Birds of Surat-Dangs: a consolidated checklist of 75 years (1944–2020) with special emphasis on noteworthy bird records and bird hotspots from northern Western Ghats of Gujarat, India
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Surat-Dangs, historically known as a Bhil State, is the northernmost tip of Western Ghats in the state of Gujarat. Despite being a part of an endemic bird area and global biodiversity hotspot, avifaunal diversity has been less documented in the landscape. Two protected areas, Purna Wildlife Sanctuary and Vansda National Park, are designated in the landscape. A handful of studies on birds have been conducted after Dr. Salim Ali’s collection in 1944–48. We surveyed the landscape (both protected and non-protected areas) in 2012–13 and 2015–2018 for documentation of the avifaunal diversity. We present a consolidated checklist of birds from our surveys as primary data and all published literature and eBird checklists as secondary data. We have reported a total of 297 bird species belonging to 70 families and 21 orders including the first record of Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstonii for the State as well as Purna Wildlife Sanctuary. Here, we have re-reported various species, which was suspected to be locally extinct from the protected area or landscape among other noteworthy bird records. We have identified bird-rich localities outside the protected areas based on the survey done by Salim Ali (1944–48) that can be used for future surveys. We also propose the landscape to be declared as an Important Bird Area (IBA) as per Global IBA criteria (A1, A2, & A3), which will pave the milestone for future conservation endeavors in the landscape.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors own the copyright to the articles published in JoTT. This is indicated explicitly in each publication. The authors grant permission to the publisher Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society to publish the article in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The authors recognize WILD as the original publisher, and to sell hard copies of the Journal and article to any buyer. JoTT is registered under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), which allows authors to retain copyright ownership. Under this license the authors allow anyone to download, cite, use the data, modify, reprint, copy and distribute provided the authors and source of publication are credited through appropriate citations (e.g., Son et al. (2016). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(7): 8953–8969. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2785.8.7.8953-8969). Users of the data do not require specific permission from the authors or the publisher.
Funding data
-
Rufford Foundation
Grant numbers Project number 17768-1 -
Mohammed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund
Grant numbers Project number 152510567 -
Idea Wild
References
Abdulali, H. (1953). The distribution of the Green-billed Malkoha (Rhopodytes viridirostris Jerdon). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51(3): 737–738.
Ali, S. & S.D. Ripley (1983). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Compact ed. Oxford University Press, Bombay, 737pp.
Ali, S. (1935). The Birds of Travancore and Cochin. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 814–843pp.
Ali, S. (1954–1955). The birds of Gujarat I and II. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 52: 374–458, 735–802.
Ali, S. (1969). Birds of Kerala. Second Edition of the Birds of Travancore and Cochin. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 444pp.
Andharia, K. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S59477382. eBird: An Online Database of Bird Distribution and Abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http: //www.ebird.org. [Accessed: February 14, 2019]
Anonymous (2001). Management Plan of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary (2002–2011): Vols. I–II. Ahmedabad: Forest Department, Gujarat State.
Arviazhagan, C., R. Arumugam & K. Thiyagesan (2007). Food habits of Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Dhole (cuon alpinus) and Striped Hyena (hyaena hyaena) in a tropical dry thorn forest of southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104: 178–187.
Bagda, G. (2017). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S41060536.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http: //www.ebird.org. [Accessed: February 14, 2019]
Bagda, G. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S52806027.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http: //www.ebird.org. [Accessed: February 14, 2019]
Baker, S. (1922). The Fauna of British India, Cylone and Burma (Second Edition). Birds Vol.1. Taylor & Francis, London, 92pp.
Bharti, H. (2017). Masked Shrike near Vyara: an intriguing first record for India. Flamingo 15(2): 6.
Bhatt, M. (2004). [Bird-watching in Vansda National Park.] Vihang 21: 9–10. (In Gujarati)
BirdLife International (2017a). Columba elphinstonii (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22690173A110095502. Downloaded on 17 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017 1.RLTS.T22690173A110095502.en
BirdLife International. (2017b). Machlolophus nuchalis (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22711924A110264998. Downloaded on 17 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22711924A110264998.en
BirdLife International. (2017c). Tephrodornis sylvicola (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T103703869A112334165. Downloaded on 17 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103703869A112334165.en
BirdLife International. (2018a). Heteroglaux blewitti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22689335A132251554. Downloaded on 17 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22689335A132251554.en
BirdLife International. (2018b). Pericrocotus roseus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22706728A130426419. Downloaded on 17 February 2020. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706728A130426419.en
BirdLife International (2020). Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Western Ghats. Downloaded from http: //www.birdlife.org on 18/02/2020.
Blyth, E.D. (1847). Notices and descriptions of various new or little known specis of birds. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal 16(1): 444.
Borges, R. (1986). On the occurrence of Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger in N. Kanara, Karnataka. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83(1): 200.
Castelletta, M., N.S. Sodhi & R. Subaraj (2000). Heavy extinctions of forest avifauna in Singapore: lessons for biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology 14: 1870–1880.
Champion, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Govt, of India, Delhi, 404 pp.
Chan, S., M.J. Crosby, M.Z. Islam & A.W. Tordoff (2004). Important Bird Areas in Asia: Key Sites for Conservation. Birdlife Conservation Series – 13. BirdLife International, UK, 16pp.
Chaudhari, H. (2014). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S24763923. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http: //www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Chowdhary, U. (2016). Illegal Avifauna Hunting In Purna Wildlife Sanctuary: Correlation with socio-economic status of local communities [master’s dissertation]. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Desai, I.V. (1996). Studies on Avifauna and Avian Ecology of Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary. PhD Thesis submitted to The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara.
Desai, I.V., B. Suresh & B. Pilo (1993). Birds of Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary. Pavo 31: 55–72.
Gaidhani, S. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S52581586. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available: http: //www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Ganpule, P. (2013). Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat: a range extension. Indian BIRDS 8(1): 20.
Ganpule, P. (2014a). Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla in Gujarat: Status and distribution, with notes on its identification. Indian BIRDS 9(5 & 6): 152–154.
Ganpule, P. (2014b). Snapshot sightings: Rusty-tailed Flycatcher from Morbi, Gujarat. Indian BIRDS 9(1): 28.
Ganpule, P. (2016). The Birds of Gujarat: Status and Distribution. Flamingo 8-3(12-4): 2–40.
Ganpule, P. (2017). First update to Gujarat checklist: December 2017. Flamingo 15(4): 19–20.
Gazdar, R. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S53941087. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Ghervada, D. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S52755310. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Giri, V.B. (2002). Occurrence of the Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger (Family Podorgidae) in Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99(1): 116–117.
Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (1998). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 888pp.
Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2014). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Christopher Helm, London, 528pp.
Inskipp, T., N. Lindsey & W. Duckworth (1996).An annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region. Oriental BirdClub, UK, 294pp.
Jain, S.K. (1963). The vegetation of Dangs District in Gujarat. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 5: 351–361.
Jamadar, R. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S62488295. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. (Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Jambu, N. (2013). Status of avifauna of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary [master’s dissertation]. The Maharaja University of Baroda, Vadodara (IN).
Jat, M.U. (2015). A record of Oriental Dwaft Kingfisher Ceyx erithaca from Vansda National Park, Gujarat. Indian BIRDS 10(6): 159–160.
Jathar, G.A. & A.R. Rehmani (2006). Endemic birds of India. ENVIS Newsletter: Avian Ecology and Inland Wetlands 11(2&3): 53.
Johns, A.D. (1986). Effects of selective logging on the ecological organization of a peninsular Malaysian rainforest avifauna. Forktail 1: 65–79.
Joshi, V. (2012). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S20694735. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Joshi, V. (2014). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S20697048. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Kamboj, R.D., K. Tatu & S.B. Munjapara (2016). Status of Vultures in Gujarat - 2016. Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar, 94pp.
Kannan, R. (1994). Notes on the status and ecology of the Ceylon Frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger Blyth) from the Anaimalai hills of Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91(3): 454–455.
Kasambe, R. (2012). Range extension of Sri Lanka Frog-mouth (Batrachostomus moniliger) up to Mumbai. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 52(3): 37.
Kasare, N. (2016). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S40313366.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Kazmierczak, K. & B. van Perlo (2000). A Field Guide to The Birds of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. Pica Press, UK, 352pp.
Khacher, L. (1996). The birds of Gujarat - a Salim Ali centenary year overview. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 93(3): 331–373.
Khan, A., K. Patel, A. Chugani, S. Karthikeyan, V. Hosawad, S. Bhattacharjee, S., Sharma, T.K. Sahu & U. Ramakrishnan (2020). Are shed hair genomes the most effective non-invasive resource for estimating relationships in the wild? Journal of Ecology and Evolution 10(11): 4583–4594. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6157
Khan, Z. (2018). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S54397636.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Khanchandani, M.S. (1970). Working Plan for Dangs forests, Vols. I and II. Govt. Press, Baroda.
Kumar, N.J., R.N. Kumar, N. Patil & H. Soni (2007). Studies on plant species used by tribal communities of Saputara and Purna forests, Dangs District, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6(2): 368–374.
Kumara, H.N. & M. Singh (2006). Ceylon Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger Blyth in the rainforests of the Western Ghats, Karnataka. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103(1): 100–101.
Maheria, P., A. Patel & P. Ganpule (2018). Sighting of Large billed warbler in Vansda National Park. Flamingo 16(3): 10–13.
McMaster A.S. (1871). Notes on Birds observed in the neighbourhood of Nagpore and Kaptee, (Central Provinces), Chikalda and Akola in Berar. Journal of Asiatic Society Bengal 40(2): 207–215.
Mehta, P., J. Kulkarni, D. Patil, P. Kolte & P. Khatavkar (2008). A Survey of Critically Endangered Forest Owlet (Athene blewitti) in Central India. Birding ASIA 10: 77–87.
Mishra, V.V. & R. Singh (2010). Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus sightings in Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Indian Birds 5(5): 148.
Mistri, V., D.M. Rathod & M.U. Jat (2017). Does the Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx erithaca breed in southern Gujarat? Indian Birds 13(3): 82.
Monga, S.G. & R.K. Naoroji (1983). Birds of the Rajpipla forests - South Gujarat. With notes on nests found and breeding recorded and some new observations. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80(3): 575–612.
More, K. (2014). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S19474459. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca & J. Kent (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
Pankaj, V. (2016). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S28852725.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Parasharya, B.M., C.K. Borad & D.N. Rank (2004). A Checklist of Birds of Gujarat. Bird Conservation Society, Gujarat, 26pp.
Patel, A. (2017b). eBird CheckList: https://ebird.org/checklist/S41489453.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, C. (2016). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S29434517. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, H. (2015). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S26455526. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, J., B. Desai & K. Gamit (2017). Sightings of King Quail in the Dang forest. Flamingo 14(4): 20.
Patel, J. (2016). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S44893162. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, J. (2018a). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S45444182.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, J. (2018b). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S45096043. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Patel, J.R., S.B. Patel, S.C. Rathor, J.A. Patel, P.B. Patel & A.G. Vasava (2015). New distribution record of the Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti Hume 1873 (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(12): 7940–7944. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4237.7940-4
Patel, K., A. Vyas, V. Naik & H. Patel (2020).On the Occurrence of Madras Tree Shrew Anathana ellioti (Waterhouse) (Scandentia: Tupaiidae) from Gujarat State, India. Journal of Tropical Natural History 20(1): 111–115.
Patel, K., V. Naik & H. Patel (2018). Blanford’s Rat: New distribution records of Blanford’s Rat Madromys blanfordi (Thomas, 1881) from Gujarat State, Western India. Zoos’ Print 33(2): 13–16.
Patel, P.R. (2017a). Sighting of Rosy Minivet in Vansda National Park: An addition to the avifauna of Gujarat. Flamingo 15(1): 8.
Patel, R.I. (1971). Forest flora of Gujarat State. Forest Dept, Baroda, 272pp.
Pilo, B., B. Suresh & I. Desai (1996). Sight record of Hodgson’s Frogmouth in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary: a support to Satpura Hypothesis. Pavo 33(1 & 2): 155–156.
Praveen, J., R. Jaypal & A. Pittie (2019). Threatened birds of India (v3.0). Website: http//www.inianbirds.in/Inia/ [Date of publication: 16 December 2019]
Praveen, J., R. Jayapal & A. Pittie (2020). Checklist of the birds of India (v4.0). Website: http: //www.indianbirds.in/india/ [Date of publication: 07 July 2020].
Prakash, V. (2017). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S36030351. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Rahmani, A.R., M.Z. Islam & R.M. Kasambe (2016). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservation (Revised and Updated). Bombay Natural History Society, Indian Bird Conservation Network, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and BirdLife International (U.K.), 1992pp+xii.
Raman, T.R.S. (2001). Community ecology and conservation of tropical rainforest birds in the southern Western Ghats, India. PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide: Field Guide. 1st ed. Vol. 1 and 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, D.C. and Barcelona, 378pp.
Ripley, S.D. (1961). A Synopsis of the Birds of India and Pakistan– together with those of Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Bombay Natural History Society. Oxford University Press. Bombay, 702pp.
Sahajrao, R. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S62137040. eBird: An Online Database of Bird Distribution and Abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Santharam, V. (1995). Ecology of Sympatric Woodpecker Species of Western Ghats, India. PhD Thesis, Pondicherry University, India.
Santharam, V. (2003). Distribution, ecology and conservation of the White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis in the Western Ghats, India. Forktail 19: 31–38.
Saunders, D.A., R.J. Hobbs & C.R. Margules (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5: 18–32.
Shah, G.L. & S.S. Yadav (1979). A contribution to the flora of Dangs forest in Gujarat: floristic composition, floristic elements and biological spectrum. Indian Journal of Forestry 2(1): 13–19.
Shah, K. (2017). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S35972748.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Shull, E.M. (1962). Supplementary notes on “The birds of Gujarat” from birds collected in the Surat Dangs, Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 59 (2): 658–660.
Singh, H.S., Raval, B.R., Patel, B.H., Tatu, K., Patel, D., R. Vyas & B.H. Patel (2000). Biodiversity study on Vansda National Park. A Comprehensive Ecological and Socio-Economic Study. GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, India.
Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International, 846pp.
Suchindra, B. (2014). Management Plan of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary (2014–2024): Vols. I– II. Forest Department, Gujarat State, Ahmedabad.
Sugathan, R. (1981). A survey of the Ceylon Frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger) habitat in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 78(2): 309–316.
Sullivan, B.L., C.L. Wood, M.J. Iliff, R.E. Bonney, D. Fink & S. Kelling (2009). eBird: a citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences. Biological Conservation 142: 2282–2292.
Tembhekar, H. (2015). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S21685542. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Thatte, P., K. Patel & U. Ramakrishnan (2018). Rapid species identification of Sloth Bears from non-invasive samples: a PCR based assay. Ursus 29(1): 67–70.
Theba, I. (2017a). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S38969577. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Theba, I. (2017b). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/india/checklist/S35434568.eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Trivedi, P. & V.C. Soni (2006). Significant bird records and local extinctions in Purna and Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuaries, Gujarat, India. Forktail 22: 39–48.
Trivedi, P. (2003). Bird study of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Dangs under biodiversity study of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary. Unpublished final report. GEER Foundation, Gandhinagar, India.
Trivedi, P. (2006). Ecology and Conservation of Avifauna of Some Forested Areas in Gujarat, India. PhD thesis, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India.
Vachhani, A. (2019). eBird Checklist: https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S52627520. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. http://www.ebird.org. [Accessed: 14 February 2019]
Vijayan, V.S. (1979). Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and Adjacent areas. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75(3): 888–900.
Worah, S. (1991). The ecology and management of a fragmented forest in south Gujarat India: the Dangs. PhD Thesis, University of Poona, Pune, India.