Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2022 | 14(12): 22309–22328
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328
#6330 | Received 25 June 2020 | Final
received 23 January 2022 | Finally accepted 07 November 2022
Threatened flora of Uttarakhand:
an update
D.S. Rawat 1, Satish
Chandra 2 & Preeti
Chaturvedi 3
1,3 Department of Biological
Sciences, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of
Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India.
2 Department of Botany, Government
Degree College, Tiuni, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248199, India.
1 drds_rawat@yahoo.com
(corresponding author), 2 satishchandrasemwal07@gmail.com, 3 an_priti@yahoo.co.in
Editor: Afroz Alam,
Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Date
of publication: 26 December 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Rawat, D.S., S. Chandra & P.
Chaturvedi (2022). Threatened flora of Uttarakhand:
an update. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 14(12): 22309–22328. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6330.14.12.22309-22328
Copyright: © Rawat et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: No funding was received from any agency for
this work.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr D.S. Rawat has been working on different
aspects of flora of Uttarakhand since 1987 and has trekked extensively in
Uttarakhand for collection and photographing the plants. He has described four
new species, several new records to India and western Himalaya, together with
many rediscoveries. Dr Satish Chandra is working as
assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Government Degree College
Tyuni, Dehadun, Uttarakhand, India. He completed his PhD in plant taxonomy by
working on the family Caryophyllaceae and his research interests include plant
nomenclature, biodiversity and ethnobotany. Dr P. Chaturvedi is professor & head, Department of
Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,
Pantnagar. In vitro morphogenesis, conservation biology of threatened medicinal
plants, plant biodiversity and bioprospecting of bryophytes are key research
areas of her interest. She has successfully developed micropropagation
protocols of several medicinal plants viz., Centella asiatica, Aconitum
balfourii, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Polygonatum verticillatum and Rheum
emodii.
Author contributions: Concept of work and compilation of
data: DSR; writing article: DSR, SC, PC.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the
authorities of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar,
India for providing basic facilities.
Abstract: Encompassing 1.69% land area of
India, Uttarakhand State sustains more than 25% species of flowering plants of
India reflecting richness of flora.
Large numbers of species in the state are threatened and several sources
have come up with their own lists of threatened species using different threat
categories leading to ambiguity. This
communication attempts to compile a complete list of threatened Angiosperm
species from eleven authentic sources with updated nomenclature, systematic
position, original sources, threat assessment, elevational and global
distribution. A total of 290 species
belonging to 176 genera, 63 families, and 29 orders are listed which represent
about 6% of the total flora. Elevational
distribution of species shows that the 2–3 km elevation zone harbors more than
half of the threatened flora (52.14%) and more than 44% endemic species despite
the fact that maximum species richness is known in the 1–2 km elevation
zone. Perusal of literature shows that
selection of species for micropropagation is skewed towards medicinal plants
rather than only threat status of a species.
A disparity exists in two important sources (IUCN Red List 2020–21 and
Indian Red Data Book) listing threatened taxa with only six species common to
both. Eight additional species in IUCN
Red List 2020–21 and 49 additional species in Indian Red Data Book are not
included and vice versa. 267 species
listed as threatened in various sources are not even evaluated by recent IUCN
Redlist guidelines and thus warrant their immediate assessment to understand their
correct present status in nature.
Keywords: Angiosperms, assessment, Indian
Red Data Book, IUCN Red List, micropropagation, plants.
Introduction
The actual number of all extant
living species on Earth is yet not exactly known but we are now beginning to
understand this enormous diversity of life on Earth (Wilson 1999). Though, the estimates range from 8.6 million
to 15 millions of eukaryotes and trillions of prokaryotes (bacteria and
archaea) living on Earth (Mora et al. 2011; Hinchliff et al. 2015; Locey &
Lenon 2016; Larsen et al. 2017), only about 1.8 million are named and listed in
Catalogue of Life 2020 (Roskov et al. 2020).
The Earth’s biosphere has already entered into the sixth mass
extinction, majorly because of human impact.
With a 1,000 fold increase in the natural rate of extinction of species
(Pimm et al. 2014; De Vos et al. 2015) it is no exaggeration to state that a
large number of species will disappear from Earth without even getting any
name. Among the estimated described 21,37,939
species 31,030 species are already facing the threat of extinction owing to
various natural and anthropogenic factors (IUCN Redlist 2020). Following the IUCN data, perhaps about 20% of
all existing species might become extinct within the next few decades and 40%
or more by the end of the present century (Pimm et al. 2014; Kew 2016; Pimm
& Raven 2017).
Green Plants (Viridiplantae) are
among the better known groups of organisms and dominated by more than 0.36
million Angiosperms (flowering plants) of which 38,445 species have been
assessed for threat categories. The
results show that 148 are already extinct from the wild, 15,624 are threatened
and 2,594 do not have adequate data to assess threats to them as per IUCN Red
List 2020–21 (https://www.iucnredlist.org/search). India is one of the top 10
species-rich nations of the world and 18,666 species of flowering plants are
known within its territory (Mao & Dash 2019). Till date, 2020 species of flowering plants
of India have been assessed as per the IUCN Redlist criteria according to which
six species are extinct, two are extinct from the wild, 411 are threatened (84
Critically Endangered, 180 Endangered, 147 Vulnerable), 1601 are not threatened
while 93 do not have adequate data today to assess threat (https://www.iucnredlist.org/search).
Uttarakhand is a small (53,483 km2),
mountain dominated state of India, located in the Himalayan global biodiversity
hot spot and constitutes the easternmost part of the western Himalayan
phytogeographical province of India (Balakrishnan 1996). Following Takhtajan (1986) and Welk (2016)
Uttarakhand embraces two floristic kingdoms- ‘Holarctic’ (above 1–1.5 km
elevation) and ‘Paleotropic’ (below 1km elevation) and surrounded by western
Tibetan provinces in the north and the Gangetic province in the south. Three major floristic regions represented in
Uttarakhand are western Himalayan province at the higher elevation, eastern
Himalayan province in mid-elevations, and the Gangetic province at lower
elevations and plains, while the arid western Tibetan province also finger-in
at the head of anterior valleys (Welk 2016).
Uttarakhand is enriched with
24,303 km2 of forests covering 45.44% of its total geographical area
and about 4800 wild taxa of seed plants within 1,400 genera of 215 families
(Uniyal et al. 2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018; India State of Forest
2019). Representation of different
phytogeographical elements, extensive elevation gradient (ca. 200–7,817 m),
mountain dominated terrain, and enormous diversity in microclimatic conditions
have resulted in a high diversity of angiosperm flora which accounts for nearly
25% of total Indian flora in only 1.69% geographical area of the country. Owing to its high species richness of
Angiosperms, the flora of Uttarakhand can also be assumed to having many
threatened species (Images 1–24). In
addition to these species, 107 species, endemic to Uttarakhand (Singh et al.
2015; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018) are also important for conservation due
to their restricted distribution in the nature.
It has already been pointed out
by Pimm et al. (2014) and reiterated by Raven & Wackernagel (2020) that the
species most likely to become extinct are by definition the rare ones, and most
undescribed species are relatively rare.
Obviously, the first step towards conservation is to know which species
are rare ones (threatened species).
Considering the risk of extinction of the species IUCN has prepared
categories and criteria for classification of species under different threat
categories (IUCN 2012). It played a
pivotal role in prioritizing the threatened species and in the drafting of
their conservation plans. IUCN Redlist
of Threatened Species is revised and updated thrice in each calendar year and
country-wise lists are available in it.
Biodiversity of India is
confronting various threats due to climate change, global temperature rise,
habitat destruction, poor land use practices, invasive alien species,
over-exploitation of the resources and environmental pollutions (Barik et al.
2018) and flora of Uttarakhand is no exception to this (Pusalkar and Srivastava
2018). Red Data Book of Indian Plants
(Nayar & Sastry 1987–90) is an incomplete document wherein data on some
threatened vascular plants were provided on the basis of herbarium history of
these species. Later, Rao et al. (2003)
listed 1,255 species of threatened Indian vascular plants on the basis of the
1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.
While these lists or data are available at country level, an updated
list of threatened and endemic species
of the species-rich state of
Uttarakhand is yet to be compiled.
Various scientific publications (Singh et al. 2010; Balakrishna et al.
2012; Bisht et al. 2013) often mention different species as threatened without
correctly justifying their threat categories by appropriate source
references. The present work is an
attempt to provide a recent and complete list of threatened Angiosperm species
with updated nomenclature and systematic position with original sources.
Materials
and Methods
The earliest holistic endeavour
of publishing available data on threatened vascular species of India was
attempted by the Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, GoI and published as ‘Indian Red Data Books volume-1–3’ (Nayar &
Sastry 1987–90) wherein important data on 602 species were published. The
species listed in these volumes and occurring in Uttarakhand are included in
our list of threatened species (Table 1, column 1) with threat status
(indicated by superscript ‘1’ with threat status in column 2 of Table 1; e.g.,
R1). Similarly, distribution
of all 1,215 angiosperm species listed in Rao et al. (2003) was studied
carefully and all species known in Uttarakhand were included in table-1 and shown by superscript ‘2’ (e.g.,
E2). The species listed in
recent IUCN Red List 2020–21 (https://www.iucnredlist.org/) of threatened
species for India known to be occurring in Uttarakhand are included and status
listed in IUCN Red List is shown by superscript ‘3’ (e.g., CR3).
Data Deficient species (DD) in this red list are also included here on account
of their rarity due to which adequate data is not available for their
assessment. The recent version of IUCN
Red List (IUCN Red List 2020) now has the facility to search threatened species
of a particular state of India and the species found in this list are also
included with their status shown by superscript ‘3A’ (e.g., CR3A). Though, IUCN Red List for India and IUCN Red
List of Uttarakhand are obtained from the same data source, they show a few
differences due to which these two search results are shown differently. Ved et al. (2003) have published threatened
medicinal plant species of Indian western Himalaya after threat assessment
based on IUCN criteria. Those species which are listed in it and known in
Uttarakhand are included in table-1 and threat assessment is shown by
superscript ‘4’ (e.g., EN4). Internationally, appendices of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) play an important role in regulated trade of threatened species. All the species listed in CITES appendices
(2019) and known in Uttarakhand are also included in Table 1. Since no specific threat status is mentioned
in CITES appendices, in column 2 status is shown as ‘1A’ (for species listed in
Appendix 1) or ‘2A’ (species listed in appendix-2) with superscript ‘5’ (e.g.,
2A5).
The first volume of Flora of
Uttarakhand (Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018) has also provided a list of
threatened species and endemic species, separately, with threat status
following IUCN Red List, and these are also included in Table 1. Endemic species are included in our list with
‘VU’ status, following Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018), based on their small
area of occurrence in the world. Uniyal
et al. (2007) also listed threatened species of Uttarakhand with checklist of
seed plants of Uttarakhand and these species are included and shown by the
superscript ‘7’ (e.g., R7).
Similarly, the species indicated as threatened in Uttarakhand by
National Biodiversity Authority at
http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/pdf/notification/4.4%20%20Uttarakhand.pdf (shown
as VoE8, VoE= verge of extinction), Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board
at https://sbb.uk.gov.in/files/act/4.4__Uttarakhand.pdf (shown as HT9,
HT= high threat), ebook by Uttarakhand State Biodiversity Board at
https://sbb.uk.gov.in/pages/display/88-books (edited by Shah; shown as HT10),
and ENVIS Centre, Botanical Survey of India at
http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/Database/E_3942.aspx (shown by superscript ‘11’ with
threat status in column-2, e.g., R11) are also included in Table
1. All the sources have not followed
IUCN criteria so the statuses mentioned are not comparable. Species endemic to Uttarakhand are also
marked by ‘*’. Species names are given in bold case and synonyms are in
italicized normal case. If names used in
original sources have changed these are given as synonyms. Names of all species are mainly checked in
Plants of the World Online POWO (2019), Singh et al. (2019) and Catalogue of
Life 2020 (Roskov et al. 2020) for nomenclatural updates. Synonyms, basionym wherever required
(considering use in regional or national flora) are also given. After the scientific name, habit of the plant
is given in column-1. In the second
column threat status as given in original documents is mentioned. In the third column distribution of species
in India/ Himalayas and global distribution based on different sources is
given. In the fourth column, elevational
distribution of species compiled from various authentic sources is given. Wherever information is not available it is
indicated by ‘?’.
All the threatened species listed
in Table 1 are arranged order and family wise following arrangement and
circumscription of families given in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
(APG IV 2016). Abbreviations used in
Table 1 for different geographical areas (Indian states, Himalayan areas,
Countries) are detailed out below Table 1.
Some of the species listed in original documents are dropped from
Table-1 on account of various reasons elaborated in results and discussion part
(Table 2).
Results
and Discussion
The compiled list of threatened
species shows the presence of 290 threatened species (211 herbs, 43 shrubs, 24
trees, 12 climbers) belonging to 29 orders, 63 families and 176 genera. This number of species is about 6% of the
total wild flora of the state. Some of
the species listed as threatend in different sources are not included in it on
account of clearly being synonyms of other common species, wrong identification,
variety being not recognized in recent works or international databases,
invasive species, or being cultivated species (Table 3). More than 100 species are endemic to the
state. Source wise number of species
included in Table 1 is depicted in table-2 which shows that maximum numbers of
species are based on Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018) which is a recent
document on flora of Uttarakhand.
Family wise, Orchidaceae (27+
genera and 47+ spp.) contains the largest number of threatened
species followed by Fabaceae (15 genera, 26 spp.), Poaceae (14 genera, 19
spp.), Apiaceae (12 genera, 16 spp.), Rosaceae (8 genera, 16 spp.), Asteraceae
(8 genera, 14 spp.), Balsaminaceae (1 genus, 10 spp.), and Ranunculaceae (7
genera, 10 spp.). Rest of the families contain
less than 10 threatened species. The
genus Impatiens L. has 10 threatened species and Berberis L. has
eight species threatened out of total 30 spp. each, known in Uttarakhand while
seven species of Spiraea L. out of 18 total known in Uttarakhand are
threatened (Uniyal et al. 2007; Pusalkar & Srivastava 2018).
Elevational
distribution of 280 species compiled from different sources shows that the
maximum number of threatened species (146 spp., 52.14%) are distributed in the
2.0–3.0 km elevation zone, followed by the 3.0–4.0 km zone (126 spp., 45.0%),
1.0–2.0 km zone (99 spp., 35.35%), 4.0–5.0 km zone (66 spp., 23.57%) and up to
1.0km (58 spp., 20.71%). The lowest number of threatened species (11 spp.,
3.92%) is found in the 5.0–6.0 km zone which is obvious being a species poor
zone. On elevation gradient, maximum
forest cover (India State of Forest Report 2019) and highest species richness
across all habits was recorded in the 1–2 km zone (1.4–1.6 km) by Kharkwal et
al. (2005) while Oommen & Shanker (2005) found the 1.0–2.3 km zone with the
highest diversity of woody elements.
Threatened species, however, are more concentrated in the 2–3 km zone
and then in the 3–4 km zone, thus not directly influenced by high forest cover
or species richness. Elevational
distribution of 96 endemic species also shows a similar pattern with a maximum
of 43 species (44.79%) in the 2–3 km zone, followed by 36 species (37.5%) in
the 3–4 km zone, 28 species (29.16%) in the 1–2 km zone, 16 species (16.6%) in
the 0.2–1 km zone, and 14 species (14.58%) in the 4–5 km zone. Species richness is expected to reduce with
increasing elevation but in the Himalayas it is noticed highest in mid hills
(1,500–2,500 m) above which it starts decreasing making a hump-shaped pattern
(Grytnes & Vetaas 2002; Kharkwal et al. 2005). The species richness of threatened species as
well as endemic species more or less also follows this pattern with moderate
richness at lower elevations which increases to highest value in mid elevation
(2–3 km elevation zone) and then starts reducing. It is apparent that species with limited
elevation range (<500 m) require special attention as these are either
narrow range endemics (e.g., Eremogone curvifolia (Majumdar) Pusalkar
& D.K. Singh) or rarely collected (e.g., Rubus almorensis Dunn).
Today, threat statuses accepted
by IUCN only are considered correct and valid in international literature. As of the recent IUCN Red List 2020–21, only
54 species known in Uttarakhand have been evaluated, within which only 14
species are threatened. Critically
Endangered (CR) species are Aucklandia costus Falc. (=Saussurea
costus (Falc.) Lipsch.), Gentiana kurroo Royle, Lilium
polyphyllum D. Don and Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. Endangered
species (EN) are Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Angelica
glauca Edgew., Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f., C. himalaicum
Rolfe, and Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle. Vulnerable species (VU) are Aconitum
violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf, Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Dalbergia
latifolia, Dienia muscifera Lindl. (=Malaxis muscifera
(Lindl.) Kuntze), and Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Thirty-one species are evaluated but not
found threatened and accordingly categorized as Least Concern (LC, 30 spp.) or
Near Threatened (NT, 01 sp.). Nine
species could not be evaluated for lack of sufficient data and categorized as
Data Deficient (DD). A clear disparity
can be seen in two important sources (IUCN Red List 2020-21 and Indian Red Data
Book) where only six species (Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC, Aucklandia
costus Falc., Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, C. elegans
Rchb.f., C. himalaicum Rolfe, Pittosporum eriocarpum
Royle) are common. Eight additional
species listed as threatened in IUCN Red List 2020-1 and 49 additional species
listed as threatened in Indian Red Data Book are not included vice versa. IUCN Red List has also not assessed 256
species listed as threatened in various sources which warrant their immediate
assessment by recent IUCN guidelines to understand their correct status in
nature.
One of the important tools for
conservation of plant species is micropropagation (Fay 1992). Reasons for selection of species for
micropropagation may be various but one of them is the threatened status of a
species. It is found in this study that
out of 14 threatened species listed in IUCN Red List and known in Uttarakhand,
successful tissue culture protocols have been developed for nine only. As per the list of threatened species by
Indian Red Data Book, however, 55 species are known in Uttarakhand and only 10
species have been micropropagated. In
all, tissue culture protocols are available for only 16 species (Grewal &
Atal 1976; Lal et al. 1988; Mathur 1992; Sharma et al. 1993; Sharma & Seth
2001; Pandey et al. 2004, 2005; Jabeen et al. 2006; Pandey et al. 2011; Radha
et al. 2011; Bhandari et al. 2013; Mishra- Rawat et al. 2013; Sharma et al.
2014; Kumari et al. 2015; Gondval et al. 2016; Gupta et al. 2016; Panwar et al.
2015, 2016, 2017; Thakur et al. 2016).
This selection of species seems more skewed towards economically
important species (12 species, mainly medicinal) than on only threatened
species which suggests that only threatened status is considered a meagre
reason for micropropagation.
It has been emphasized that for
conservation of biodiversity we have to focus on biodiversity hotspots and
documentation of distribution of biodiversity has to be improved (Myers et al.
2000; Raven & Wackernagel 2020).
Uttarakhand is one of the important zones of the Himalayan biodiversity
hotspot with more than 45% flowering plant species, 60% genera, 92% families,
thus, sustaining rich flowering plant diversity interspersed with a large
number of threatened species (Rana & Rawat 2017; Pusalkar & Srivastava
2018). Threat statuses of threatened
plant species in entire India, including Uttarakhand, are ambiguous and require
their correct assessment using categories and criteria suggested in recent IUCN
Redlist to be globally acceptable (Barik et al. 2018). The information in this communication is an
attempt to provide the current situation of threatened flora of Uttarakhand as
identified by various official sources.
Images of 24 threatened species and locations of individuals
photographed are shown in Figure 1 to further facilitate conservation studies
on these species. It is now crucial to
assess these proposed threatened species (barring 34 alredy assessed) with
modern IUCN threat categories to find the most threatened species for
prioritized conservation by all available means. Such an assessment will restrict the
unnecessary inflation of threatened plants list consequently reducing pressure
on the resources being spent for conservation.
The given list of species will also be helpful to subsequent scientific publications for
correctly referring to any species threatened in Uttarakhand, however, it
should be used judiciously as all species listed in it are not threatened
strictly according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
Table 1. Threatened flora of
Uttarakhand.
ORDER, FAMILY Species Name; Habit |
Threat Assessment |
Geographical Distribution INDIA; Outside India |
Elev. Distr. (m) in UK |
Order 1- AUSTROBAILEYALES Takht.
ex Reveal Family 1- SCHIZANDRACEAE Blume |
|||
Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.)
Hook.f. & Thomson [=Kadsura grandiflora Wall.]; Cl |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi |
1500-3500 |
Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill.
[=Kadsura propinqua Wall.]; Cl |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi |
1200-3000 |
Order 2- MAGNOLIALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl Family 2- Magnoliaceae Juss. |
|||
Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham.
ex DC.) Filger [=Michelia doltsopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC.]; T |
DD3 |
UK, WB, S, AP, MN, MG; Ba, Mya, Chi |
900-2200 |
Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex
DC.) Filger [=Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC.]; T |
DD3 |
UK, S; Nep; Tib |
1500-2300 |
Order 3- LAURALES Juss.
ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 3- LAURACEAE Juss. |
|||
Alseodaphne himalayana Kosterm.; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK; Nep |
? |
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.)
Meisn. [=Laurus glandulifera Wall.]; T |
I2, LC3 |
UK; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Mal, Chi |
1200-2150 |
Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees
& Eberm.; T |
LC3, VU4 |
Himal, A; Mya, Lao, Viet |
450-2150 |
Order 4- DIOSCOREALES R.
Br. ex Mart. Family 4- DIOSCOREACEAE R. Br. |
|||
Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines [=Dioscorea nummularia var. belophylla
Prain]; Cl |
I2, NE3 |
Himal, NE India, Pen India |
300-1800 |
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.; Cl (Image-1) |
V1, NE3,
EN4, 2A5, EN6 |
Himal, NE India |
900-3500 |
Order 5- LILIALES Perleb Family 5- MELANTHIACEAE Batsch
ex Borkh. |
|||
Paris polyphylla Sm. [=Daiswa
polyphylla (Sm.) Raf.]; H |
NE3, EN4,
EN6, HT9 |
HP, UK, WB, S, AP, A, NL, MN,
MG; Pak, Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Jap |
2000-3000 |
Trillium govanianum Wall. ex
D.Don [=Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth]; H |
NE3, EN6,
HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Paki,
Nep |
2500-4000 |
Family 6- COLCHICACEAE DC. |
|||
Gloriosa superba L.; H |
LC3, VU4 |
India; Nep, Ban, Bhu, Chi, Mya,
Lao, Mal, Africa |
300-1500 |
Family 7- SMILACEAE Vent. |
|||
Smilax wightii A.DC.; Cl |
R1, R2,
NE3 |
UK, E & C Himal, TN |
Upto 500 |
Family 8- LILIACEAE Juss. |
|||
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don
[=F. roylei Hook.]; H (Image-2) |
NE3, EN4,
EN6 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, WB; Afg,
Pak, Nep, Bhu, Chi, Mya |
2400-4500 |
Lilium polyphyllum D.Don; H |
CR3A, CR3,
CR4, CR6, HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Nep |
2000-4000 |
Lilium wallichianum Schult. & Schult.f.; H |
I2, NE3,
EN6, I7, HT9, I11 |
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya |
1200-2400 |
Order 6- ASPARAGALES
Link Family 9- ORCHIDACEAE Juss. |
|||
Aphyllorchis gollanii Duthie; H |
E1/PEx1,
Ex2/E2, NE3, 2A5, VU6
, Ex7, Ex11 |
UK; China |
2400-3000 |
Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.)
Lindl. ex Wall. [=Bulbophyllum raui Arora; Tribrachia
reptans Lindl.]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I11 |
UK, S, AP, NG, MN, MG, MZ, WB;
Nep, Ban, Mya, Chi, Thai, Lao, Viet |
500-1500 |
Calanthe alismifolia Lindl.; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I7, I11 |
UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Bhu,
Chi, Mya, Jap, Lao, Tai, Viet |
1500-2000 |
Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl.; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, 2A5, R7,R11 |
UK, S, AP, NG, WB; Nep, Bhu,
Mya, Chi, Tai, Jap |
2500-3500 |
Calanthe davidii Franch. [=Calanthe
pachystalix Reichb.f. ex Hook.f.]; H |
E1, NE3,
2A5 |
UK, AP; Nep, Chi, Tai, Viet,
Jap |
1500-2000 |
Calanthe mannii Hook.f.; H |
R1, NE3,
2A5,R11 |
UK, S, AP, MZ, MN, MG; Nep,
Bhu, Mya, Chi, Viet, Jap |
1300-2200 |
Coelogyne cristata Lindl.; H |
R2, NE3,
2A5 |
HP, UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG,WB;
Nep, Bhu, Ban, Chi |
1000-2000 |
Coelogyne flaccida Lindl.; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5 |
UK, S, AP,A, MN, MG, NG; Nep,
Bhu, Ban, Mya, Lao, Thai |
1000-2100 |
Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D.Don)
Lindl. [=Cymbidium nitidum Wall. ex D.Don]; H |
R2, NE3,
2A5 |
UK, S, AP,MN, MZ, MG,NG, WB;
Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi, Lao, Thai, Viet |
1500-2300 |
Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don)
Szlach. [=Malaxis acuminata D.Don]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
HP, UK, S, AP, A, MP, MG, MZ,
WB, KN, KR, TN; Nep, Bhu, Thai, Viet, Lao, Ban, Chi, Mya, Phi, Australia |
600-3000 |
Cymbidium eburneum Lindl.; H |
V1, NE3,
2A5 |
UK, S, AP, A, MN, MG, MN,WB ;
Nep, Mya, Chi, Viet |
1000-1500 |
Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
[=Cymbidium mackinnonii Duthie; Maxillaria goeringii
Rchb.f.]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK, S, AP; Bhu, Chi, Kor, Jap |
1700-1800 |
Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.; H |
V1, NE3,
2A5 |
UK, S, AP,MG, MN, MZ; Bhu, Nep,
Mya, Chi, Viet |
1500-2500 |
Cypripedium cordigerum D.Don; H |
R1, VU3A,
VU3, 2A5, EN6, HT9,R11 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Chi |
2100-4000 |
Cypripedium elegans Rchb.f.; H |
R1, EN3A,
EN3, 2A5, EN6, HT9 |
UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi |
2500-4000 |
Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe; H (Image-3) |
R1, EN3,
2A5, EN6, HT9, R11 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu,
Mya, Chi |
2700-4300 |
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don)
Soo [=Orchis hatagirea D.Don]; H |
NE3, CR4,
2A5, EN6, HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Chi, Mon |
2500-4400 |
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. [=Dendrobium
gamblei King & Pantl.]; H |
I2, LC3,
2A5, I11 |
Throughout India; Nep, Ban,
Mya, Borneo, Jawa, Malaya, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thai, Viet |
300-800 |
*Dendrobium
normale Falc.; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I7, I11 |
UK |
900-2700 |
Dienia muscifera Lindl. [=Malaxis
muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Microstylis muscifera (Lindl)
Ridl.]; H |
VU3, 2A5,
EN4, EN6, HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB;
Paki, Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi |
1800-4000 |
Diplomeris hirsuta (Lindl.) Lindl. [=Diplochilos
hirsutus Lindl.]; H |
V1, NE3,
2A5, EN6, VoE8, HT9, HT10,V11 |
UK, S, AP, MG, NG, WB; Nep, Chi |
800-1200 |
*Eria
occidentalis Seidenf. [=Pinalia occidentalis (Seidenf.) Schuit.,
Y.P. Ng & H.A. Pedersen]; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, 2A5, VU6, R7, R11 |
UK |
1200-1500 |
Eulophia mackinnonii Duthie; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, 2A5, R7, R11 |
UK, UP, JR, CG, MP; Nep, Ban |
300-800 |
Eulophia obtusa (Lindl.) Hook.f. [=Cyrtopera
obtusa Lindl.]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, VU6, I7, I11 |
UK, UP; Nep |
250-900 |
Flickingeria hesperis Seidenf. [=Dendrobium
hesperis (Seidenf.) Schuit. & Peter B.Adams]; H |
E1, E2,
NE3, 2A5, VU6 ,E7, HT9,
E11 |
UK, MN |
1500-2000 |
Galeola falconeri Hook.f. [=Cyrtosia
falconeri (Hook.f.)Aver.]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I7, I11 |
UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB; Nep,
Bhu, Thai, Viet, Chi |
1200-2000 |
Galeola lindleyana (Hook.f. &
Thomson) Rchb.f. [=Cyrtosia lindleyana Hook.f. & Thomson];
H |
I2, NE3,
2A5 |
HP, UK, AP, MN, MG, MZ, NG, WB;
Nep, Chi, Viet, Sumatra |
1200-2400 |
*Gastrochilus
garhwalensis Z.H.Tsi; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
1000 |
Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex
Collett [=Herminium edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) X.H. Jin, Schuit.,
Raskoti & Lu Q. Huang]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP, WB;
Paki, Nep, Bhu, Chi |
1500-3000 |
Habenaria intermedia D.Don; H |
NE3, EN4,
2A5, VU6 |
J&K, HP, UK, CG; Nep Paki,
Chi |
1500-3000 |
*Herminium
kumaunense Deva & H.B.Naithani; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
3300-3600 |
Neottia acuminata Schltr. [=Aphyllorchis
parviflora King & Pantl.]; H |
R1, LC3,
2A5, R11 |
UK, S, AP; Nep, Chi, Rus, Mon, Kor, Jap, Tai |
3300-3600 |
*Neottia
mackinnonii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H |
NE3, 2A5,
DD6, VU6 |
UK |
1500-1800 |
*Neottia
microglottis (Duthie) Schltr. [=Archineottia microglottis (Duthie)
S.C.Chen; Listera microglottis Duthie]; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, 2A5, VU6, R7, R11 |
UK |
1500-4000 |
*Neottia
nandadeviensis (Hajra) Szlach. [=Listera nandadeviensis
Hajra]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
2400-3500 |
*Nervilia
gleadowii A.N.Rao; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
1000 |
Nervilia mackinnonii (Duthie) Schltr.
[=Pogonia mackinnonii Duthie]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, VU6, I7, I11 |
UK; Nep, Mya, Chi |
1500-1800 |
*Nervilia
pangteyana Jalal, Kumar & G.S.Rawat; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
800-1000 |
Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. [=Nervilia
biflora (Wight) Schltr.; Arethusa plicata Andrews]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I11 |
Throughout India; Pak, Nep,
Ban, Bor, Jawa, Lao, Mya, Phil, Tai, Viet, Aus |
300-1500 |
Oreorchis foliosa (Lindl.) Lindl.
var. indica (Lindl.) N. Pearce & P.J. Cribb [=Corallorhiza
indica Lindl., Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3,
2A5, I7, I11 |
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Chi, Jap |
2000-2700 |
Oreorchis micrantha Lindl.; H (Image-4) |
I2, NE3,
2A5 |
J&K, HP, UK, S,Ap, WB; Nep,
Bhu, Mya, Chi |
2400-3300 |
Pecteilis gigantea (Sm.) Raf.
[=Orchis gigantea Sm.]; H
(Image-5) |
NE3, 2A5,
VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
Throughout India; Pak, Nep,
Mya, Chi |
300-2000 |
Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie)
R.K.Gupta [=Peristylus kumaonensis Renz]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
HP, UK, S, WB; Nep, Bhu, Mya,
Chi |
2000-2200 |
Phaius tankervilleae (Banks)
Blume [=Limodorum tankervilleae Banks]; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6, VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
UK, S, AP,MN, MG, MZ, WB, NG,
TR, KL, OD; Nep, Bhu, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jap, Viet, Sri etc |
300-500 |
*Ponerorchis
renzii Deva & H.B.Naithani; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
UK |
3200-3400 |
Satyrium nepalense D.Don; H |
NE3, 2A5,
VU6 |
Himal, NE India, South India;
Pak, Chi, Mya, Sri Lanka |
1500-4000 |
Tipularia cunninghamii (King &
Prain) S.C.Chen, S.W.Gale & P.J.Cribb [=Didiciea cunninghamii King
& Prain]; H |
E1, E2,
NE3, 2A5, E7, E11 |
UK, S; Tai |
2000-3100 |
Family 10- IRIDACEAE Juss. |
|||
Iris milesii Baker ex Foster; H |
I2, NE3 |
W Himal; Chi |
1600-2700 |
Family 11- AMARYLLIDACEAE
J.St.-Hil. |
|||
Allium auriculatum Kunth; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Nep |
3300-5500 |
Allium loratum Baker; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Chi |
2600-3700 |
Allium roylei Stearn; H |
E2, NT3 |
J&K, UK; Afg, Pak |
1900-3200 |
Allium stracheyi Baker; H |
V1, V2,
NE3, VU4, VU6 , V7, V11 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep |
2000-3800 |
Family 12- ASPARAGACEAE Bercht.
& J. Presl |
|||
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don; H (Image-6) |
DD3 |
Himal; Ban, Mya, Chi, Tai, Viet |
2100-3000 |
*Dipcadi
reidii Deb & S. Dasgupta; H |
PEx1, Ex2,
NE3, CR6, VU6, Ex7, Ex11 |
UK; Nep(?) |
1500-2500 |
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.)
Royle [=Convallaria cirrhifolia Wall.]; H |
NE3, VU4,
VU6 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep,
Bhu, Chi |
1200-4500 |
Polygonatum graminifolium Hook.; H
(Image-7) |
I2,NE3, I7,
I11 |
J&K, HP, UK; Nep, Bhu |
2600-4650 |
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.)
All. [=Convallaria verticillata L.]; H |
VU4, VU6 |
Himal |
1500-4500 |
Order 7- ARECALES
Bromhead Family 13- ARECACEAE Bercht.
& J. Presl (PALMAE Juss.) |
|||
Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson; T |
R1, V2,
NT3 |
UK, NE India |
Up to 800 |
*Trachycarpus
takil Becc.; T (Image-8) |
R1, NE3,
CR6, VU6, VoE8, HT9, HT10,
R11 |
UK |
1800-2550 |
Order 8- ZINGIBERALES
Griseb Family 14- ZINGIBERACEAE
Martinov |
|||
Cautleya spicata (Sm.) Baker [=Cautleya
petiolata Baker]; H |
I2, LC3,
I7, I11 |
Himal; Chi, Mya |
1800-2800 |
Hedychium spicatum Sm. ; H |
NE3, VU6 |
Himal; Chi, Mya, Thai |
1500-2800 |
Order 9- POALES Small Family 15- ERIOCAULACEAE
Martinov |
|||
Eriocaulon nepalense J.D. Prescott ex Bong. var. luzulifolium (Mart.) Praj. &
J.Parn. [=Eriocaulon pumilio Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3,
DD6, I7, I11 |
W Himal, NE India; Nep, Chi,
Thai, New Guinea |
900-2000 |
Family 16- CYPERACEAE Juss. |
|||
Carex clavispica S.R. Zhang [=Kobresia duthiei C.B. Clarke]; H |
I2, NE3 |
Himal |
3600-4500 |
Carex esenbeckii Kunth [=Kobresia esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie; Kobresia
trinervis var. foliosa (C.B.Clarke) Kuekenth.]; H |
I2, NE3 |
Himal; Bhu, Chi, Tib |
3300-5000 |
*Carex
nandadeviensis Ghildyal, U.C.Bhattach. & Hajra; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3000-4000 |
Family 17- POACEAE Barnhart
(GRAMINEAE Juss.) |
|||
Cymbopogon microstachys (Hook.f.) Soenarko [=Cymbopogon flexuosus
var. microstachys (Hook.f.) Bor]; H |
R2, NE3,
R7, R11 |
N, E & NE India, Indian
plains; Chi, Indochina |
300-1000 |
*Cymbopogon
osmastonii R. Parker; H |
V2, NE3,VU6 |
UK, N India |
300-500 |
*Dendrocalamus
somdevae H.B. Naithani; Sh |
NE3, END11 |
UK |
600-1500 |
Digitaria duthieana Henrard ex Bor; H |
DD3 |
UK, UP, MP |
300 |
Elymus duthiei (Melderis) G.Singh [= Agropyron duthiei Melderis]; H |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
W&E Himal |
1000-2000 |
*Eulalia
madkotiensis Kandwal, B.K. Gupta & S.K. Srivast.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1200-1500 |
*Festuca
lucida Stapf; H |
I2, NE3,I7,
I11 |
UK |
2300-3000 |
*Festuca
nandadevica Hajra; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3300-3600 |
*Helictotrichon
uniyalii Kandwal & B.K. Gupta; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2500-3000 |
*Microstegium
falconeri (Hook.f.) Clayton [=Ischnochloa falconeri Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3,
VU6, I7, I11 |
NW & E Himal |
1800-3000 |
Piptatherum hilariae Pazij [=Oryzopsis humilis Bor; Oryzopsis hilariae
(Pazij) Uniyal]; H |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
W Himal; Taj, Afg, Paki, Tib,
Chi |
2000-2500 |
*Poa
garhwalensis D.C. Nautiyal & R.D. Gaur; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3900-4200 |
Poa pseudamoena Bor; H |
I2, NE3,I7,
I11 |
W Himal; Tib, China |
3000-3800 |
*Poa
rhadina Bor; H |
E2, NE3,
VU6, E7, E11 |
UK |
2600-4100 |
*Poa
royleana Nees ex Steud.; H |
NE3, END11 |
UK |
2000-3300 |
*Pseudodanthonia
himalaica (Hook.f.) Bor & C.E.Hubb. [=Danthonia himalaica
Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3,
VU6, VU6 |
W Himal |
2000-2300 |
Puccinellia thomsonii (Stapf ex Hook.f.) R.R. Stewart [=Glyceria
thomsonii Stapf ex Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3 |
W Himal; Tib |
4000-4500 |
*Sehima
notatum (Hack.) A. Camus [=Ischaemum notatum Hack.];
H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1200-2100 |
Trisetum micans (Hook.f.) Bor [=Avena micans Hook.f.]; H |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
W Himal, Indian plains |
2400-3800 |
Order 10- RANUNCULALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 18- PAPAVERACEAE Juss. |
|||
Corydalis cashmeriana Royle; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep,
Chi |
2800-4700 |
*Corydalis
devendrae Pusalkar; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3800-5000 |
Papaver guilelmi-waldemarii (Klotzsch) Christenh. &
Byng [=Meconopsis guilemi-waldemarii Klotzsch; Meconopsis aculeata
Royle]; H |
E2, NE3,
EN4 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Pak, Nep,
Bhu |
3500-5200 |
*Papaver
robustum (Hook.f, & Thomson) Christenh. & Byng [=Meconopsis
robusta Hook.f. & Thomson]; H
(Image-9) |
NE3, VU6 |
UK; Nep |
2500-4300 |
Family 19- BERBERIDACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Berberis
affinis G. Don; Sh |
R1, R2,
NE3, VU6, VU6, R7, R11 |
UK |
2200-3000 |
*Berberis
ahrendtii R.R.Rao & Uniyal; Sh |
NE3, EN6,
VU6 |
UK |
2000-3000 |
*Berberis
garhwalensis C.K.Schneid.; Sh |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
3000-4000 |
*Berberis
jaunsarensis (Ahrendt) Laferr. [=Mahonia jaunsarensis Ahrendt]; Sh |
I2, NE3,
VU6, I7 , I11 |
UK |
1500-2600 |
*Berberis
lambertii R. Parker; Sh |
V1/E1, V2,
NE3, CR6, VU6, V11/E11 |
UK |
2650-2900 |
*Berberis
osmastonii Dunn; Sh
(Image-10) |
R1, R2,
NE3, VU6, R7, R11 |
UK |
1700-3000 |
Berberis pseudumbellata R.Parker; Sh |
I2, NE3,I7,
I11 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak |
2200-3800 |
*Berberis
rawatii U.L.Tiwari & B.S.Adhikari; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2200-2400 |
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle [=Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle)
T.S.Ying]; H |
NE3, EN4,
2A5, EN6 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP; Pak,
Nep, Bhu, Chi |
2000-4000 |
Family 20- RANUNCULACEAE Juss. |
|||
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle; H |
EN3A, EN3,
CR4, EN6, VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep |
2700-4800 |
Aconitum laeve Royle; H |
NE3, EN6 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep |
2000-3500 |
Aconitum lethale Griff. [=A. falconeri
Stapf var. latilobum Stapf; A. balfouri var. rhombilobatum Stapf; A.
falconeri Stapf var. falconeri];
H (Image-11) |
V1, I2,
NE3, VU4, EN6, I7, VoE8,
HT10 , I11 |
UK; Nep |
2800-4000 |
Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf; H (Image-12) |
VU3A, VU3,
VU4, VU6, VoE8, HT10 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep |
3200-4800 |
*Anemone
raui Goel & U.C. Bhattach.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
HP, UK |
2500-3500 |
Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks [=Aquilegia glauca Lindl. var. nivalis;
Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Bruehl]; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak |
3200-4500 |
Delphinium koelzii Munz; H |
I2, NE3 |
HP, UK |
1600-2500 |
*Oxygraphis
kumaonensis I.D.Rai & G.S.Rawat; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
4000-4100 |
*Ranunculus
uttaranchalensis Pusalkar & D.K.Singh; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
4000-4350 |
Trollius acaulis Lindl.; H
(Image-13) |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Pak, Nep,
Chi |
3200-5000 |
Order 11- SAXIFRAGALES
Bercht. & J. Presl Family 21- SAXIFRAGACEAE Juss. |
|||
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. [=Megasea ciliata Haw.]; H |
NE3, VU6 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Mya |
1000-4300 |
Saxifraga jacquemontiana Decne.; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu,
Chi |
3900-5800 |
Saxifraga meeboldii Engl. & Irmsch.; H |
NE3, DD6 |
J&K, HP, UK; Tib |
4000-4200 |
*Saxifraga
minutissima D.S. Rawat; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
4200-4800 |
Family 22- CRASSULACEAE
J.St.-Hil. |
|||
*Sedum
bhattacharyyae R. Manik., N.B. Singh & S.K. Srivast. [=Sedum
pedicellatum N.B.Singh & U.C.Bhattach.]; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1500-3500 |
*Sedum
duthiei Frod.; H |
I2, NE3,DD6,
VU6, I7, I11 |
UK |
4500-4700 |
Sedum heterodontum Hook.f. & Thomson [=Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f. &
Thomson) Boriss.]; H |
NE3, VU4 |
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak,
USSR, Nep, Tib, Mon |
2500-5100 |
*Sedum
seelemannii Raym.-Hamet; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
4500-4700 |
Order 12- FABALES
Bromhead Family 23- FABACEAE Lindl.
(LEGUMINOSAE Juss.) |
|||
Abrus fruticulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Cl |
DD3A , DD3 |
UK, Indian plains, NE India;
Chi, Tropical Africa |
? |
Astragalus langtangensis Podlech; Sh |
DD3A , DD3 |
UK, Nep |
3500-4000 |
*Astragalus
nainitalensis L.B. Chaudhary; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1700-1900 |
Astragalus stewartii Baker [=Astragalus bakeri Ali]; Sh |
I2, NE3 |
J&K, UK; Paki |
1500-3200 |
*Astragalus
uttaranchalensis L.B. Chaudhary & J.H. Khan; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3200-3500 |
Butea pellita Hook.f. ex Prain [=Meizotropis pellita
(Hook.f ex Prain) Sanjappa]; Sh (Image-14) |
NE3, CR6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
UK; Nep |
1400-1500 |
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.; T |
NE3, 2A5 |
UK, Tropical Himal, India; Sri
Lanka, Mya |
300-1000 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; T |
VU3, 2A5 |
UK, India; Nep, Mal |
300-500 |
Dalbergia sericea G. Don; T |
NE3, 2A5 |
UK; Nep, Ban, Chi |
300-1500 |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.; T |
NE3, 2A5 |
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak,
Nep, Ban, Mya |
300-1200 |
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.; Cl |
NE3, 2A5 |
UK, E Himal, NE India, Indian
plains; Nep, Ban, Mya, China, Thai, Viet, Lao |
300-600 |
*Derris
kanjilalii K.C. Sahni & H.B. Naithani; Cl |
NE3, VU6 |
UK; Nep |
300-400 |
*Desmodium
garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
700-1800 |
Hedysarum astragaloides Benth. ex Baker; H |
R1, R2,
NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki |
3500-4500 |
Hedysarum cachemirianum Benth. ex Baker; H |
R1/V1, NE3 |
J&K, UK; Paki |
3700-4000 |
Hedysarum microcalyx Baker; H |
V1, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Paki |
2700-4400 |
Indigofera cedrorum Dunn; Sh |
I2, NE3,
VU6 |
HP, UK |
1200-2500 |
Indigofera dosua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don var. simlensis (Ali) Sanjappa [=Indigofera
simlensis Ali]; Sh |
I2, NE3,
VU6 |
HP, UK |
600-3000 |
Indigofera thothathrii Sanjappa; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK, UP, A |
Up to 500 |
Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan [=Piptadenia
oudhensis Brandis]; T |
NE3, EN6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
UK, UP; Nep |
300-600 |
Macrotyloma sar-garhwalensis R.D. Gaur & L.R. Dangwal; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
600- 1500 |
*Pueraria
garhwalensis L.R. Dangwal & D.S. Rawat; Cl |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
300-600 |
*Senna
davidsonii (V. Singh) V. Singh [=Cassia davidsonii V.
Singh]; Sh |
NE3, VU6,
DD6 |
UP (UK ?) |
? |
Thermopsis inflata Cambess.; H |
I2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep,
Chi |
4900-5500 |
Uraria picta (Jacq.)
Desv. ex DC. [=Hedysarum pictum Jacq.]; H (Image-15) |
LC3, HT9 |
Himal, India; Pak, Ban, Mya,
Chi, Jawa, Male, Phil, Sri Lanka, Thai, Tr Africa |
Up to 1500 |
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal [=Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.]; H |
DD3 |
UK, Throughout India; Pak, Ban,
Mya, Chi, Sri |
Up to 2000 |
Order 13- ROSALES
Bercht. & J. Presl Family 24- ROSACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Alchemilla
palii Panigrahi & Purohit; Sh |
NE3, DD11 |
UK |
? |
*Cotoneaster
parkinsonii Panigrahi & Arv. Kumar; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK, E Himal, NE India; Nep, Mya |
2400-2500 |
Cotoneaster roseus Edgew.[=Cotoneaster
osmastonii G.Klotz]; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
W Himal; Afg, Pak |
2400-3300 |
Cotoneaster simonsii Hort. ex Baker; Sh |
I1, I2,
NE3 |
UK, S; Bhutan |
1500-3200 |
*Geum
aequilobatum K.M.Purohit
& Panigrahi; H |
NE3, END11 |
UK |
1000-1500 |
Prunus jacquemontii Hook.f. Sh |
DD3 |
J&K, UK; Afg, Pak |
2800-3500 |
*Rosa
hirsuta Ghora & Panigrahi; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3600-3800 |
*Rubus
almorensis Dunn; Sh |
I2, NE3,DD6,
VU6, I7,
I11 |
UK |
2400-2700 |
*Sibbaldia
axilliflora (Hook.f.) Chatterjee [=Potentilla axilliflora
Hook.f.]; Sh |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
? |
*Spiraea
diversifolia Dunn; Sh |
I2, NE3,I7,
I11 |
UK; Nep(?) (CoL) |
2700-4400 |
*Spiraea
duthieana Zinserl.; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2400-3100 |
*Spiraea
hypoleuca Dunn.; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK; Nep? (CoL) |
2100-3300 |
*Spiraea
panchananii Panigrahi & K.M.Purohit; Sh |
NE3,VU6 |
UK |
2400 |
*Spiraea
panigrahiana K.M. Purohit.; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1900 |
*Spiraea
parkeri Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
1900-2000 |
*Spiraea
raizadae Panigrahi & K.M. Purohit; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3200-3300 |
Family 25- RHAMNACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Sageretia
devendrae Pusalkar; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2000-2500 |
Family 26- ULMACEAE Mirb. |
|||
Ulmus wallichiana Planch.; T |
E2, VU3,NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Afg, Paki, N |
1500-3000 |
Order 14- FAGALES Engl. Family 27- BETULACEAE Gray |
|||
Carpinus faginea Lindl.; T |
DD3A , DD3 |
UK; Nep |
1200-2200 |
Corylus jacquemontii Decne.; T |
DD3A , DD3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Nep |
2000-2700 |
Order 15- CUCURBITALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 28- DATISCACEAE Dumort. |
|||
Datisca cannabina L.; H |
NE3, EN4 |
UK; Mediterranean, Afg, Pak,
Nep, Viet |
700-1550 |
Order 16- MALPIGHIALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 29- HYPERICACEAE Juss. |
|||
Hypericum perforatum L.; H |
LC3, VU4 |
J&K, HP, UK; Europe, E
Asia, N Africa, Chi |
1000-3000 |
Family 30- VIOLACEAE Batsch |
|||
Viola kunawarensis Royle; H |
I2, NE3,
I7, I11 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Afg, Paki,
Nep, Tib |
2800-5200 |
Viola repens Wall. ex Ging.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
Himal; Pak, Mya, Chi, Thai, Sri
Lanka |
500-3200 |
Family 31- EUPHORBIACEAE Juss. |
|||
Euphorbia royleana Boiss.; T |
NE3, 2A5 |
J&K, HP, UK, NE India, E
Himal; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Tai |
600-1800 |
Order 17- MYRTALES Juss.
ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 32- ONAGRACEAE Juss. |
|||
Epilobium glaciale P.H. Raven; H |
I2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak |
3600-4400 |
Order 18- CROSSOSOMATALES
Takht. ex Reveal Family 33- STAPHYLEACEAE
Martinov |
|||
Staphylea cochinchinensis (Lour.) Byng & Christenh.
[=Ticeros cochinchinensis Lour; Turpinia
cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.; Turpinia nepalensis Wall.];
T |
NE3, VU6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
UK, E Himal; Nep, Ban, Mya,
Thai, Viet, Lao |
1000-2200 |
Order 19- SAPINDALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 34- SAPINDACEAE Juss. |
|||
Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis; T |
V1, V2,
NE3, VU6, V7, V11 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Chi |
2000-3350 |
Family 35- RUTACEAE Juss. |
|||
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; T |
LC3, VU4 |
J&K, HP, UK, MN, MG, NG,
OD, AD; Pak, Nep, Mya, Chi, Jap, Kor, Phil, Tai, Viet |
1000-2200 |
Order 20- BRASSICALES
Bromhead Family 36- BRASSICACEAE Burnett |
|||
*Eutrema
purii (D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D. Gaur) Al-Shehbaz, G.Q. Hao
& J. Quan Liu [=Dilophia purii D.S. Rawat, L.R. Dangwal & R.D.
Gaur]; H (Image-16) |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
4500-5000 |
Order 21- CARYOPHYLLALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 37- POLYGONACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Koenigia
binsarii (Silas & R.D.Gaur) R.D.Gaur [=Polygonum binsarii
Silas & R.D.Gaur]; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2400-2700 |
Rheum australe D.Don [=Rheum
emodii Wall. ex Meisn.]; H |
NE3, EN4,
EN6 |
UK, E Himal; Mya |
3000-4450 |
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle; H |
NE3, VU6 |
HP, UK; Nep |
3500-4800 |
Rheum webbianum Royle; H |
NE3, VU4,
VU6 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak, Nep, Tib |
2400-5000 |
*Rumex
gangotrianus Aswal & S.K. Srivast.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2600-3150 |
Family 38- CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Juss. |
|||
Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight &
Arn.; H |
I2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK, S; Paki, Nep,
Maha, TN |
900-3700 |
Cerastium thomsonii Hook.f.; H |
I2, NE3,I7,
I11 |
J&K, HP, UK |
2500-3650 |
*Eremogone
curvifolia (Majumdar) Pusalkar & D.K. Singh [=Arenaria curvifolia
Majumdar]; H (Image-17) |
E1, E2,
NE3, CR6, VU6, HT9 , E11 |
UK |
3300-3650 |
*Eremogone
ferruginea (Duthie ex F.N. Williams) Pusalkar & D. K. Singh
[=A. ferruginea Duthie ex F.N. Williams]; H |
E1, E2,
NE3, DD6, VU6, I7, I11 |
UK |
2400-3050 |
Odontostemma thangoense (W.W. Sm.)
Rabeler & W.L. Wagner [=Arenaria thangoensis W.W.
Sm.]; H |
V1, V2,
NE3 |
UK, S; Tib |
3300-3600 |
Silene kumaonensis F.N.Williams; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, R11 |
UK; Nep |
2500-3000 |
Silene stracheyi Edgew. |
NE3, DD6 |
UK, S; Nep, Bhu |
2250-3030 |
Stellaria depressa Em. Schmid; H |
I2, NE3 |
J&K, UK; Tib |
4800-5000 |
Order 22- ERICALES
Bercht. & J. Presl Family 39- BALSAMINACEAE A.
Rich. |
|||
*Impatiens
devendrae Pusalkar; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1200-3200 |
*Impatiens
duthiei Hook.f.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2700m |
*Impatiens
inayatii Hook.f.; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
2400-2700 |
*Impatiens
jaeschkei Hook.f.; H |
NE3, END11 |
UK |
2700-3000 |
*Impatiens
kaliensis Grey-Wilson; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
2200-3250 |
*Impatiens
langeana Hook.f.; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
? |
*Impatiens
podocarpa Hook.f.; H |
NE3, END11 |
UK |
2100-2400 |
*Impatiens
polysciadia Hook.f.; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
? |
*Impatiens
reidii Hook.f.; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
1800-2600 |
*Impatiens
violoides Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
2400-2700 |
Family 40- PRIMULACEAE Batsch
ex Borkh. |
|||
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC. [=Ardisia
tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult.]; T |
NE3, VU4 |
J&K, UK, WB; Pak, Nep, Ban,
MYa, Thai, Viet, Sri Lanka |
450-1800 |
*Primula
garhwalica (Balodi & S.Singh) K.K.Khanna & An.Kumar [=Androsace
garhwalicum Balodi & S.Singh]; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
4100-4400 |
Primula drummondiana Craib; H |
I2, NE3 |
HP, UK; Nep |
2400 |
Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, HP, UK; Nep |
3500-5450 |
Family 41- SYMPLOCACEAE Desf. |
|||
Symplocos paniculata Miq.; T |
NE3, VU4 |
Himal; Pak, Ban, Mya, Chi, Jap,
Lao, Viet |
1000-2900 |
Family 42- ERICACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Rhododendron
rawatii I.D.Rai & B.S.Adhikari; T |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3100-3350 |
Order 23- GENTIANALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 43- RUBIACEAE Juss. |
|||
Clarkella nana (Edgew.) Hook.f. [=Ophiorrhiza nana Edgew.]; H |
R1, R2,
NE3, R7, R11 |
UK; Mya, Chi, Thai |
1200-2400 |
*Leptodermis
riparia R.Parker; Sh |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
700-1600 |
Rubia edgeworthii Hook.f.; Cl |
V1, V2, NE3,
V7, V11 |
UK, Chi |
900-1200 |
Family 44- GENTIANACEAE Juss. |
|||
Gentiana cachemirica Decne.; H |
E2, NE3 |
J&K, UK; Paki |
2600-3900 |
Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.; H |
R2, NE3,
R7, R11 |
UK, S, AP; Nep, Bhu, Chi |
3400-5000 |
Gentiana kurroo Royle; H |
CR3A, CR3,
CR4, EN6, VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
HP, UK; Afg, Pak, Mya |
1500-3000 |
*Gentiana
saginoides Burkill; H |
R2, NE3,CR6,
VU6, R7, R11 |
UK |
3000-3600 |
*Gentiana
tetrasepala Biswas; H |
NE3, VU6,
VU6 |
UK |
3800-4500 |
Kuepferia infelix (C.B.Clarke) Adr. Favre [=Gentiana infelix C.B.
Clarke]; H (Image-18) |
R2, NE3,
VU6, R7, R11 |
HP, UK, S; Nep, Bhu, Mya, Chi |
4000-4900 |
*Swertia
alpina U.C.Bhattach. & S.Agrawal; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3200-4500 |
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. [=Gentiana chirayita
Roxb.]; H |
NE3, EN4,
EN6 |
J&K, HP, UK, E Himal; Nep, |
1200-3600 |
Family 45- APOCYNACEAE Juss. |
|||
Ceropegia angustifolia Wight; Cl |
V1, V2,
NE3 |
UK, UP, S, A, MG, WB; Ban |
1000-2400 |
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.; Cl |
V2, NE3,
EN4, VU6 |
All over India |
300-600 |
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz; Sh |
NE3, VU4,
2A5 |
All over India |
300-600 |
Order 24- BORAGINALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 46- BORAGINACEAE Juss. |
|||
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M. Johnst. [=Echium benthamii Wall. &
G.Don]; H |
E2, NE3,
VU6, CR4, HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK; Paki, Nep |
3000-5000 |
Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I.M. Johnst. [=Lithospermum
euchromon Royle ex Benth.]; H |
NE3, EN4,
VU6, HT9 |
J&K, HP, UK; Ira, Afg, Pak,
Kaza, Nep, Tib, Chi |
3500-4600 |
*Cynoglossum
jaunsarensis (Kazmi) Pusalkar [=Ivanjohnstonia jaunsariensis
Kazmi]; H |
NE3, DD6,
VU6 |
UK |
2200-2400 |
Order 25- SOLANALES
Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl Family 47- CONVOLVULACEAE Juss. |
|||
Ipomoea laxiflora H.J. Chowdhery & M.R. Debta; Cl |
NE3, VU6 |
UK, MH |
Up to 800 |
Family 48- SOLANACEAE Juss. |
|||
Hyoscyamus niger L.; H |
NE3, VU4 |
J&K, HP, UK, S, AP;
Temperate Eurasia, NW Africa |
2800-4200 |
Order 26- LAMIALES
Bromhead Family 49- OLEACEAE Hoffmanns.
& Link |
|||
Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh.; T |
DD3 |
W Himal; Pak, Nep |
1500-2400 |
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb.; T |
NE3, EN6,
VoE8, HT9, HT10 |
|
450-762 |
Family 50- GESNERIACEAE Rich.
& Juss. |
|||
Didymocarpus aromaticus Don; H |
NE3, VU6 |
|
1800-3000 |
Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br.;
H |
NE3, VU4 |
|
500-1700 |
Family 51- PLANTAGINACEAE Juss. |
|||
*Kashmiria
himalaica (Hook.f.) D.Y. Hong [=Falconeria himalaica
Hook.f.; Wulfenia himalaica (Hook.f.) Pennell]; H (Image-19) |
NE3, VU6,
VU6 |
UK |
2400-3800 |
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y. Hong [=Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora Pennell]; H |
NE3, EN6 |
Himal; Chi |
3000-4600 |
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.; H |
V1, NE3,CR4,
2A5, EN6 |
J&K, HP, UK; Pak |
3000-4600 |
*Picrorhiza
tungnathii Pusalkar; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
3500-3800 |
Family 52- SCROPHULARIACEAE
Juss. |
|||
*Scrophularia
obtusa Edgew. ex Hook.f.; H |
NE3, VU6 |
UK |
1500-2100 |
|