32.538° |
76.065° |
– |
Alien |
|
|
Melanoseris brunoniana (Wall. ex
DC.) N.Kilian & Ze H.Wang |
CPUH14173 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
July–October |
2167 |
32.533° |
76.048° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Myriactis wallichii Less. |
CPUH14131 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–October |
2009 |
32.544° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Oreoseris gossypina (Royle)
X.D.Xu &V.A.Funk |
CPUH14053* |
Herb |
Rocky surface |
April–June |
2201 |
32.534° |
76.047° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) |
CPUH14106 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
May–October |
2298 |
32.534° |
76.046° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. |
CPUH14182 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
August–October |
2370 |
32.532° |
76.036° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Synotis rufinervis (DC.)
C.Jeffrey&Y.L.Chen |
CPUH14179 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
August–October |
2365 |
32.531° |
76.035° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Taraxacum parvulum DC. |
CPUH14023 |
Herb |
Grassy open space |
March–November |
2029 |
32.539° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. |
CPUH14046 |
Herb |
Shady places |
March–August |
2198 |
32.530° |
76.039° |
NA |
Native |
|
Balsaminaceae |
Impatiens amphorata Edgew. |
CPUH14170 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
July–September |
1984 |
32.542° |
76.061° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Impatiens brachycentra Kar. &
Kir. |
CPUH14008 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–October |
2019 |
32.540° |
76.052° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.f. |
CPUH14082 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
July–September |
2365 |
32.528° |
76.041° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Impatiens sulcata Wall. |
CPUH14196* |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
June–September |
2381 |
32.528° |
76.041° |
NA |
Native |
|
Berberidaceae |
Berberis lycium Royle |
CPUH14058* |
Shrub |
Mountain slopes |
April–June |
2206 |
32.536° |
76.046° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Berberis napaulensis(DC.) Spreng. |
CPUH14005* |
Shrub |
Road side |
January–April |
2029 |
32.539° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle |
CPUH14025* |
Herb |
Forest trail |
April–August |
2057 |
32.538° |
76.054° |
EN |
Native |
|
Brassicaceae |
Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton |
CPUH14050* |
Herb |
Near water |
April–September |
1993 |
32.538° |
76.065° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Noccaea montana (L.) F.K.Mey |
CPUH14015 |
Herb |
Forest trail |
April–July |
2198 |
32.529° |
76.034° |
– |
Alien |
|
Campanulaceae |
Campanula pallida Wall. |
CPUH14152 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–October |
2249 |
32.534° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
Caprifoliaceae |
Leycesteria formosa Wall. |
CPUH14064 |
Shrub |
Forest trail |
June–October |
2208 |
32.536° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex
Roxb. |
CPUH14021* |
Herb |
Forest trail |
March–August |
2009 |
32.544° |
76.054° |
CR (FRLHT) |
Native |
|
Caryophyllaceae |
Schizotechium monospermum (Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don) Pusalkar&S.K.Srivast. |
CPUH14174 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
August–October |
2167 |
32.533° |
76.048° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Silene baccifera (L.) Durande |
CPUH14107 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–August |
2172 |
76.044° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Silene edgeworthii Bocquet |
CPUH14166 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–July |
2330 |
76.054° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Spergularia rubra (L.)
J.Presl&C.Presl |
CPUH14208 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
May–September |
2730 |
76.048° |
76.048° |
– |
Alien |
|
|
Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. |
CPUH14044 |
Herb |
Shady places |
May–September |
2029 |
76.044° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. |
CPUH14003 |
Herb |
Shady places |
March–October |
1972 |
76.054° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
Commelinaceae |
Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult.
&Schult.f. |
CPUH14154 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
July–October |
2726 |
32.520° |
76.034° |
NA |
Native |
|
Coranaceae |
Cornus macrophylla Wall. |
CPUH14228 |
Tree |
Road side |
April–June |
2076 |
32.534° |
76.054° |
LC |
Native |
|
Crassulaceae |
Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.)
H.Ohba |
CPUH14042* |
Herb |
Rocky surface |
April–July |
2029 |
32.535° |
76.541° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Sedum multicaule Wall. ex
Lindl. |
CPUH14122 |
Herb |
Shady places |
July–September |
1990 |
32.544° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex
Griseb. |
CPUH14059* |
Climber |
Mixed forest margin |
May–September |
2206 |
32.536° |
76.046° |
EN (CITES) |
Native |
|
Ericaceae |
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. |
CPUH14235* |
Tree |
Ban oak forest |
March–June |
1983 |
32.540° |
76.071° |
LC |
Native |
|
Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia cornigera Boiss. |
CPUH14066 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–September |
2316 |
32.529° |
76.042° |
NA |
Native |
|
Fabaceae |
Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex
Schindl.) Schindl. |
CPUH14190 |
Shrub |
Road side |
August–October |
2030 |
32.538° |
76.052° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Hylodesmumpodocarpum (DC.)
H.Ohashi&R.R.Mill |
CPUH14089 |
Herb |
Road side |
July–September |
1901 |
32.541° |
76.067° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Indigofera atropurpurea Buch.-Ham. ex
Hornem. |
CPUH14048 |
Shrub |
Road side |
May–July |
1979 |
32.539° |
76.065° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Trifolium dubium Sibth. |
CPUH14051 |
Herb |
Grassy meadow |
April–May |
1993 |
32.539° |
76.065° |
– |
Alien |
|
|
Trifolium resupinatum L. |
CPUH14229 |
Herb |
Grassy meadow |
May–October |
2713 |
32.523° |
76.029° |
LC |
Native |
|
Fagaceae |
Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus |
CPUH14220* |
Tree |
Forest area |
April–June |
2198 |
32.535° |
76.048° |
NA |
Native |
|
Geraniaceae |
Geranium rectum Trautv. |
CPUH14095 |
Herb |
Forest margin |
June–July |
2365 |
32.528° |
76.041° |
NA |
Native |
|
Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex
Cambess. |
CPUH14004 |
Herb |
Road side |
March–June |
1975 |
32.540° |
76.064° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Haloragaceae |
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. |
CPUH14090 |
Herb |
Lake side |
July–September |
1935 |
32.545° |
76.059° |
LC |
Native |
|
Hydrangeaceae |
Deutzia staminea R.Br. ex
Wall. |
CPUH14037 |
Shrub |
Road side |
April–September |
2029 |
32.535° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Hydrangea anomala D.Don |
CPUH14225 |
Climbing shrub |
Mixed coniferous forest |
April–August |
2000 |
32.539° |
76.052° |
NA |
Native |
|
Juncaceae |
Juncus articulatus L. |
CPUH14070 |
Herb |
Lake side |
May–October |
1935 |
32.544° |
76.058° |
LC |
Native |
|
Juncus concinnus D.Don |
CPUH14140 |
Herb |
Mountain slopes |
July–October |
2703 |
32.524° |
76.028° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Lamiaceae |
Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don)
Rehder |
CPUH14180 |
Herb |
Road side |
July–November |
2365 |
32.529° |
76.033° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth.) Benth. |
CPUH14199 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
June–October |
2662 |
32.525° |
76.026° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) Kudô |
CPUH14172* |
Herb |
Road side |
September–November |
2158 |
32.535° |
76.048° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Lamium album L. |
CPUH14030 |
Herb |
Road side |
April–October |
2052 |
32.541° |
76.054° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Leonurus cardiaca L. |
CPUH14116 |
Herb |
Forest trail |
July–September |
2426 |
32.534° |
76.015° |
– |
Alien |
|
|
Melissa axillaris (Benth.)
Bakh.f. |
CPUH14130 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–December |
1997 |
32.541° |
76.560° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Nepeta govaniana (Wall. ex Benth.)
Benth. |
CPUH14147 |
Herb |
Forest area |
August–October |
2696 |
32.524° |
76.027° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Nepeta podostachys Benth. |
CPUH14202 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
July–September |
2690 |
32.525° |
76.262° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Stachys splendens Wall. ex
Benth. |
CPUH14109 |
Herb |
Road side |
September–November |
2363 |
32.529° |
76.040° |
NA |
Native |
|
Liliaceae |
Lilium polyphyllum D.Don |
CPUH14086* |
Herb |
Forest area |
June–August |
2206 |
32.537° |
76.462° |
CR |
Native |
|
Mazaceae |
Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.)
Steenis |
CPUH14088 |
Herb |
Mixed forest slopes |
April–October |
1950 |
32.539° |
76.066° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Mazus surculosus D.Don |
CPUH14072 |
Herb |
Mixed forest slopes |
May–October |
1969 |
32.546° |
76.056° |
NA |
Native |
|
Moraceae |
Ficus hederacea Roxb. |
CPUH14098 |
Climber |
Forest area |
May–July |
2127 |
32.534° |
76.051° |
NA |
Native |
|
Onagraceae |
Epilobium amurense subsp. amurense |
CPUH14087 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–October |
2053 |
32.532° |
76.049° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Epilobium laxum Royle |
CPUH14104 |
Herb |
Road side |
July–September |
2285 |
32.534° |
76.045° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex
Aiton |
CPUH14092 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–October |
2034 |
32.534° |
76.051° |
– |
Alien |
|
Orchidaceae |
Calanthe plantaginea Lindl. |
CPUH14024 |
Orchid |
Forest area |
April–May |
2053 |
32.539° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz |
CPUH14102* |
Orchid |
Forest area |
July–September |
2285 |
32.534° |
76.045° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br. |
CPUH14158 |
Orchid |
Forest area |
July–September |
2726 |
32.520° |
76.035° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.)
Kuntze |
CPUH14157* |
Orchid |
Forest area |
July–September |
2730 |
32.523° |
76.029° |
VU |
Native |
|
|
Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames |
CPUH14156 |
Orchid |
Alpine slopes |
March–September |
2662 |
32.525° |
76.026° |
– |
Alien |
|
Orobanchaceae |
Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. |
CPUH14139 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
May– August |
2690 |
32.524° |
76.026° |
NA |
Native |
|
Phyllanthaceae |
Leptopus cordifolius Decne. |
CPUH14162 |
Shrub |
Forest trail |
May–October |
2001 |
32.532° |
76.447° |
NA |
Native |
|
Plantaginaceae |
Digitalis purpurea L. |
CPUH14110 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–October |
2363 |
32.531° |
76.032° |
– |
Alien |
|
Poaceae |
Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. |
CPUH14236 |
Bamboo |
Road side |
– |
2033 |
32.545° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv. |
CPUH14129 |
Herb |
Shady places |
August–October |
1993 |
32.538° |
76.065° |
NA |
Native |
|
Polygonaceae |
Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H.Hara |
CPUH14161 |
Herb |
Moist places |
July–October |
2285 |
32.534° |
76.045° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz |
CPUH14167 |
Herb |
Road side |
July–October |
1901 |
32.540° |
76.066° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Polygonum aviculare L. |
CPUH14145 |
Herb |
Grassy meadow |
July–October |
2726 |
32.521° |
76.032° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. |
CPUH14203 |
Herb |
Grassy meadow |
October–April |
2730 |
32.523° |
76.029° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. |
CPUH14043* |
Herb |
Road side |
April–July |
2029 |
32.539° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
Primulaceae |
Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. |
CPUH14032 |
Herb |
Rocky surface |
April–June |
2057 |
32.540° |
76.053° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Androsace sarmentosa Wall. |
CPUH14148 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
May–August |
2726 |
32.520° |
76.035° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Lysimachia debilis Wall. |
CPUH14073 |
Herb |
Road side |
June–July |
1950 |
32.539° |
76.066° |
NA |
Native |
|
Ranunculaceae |
Clematis connata DC. |
CPUH14187 |
Climber |
Forest area |
August–October |
1942 |
32.532° |
76.049 |
NA |
Native |
|
Rosaceae |
Geum roylei Wall. |
CPUH14027 |
Herb |
Road side |
May–September |
1942 |
32.542° |
76.062° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Potentilla indica (Andrews)
Th.Wolf |
CPUH14007* |
Herb |
Road side |
March–August |
2031 |
32.548° |
76.055° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Potentilla nepalensis Hook. |
CPUH14117 |
Herb |
Grassy meadow |
June–October |
2452 |
32.530° |
76.024° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don |
CPUH14213 |
Tree |
Road side |
February–March |
1960 |
32.540° |
76.065° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Rosa macrophylla Lindl. |
CPUH14060* |
Shrub |
Road side |
April–September |
2206 |
32.536° |
76.046° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Rubus macilentus Cambess. |
CPUH14031 |
Shrub |
Road side |
April–October |
1984 |
32.542° |
76.061° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Rubus pedunculosus D.Don |
CPUH14113 |
Shrub |
Road side |
June–August |
2410 |
32.531° |
76.032° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.)
Rehder |
CPUH14063 |
Shrub |
Road side |
May–October |
2208 |
32.536° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
Rubiaceae |
Galium elegans Wall. |
CPUH14074 |
Herb |
Moist places |
May–November |
2009 |
32.544° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
Sapindaceae |
Acer cappadocicum Gled. |
CPUH14218 |
Tree |
Roads ide |
April–September |
2080 |
32.534° |
76.051° |
LC |
Native |
|
Saxifragaceae |
Saxifraga moorcroftiana (Ser.) Wall. ex
Sternb. |
CPUH14146 |
Herb |
Alpine slopes |
August–September |
2726 |
32.520° |
76.033° |
NA |
Native |
|
Scrophulariaceae |
Buddleja crispa Benth. |
CPUH14219 |
Shrub |
Road side |
March–May |
2167 |
32.534° |
76.047° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Scrophulariahimalensis Royle ex
Benth. |
CPUH14183 |
Herb |
Road side |
July–September |
2370 |
32.531° |
76.039° |
NA |
Native |
|
Smilacaceae |
Smilax elegans Wall. ex
Kunth |
CPUH14009 |
Climber |
Road side |
May–October |
2019 |
32.539° |
76.052° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Smilax vaginata Decne. |
CPUH14226 |
Shrub |
Road side |
May–June |
2204 |
32.536° |
76.044° |
NA |
Native |
|
Ulmaceae |
Ulmus wallichiana Planch. |
CPUH14227* |
Tree |
Road side |
March–April |
2198 |
32.536° |
76.046° |
VU |
Native |
|
Urticaceae |
Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) Wedd. |
CPUH14076 |
Herb |
Moist places |
June–October |
2029 |
32.534° |
76.054° |
NA |
Native |
|
|
Urtica dioica L. |
CPUH14115* |
Herb |
Forest area |
June–August |
2057 |
32.532° |
76.044° |
LC |
Native |
|
Vitaceae |
Parthenocissus semicordata var. semicordata |
CPUH14175* |
Climbing shrub |
Forest area |
May–August |
2193 |
32.537° |
76.046° |
NA |
Native |
|
Zingiberaceae |
Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker |
CPUH14108* |
Herb |
Road side |
August–September |
2302 |
32.529° |
76.042° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Hedychium spicatum Sm. |
CPUH14149* |
Herb |
Road side |
August–September |
2208 |
32.537° |
76.045° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Roscoea alpina Royle |
CPUH14010* |
Herb |
Forest area |
July–August |
2398 |
32.529° |
76.047° |
VU (CAMP 2010) |
Native |
|
Pinaceae |
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D.Don)
Royle |
CPUH14111* |
Tree |
Forest area |
September–October |
2397 |
32.538° |
76.018° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don)
G.Don |
CPUH14221* |
Tree |
Forest area |
October–November |
2198 |
32.535° |
76.048° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. |
CPUH14205 |
Tree |
Forest area |
September–October |
2730 |
32.524° |
76.026° |
LC |
Native |
|
|
Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks. |
CPUH14231* |
Tree |
Forest area |
September–October |
2422 |
32.530° |
76.024° |
LC |
Native |
|
Taxaceae |
Taxus contorta Griff. |
CPUH14114* |
Tree |
Forest area |
October–November |
2703 |
32.534° |
76.020° |
EN |
Native |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* denotes accession numbers used
for ethnobotanical studies.
For figures & images - -
click here for full PDF
REFERENCES
Appendices (2025). Appendix II of CITES, https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php.
Accessed on 29.v.2025.
Aswal, B.S. & B.N. Mehrotra (1994). Flora of
Lahaul Spiti (A Cold Desert in North West Himalaya). Bishen
Singh Mahender Pal Singh, Dehradun, 761 pp.
CAMP (2010). Threatened Medicinal Plants of Himachal
Pradesh, Report of the ‘CAMP’ Workshop (Conservation Assessment &
Management Prioritisation) held at Shimla on 1–4 December 2010. Sponsored by
National Medicinal Plants Board, Government of India. Organised by Himachal
Pradesh Forest Department, 3 pp.
Chowdhery H.J. & B.M. Wadhwa (1984). Flora of
Himachal Pradesh, Analysis, Vol 1–3. Calcutta,
Botanical Survey of India. https://bsi.gov.in/page/en/state-flora. Accessed on
9.ix.2023.
Collett, H. (1902). Flora Simlensis. Thacker
Spink and Co. Calcutta and Shimla, Reprinted (1971). Bishen Singh Mahender Pal
Singh, Dehradun, 652 pp.
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