The first report of the widow spider Latrodectus elegans ( Araneae : Theridiidae ) from India

1,2.3.4 Entomology Research Laboratory, P.G. Block, Department of Zoology, D.M. College of Science Imphal, Manipur 795001, India 5 Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, 96, Kumudham Nagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India Email: 1 akhamkanan@gmail.com, 2 naitu_konthou@yahoo.com, 3 mbhubaneshwari@yahoo.com, 4 bina3athokpam@gmail.com, 5 manju@zooreach.org (corresponding author)

The type locality of L. elegans is Carin Cheba mountains in Burma (=Myanmar).Geographically, Manipur shares a border with Myanmar, therefore, many Indo-Malayan species have been reported from northeastern India especially states which border with Myanmar (Hora 1944;Koopman 1989;Corbet & Hill 1992;Choudhury 2001;Slowinski et al. 2001;Datta et al. 2003;Athreya 2006;Devi & Yadava 2006;Ningombam & Bordoloi 2007;Mahony & Zug 2008).In the past, there have been no proper surveys for spiders carried out in Manipur and nearby states, therefore, this species remained unreported.Here, we report the occurrence of L. elegans from Manipur, which is a first record for India.We provide a description of L. elegans along with natural history notes based on fresh specimens collected from Manipur.
Methods: The specimens were studied in the Entomology Research Laboratory, P.G.Block of Zoology Department, Dhanamanjuri College of Science, Imphal.Photographs were taken after anaesthetizing the spider with carbon tetrachloride.Morphometry of the spider was taken with vernier caliper and ocular meter.All measurements are in mm.One specimen of Latrodectus elegans is deposited in the Zoology Department P.G.Block, Dhanamanjuri College of Science, Imphal, Manipur and another two specimens are deposited at the Wildlife Information Liasion Development Society, Coimbatore.All measurements are in mm.Morphometry of legs and palp given in Table 1.Leg formula 1423.

Latrodectus elegans
Colour in life (Images.1-3): Carapace, abdomen, spinnerets and legs black.Metatarsi and tarsi of all legs slightly lighter than the rest of the legs.Abdomen black with bright blood-red pattern on dorsum, posterior half chevron shape extending laterally and on anterior half two curved bands (Image 1); ventrally an hour-glass mark, blood red between epigastric area and spinnerets (Image 3); a vertical black-line in the middle of the hour-glass mark.Book lung light brown, epigynum reddish-brown.The book lungs, epigynum, epigastric furrow are surrounded by a light yellowish border, the extension of the red hour-glass.In alcohol, red colour pattern on abdomen fades and is yellowish-red dorsally but large patch on ventral side disappeared reducing to a yellowish-cream patch of lower lip shape below the epigastric furrow and an irregular patch above the spinnerets, in between connecting red patch is not visible, but it is replaced with blackish colour as the rest of the abdomen.
Epigynum (Figs. 4-5): Ventrally, opening of epigynum lip shape, anterior lip with a notch in the centre and posterior lip gently curved and not extending on each side beyond opening of epigynum (Fig. 4).Dorsally, seminal receptacles dumbbell-shaped, constriction in the middle; short, curved fertilization duct on the prolateral side of the posterior receptacles; copulatory ducts coiled four times around the seminal receptacles and opens externally; median parts of copulatory ducts loop back near anterior seminal receptacles as seen in L. mactans (Fig. 5).

Remarks
The ventral red hour-glass marking was very evident and bright in all the spiders in life (Images.2, 4).But on preserving them in 70% alcohol, in one of the specimens, the ventral red hour-glass marking disappeared except for two small patches (Image 2), one below epigastral furrow and another above spinnerets, the connecting red patch disappeared.The only difference between Sri Lanka L. erythromelas and Australian Red-back Spider L. hasselti is the absence of hour glass marking on ventral side of abdomen.With the present finding, the ventral abdomen hourglass marking becoming invisible in alcohol raises questions about L. erythromelas as the spider would have been described based on preserved specimens and it is likely that the hour-glass marking disappeared in the preserved specimen.Moreover, Latrodectus shows high variability within the species and also different stages of growth (Levi 1959  van Harten 2002; Garb et al. 2004) therefore, it is also possible that absence of hour-glass marking could be a variable character as observed in some Latrodectus spp.(Knoflach & van Harten 2002) rather than being a species character (Garb et al. 2004).It needs to be further investigated with the help of molecular techniques carried out on fresh collections from India and Sri Lanka.

Distribution
China, Myanmar, Japan and present record of the species from Manipur, India.

Natural History
Manipur gets high rainfall throughout the year, with an annual average rainfall of 1600 to 2100 mm and temperature varies between -3 to 35 0 C, 2010 (Metrological Department, A.A.I., Changangei, Imphal).Dominant vegetation consists of Tectona grandis, Pinus spp., Quercus delbata, some shrubs like Lantana camara and local wild flora.
The habitat from where L. elegans specimens were collected was a moist evergreen forest with red soil.Spiders were found inside holes on roadside bunds near a degraded forest.The hole was covered with tangle web and at the bottom of the web there was a pile of dry leaves and insects exuvia (majority of it was cricket exuvia), which the spider would have eaten.Two egg-sacs were collected along with the spider (WILD-11-ARA-1113) from its web.The diameter of each egg-sac was about 12mm and creamish in colour.
The collected egg-sacs were kept in a jar in the lab and monitored.Out of curiosity, one of the egg-sacs was torn after two weeks of collection and about 49 spiderlings emerged from it.None of them survived more than 47 days.Whereas, from the second eggsac, after nearly three weeks of collection, about 180-190 spiderlings emerged.The hourglass mark first started appearing on the spiderlings after 12-13 days, whereas the red mark on the dorsal side of the abdomen appeared after 59 days of emergence from the egg-sac.Moulting was observed in spiderlings three times, after the 14 th , 62 nd and 110 th day of their emergence from the egg-sac.Only one spiderling survived for 113 days and was later released into the place it was collected from as feeding it live food was a problem.