Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2019 | 11(10): 14349–14357

Diversity of butterflies of the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India

M.N. Harisha ¹, Harish Prakash ², B.B. Hosetti ³ & Vijaya Kumara ⁴

^1–4 Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University,

Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India

¹ harishwild@gmail.com (corresponding author), ² harishprakashhp@gmail.com, ³ hosetti57@gmail.com,

⁴ vijay15675@gmail.com

Abstract: A study was conducted on the diversity of butterflies by using the pollard walk method in the tropical dry deciduous habitats of Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, from February 2010 to January 2011. A total of 151 species of butterflies belonging to 99 genera and five families was recorded. The family Nymphalidae was the most dominant with the highest number of species (52 species; 35%), followed by Lycaenidae (33 species; 22%), Hesperiidae (25 species; 17%), Pieridae (24 species; 16%), and Papilionidae (15 species: 10%). The study also revealed 24 species of butterflies which are protected under various schedules of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and 13 species as being endemic to the Western Ghats, peninsular India and Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Diversity, endemicity, southern Western Ghats.

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4543.11.10.14349-14357 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D38555AE-3294-433F-B1AB-B0E3A293E5E9

Editor: George Mathew, (Ex) Emeritus Scientist, KFRI, Peechi, India. Date of publication: 26 August 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4543 | Received 03 September 2018 | Final received 01 August 2019 | Finally accepted 07 August 2019

Citation: Harisha. M.N., H. Prakash, B.B. Hosetti & V. Kumara (2019). Diversity of butterflies of the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(10): 14349–14357. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4543.11.10.14349-14357

Copyright: © Harisha et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Karnataka Forest Department, Shivamogga.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: We are extremely grateful to all faculty members of the Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management, for their support. We are grateful to the Shivamogga Forest Department for granting permission to conduct the study in the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary and for their gracious hospitality during the study period.

The Western Ghats is a prominent globally recognized biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al. 2000; Gunawardene et al. 2007), which covers about 60% of the forest area of Karnataka and one among the 36 biodiversity hotspots of the World.

There are a few reports available until date on the butterflies of the Western Ghats (e.g., Gaonkar 1996; Kunte 2000, 2008; Kehimkar 2008; Padhye et al. 2012; Kasambe 2018). Some examples of earlier documentation on butterflies from the Western Ghats protected areas include: 100 species from Silent Valley National Park (Mathew & Rahamathulla 1993), 124 species from Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary (Sudheendrakumar et al. 2000), 139 species from Kudremukh National Park (Radhakrishnan 2007), 74 species from Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary (Mathew et al. 2005), 53 species from Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary (Mathew et al. 2007), 115 species from Gudavi Bird Sanctuary (Dayanand 2014), and 85 species from the montane forests of Eravikulam National Park (Sreekumar et al. 2018); and non-protected areas: 75 species from Siruvani Reserve Forests (Arun 2003), 282 species from the Kerala part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Mathew 2016), and 172 species from Dakshina Kannada District (Naik & Mustak 2016). The present study was conducted to examine the status, endemicity, and abundance of butterflies from Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Shivamogga, Karnataka.

Material and Methods

Study area

The Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) located between 13.8873⁰N and 75.3879⁰E occupies an area about 395.6km² (Fig. 1). It is spread over parts of three taluks of Shivamogga District: Shivamogga, Hosanagara, and Thirthahalli. The terrain in the sanctuary is plain to undulating with a few pockets consisting of very steep terrains and hillocks. The temperature within the sanctuary varies from 15˚C to 39˚C and the average rainfall varies around 2000mm dominated by the southwest monsoon during July to September. It covers dry deciduous, moist deciduous and semi evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The sanctuary is rich in both floral and faunal diversity.

Sampling method

Butterfly survey was carried out from February 2010 to January 2011 to record their status and abundance. The line transect method developed by the Institution of Terrestrial Ecology (Pollard 1979) was followed to monitor the diversity. Butterflies were recorded by direct visual observation along the three fixed transect routs, each of 2km long and 10m wide, passing through the different landscape elements like dry deciduous, semi evergreen and scrub forest and walked at a constant pace for approximately one to one and half an hour. The data collection carried out in a bi-weekly random survey in the whole study period. Observations were made between 07.30hr to 11.00hr, when butterflies are most active. Butterflies were identified by using various field guides (Kunte 2000; Sharma & Radhakrishna 2005; Kasambe 2018) and the nomenclature followed is as per Kasambe (2018). Butterflies observed in this study were categorized into five categories on the basis of their abundance under different score classes such as: very common (VC) 80–100%, common (C) 60–80%, occasional (O) 40–60%, rare (R) 20–40% and very rare (VR) below 20% (Aneesh et al. 2013).

Results and Discussion

The study revealed the presence of 151 species of butterflies, belonging to five families. The checklists of all the species observed with their status are given in Table 1. Family-wise distribution of butterflies species showed that, Nymphalidae was the most dominant with 52 species (35% of total species), followed by Lycaenidae with 33 species (22%), Hesperiidae with 25 species (17%), Pieridae with 24 species (16%), and Papilionidae with 15 species (10%). On the basis of the frequency of occurrence of each butterfly species’ abundance, we calculated that 68 (46%) species were common followed by 35 (23%) rare, 30 (20%) very common, 13 (9%) occasional, and 3 (2%) very rare species (Fig. 2).

Thirteen taxa listed in SWS were found to be endemic species of which six species are endemic to the Western Ghats, viz.: Pachliopta pandiyana, Papilio dravidarum, Troides minos, Kallima horsfieldi, Idea malabarica, and Caltoris canaraica (Kunte 2008); five species, viz.: Discophora lepida, Cirrochroa thais, Mycalesis patina, Cethosia mahratta, and Pareronia ceylanica endemic to the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (Kasambe 2018); and two species, viz.: Prioneris sita and Papilio polymnestor endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka (Kunte 2008; Kasambe 2018).

Butterflies are sensitive to changes in the habitat and climate, which influence their distribution and abundance (Wynter-Blyth 1957). The study area hosts 24 scheduled butterfly species: seven species under Schedule I Part IV, 13 species under Schedule II, and four species under Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (Arora 2003; Gupta & Mondal 2005) (Table 1).

The present study reports for the first time preliminary information on the butterfly species diversity of Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, which can be used in monitoring ecosystem health, stability and functioning of the study area (Mandal 2016). Occurrence of the schedule and endemic species in the study area indicates that SWS is home to a rich diversity of butterflies.

Table1. Checklist of butterflies along with their conservation status in Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Shivamogga, Karnataka.

	Common name	Scientific name	Status	WPA 1927
Family: Papilionidae
1	Crimson Rose	Pachliopta hector Linnaeus, 1758	VC	Sch. I
2	Common Rose	Pachliopta aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775	R
3	Malabar Rose*	Pachliopta pandiyana Moore, 1881	R
4	Common Jay	Graphium doson C. & R. Felder, 1864	C
5	Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758	C
6	Spot Swordtail	Graphium nomius Esper, 1799	C
7	Southern Bluebottle	Graphium teredon C. & R. Felder, 1865	R
8	Common Mime	Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758	VC	Sch. I
9	Lime Butterfly	Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758	C
10	Common Mormon	Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758	VC
11	Blue Mormon***	Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775	VC
12	Common Banded Peacock	Papilio crino Fabricius, 1792	R
13	Red Helen	Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758	O
14	Malabar Raven*	Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880	C
15	Southern Birdwing*	Troides minos Cramer, 1779	C
Family: Lycaenidae
16	Common Silverline	Spindasis vulcanus Fabricius, 1775	C
17	Common Pierrot	Castalius rosimon Fabricius, 1775	VC	Sch. I
18	Banded Blue Pierrot	Discolampa ethion Westwood, 1851	VC
19	Dark Pierrot	Tarucus ananda de Niceville, 1883	C	Sch. IV
20	Striped Pierrot	Tarucus nara Kollar, 1848	R
21	Red Pierrot	Talicada nyseus Guerin-Meneville, 1843	C
22	Common Cerulean	Jamides celeno Cramer, 1775	C
23	Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus Stoll, 1782	VR
24	Lime Blue	Chilades lajus Stoll, 1780	C
25	Gram Blue	Euchrysops cnejus Fabricius, 1798	C	Sch. II
26	Zebra Blue	Leptotes plinius Fabricius, 1793	C
27	Pea Blue	Lampides boeticus Linnaeus, 1767	C	Sch. II
28	Tiny Grass Blue	Zizula hylax Fabricius, 1775	R
29	Dark Grass Blue	Zizeeria karsandra Moore, 1865	R
30	Common Hedge Blue	Acytolepis puspa Horsfield, 1828	C	Sch. I
31	Lesser Grass Blue	Zizina otis Fabricius, 1787	VC
32	Plain Hedge Blue	Celastrina lavendularis Moore, 1877	C
33	Large Oakblue	Arhopala amantes Hewitson, 1862	R
34	Indian Oakblue	Arhopala atrax Hewitson, 1862	R
35	Common Ciliate Blue	Anthene emolus Godart, 1824	C
36	Pointed Ciliate Blue	Anthene lycaenina C. Felder, 1868	C	Sch. II
37	Indian Red Flash	Rapala iarbus Fabricius, 1787	C
38	Indigo Flash	Rapala varuna Horsfield, 1829	C	Sch. II
39	Slate Flash	Rapala manea Hewitson, 1863	C
40	Yamfly	Loxura atymnus Stoll, 1780	C
41	Plum Judy	Abisara echerius Stoll, 1790	VC
42	Monkey Puzzle	Rathinda amor Fabricius, 1775	C
43	Plains Cupid	Chilades pandava Horsfield, 1829	VC
44	Grass Jewel	Freyeria trochylus Freyer, 1845	C
45	Forget-Me-Not	Catochrysops strabo Fabricius, 1793	C
46	Common Apefly	Spalgis epius Westwood, 1852	C
47	Common Lineblue	Prosotas nora Felder, 1860	VC
48	Indian Sunbeam	Curetis thetis Drury, 1773	R
Family: Nymphalidae
49	Club Beak	Libythea myrrha Godart, 1819	R
50	Common Castor	Ariadne merione Cramer, 1777	C
51	Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus, 1763	R
52	Tawny Coster	Acraea violae Fabricius, 1793	VC
53	Blue Tiger	Tirumala limniace Cramer, 1775	VC
54	Dark Blue Tiger	Tirumala septentrionis Butler, 1874	C
55	Plain Tiger	Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758	R
56	Striped Tiger	Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779	C
57	Glassy Tiger	Parantica aglea Stoll, 1782	R
58	Grey Count	Cynitia lepidea Butler, 1868	R	Sch. II
59	Common Crow	Euploea core Cramer, 1780	VC	Sch. IV
60	Danaid Eggfly	Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus, 1764	C	Sch. I
61	Great Eggfly	Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus, 1758	C
62	Southern Blue Oakleaf*	Kallima horsfieldi Kollar, 1844	O
63	Autumn Leaf	Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777	R	Sch. I
64	Lemon Pansy	Junonia lemonias Linnaeus, 1758	VC
65	Peacock Pansy	Junonia almana Linnaeus, 1758	C
66	Yellow Pansy	Junonia hierta Fabricius, 1798	C
67	Chocolate Pansy	Junonia iphita Cramer, 1779	C
68	Gray Pansy	Junonia atlites Linnaeus, 1763	R
69	Blue Pansy	Junonia orithya Linnaeus, 1758	VC
70	Rustic	Cupha erymanthis Drury, 1773	C
71	Baronet	Symphaedra nais Forster, 1771	R
72	Nigger	Orsotriaena medus Fabricius, 1775	C
73	Commander	Moduza procris Cramer, 1777	R
74	Common Sailer	Neptis hylas Linnaeus, 1758	VC
75	Common Leopard	Phalanta phalantha Drury, 1773	VC
76	Common Five-ring	Ypthima baldus Fabricius, 1775	C
77	Common Three-ring	Ypthima asterope Klug, 1832	C
78	Common Four-ring	Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871	VC
79	Common Baron	Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777	C
80	Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790	R
81	Common Nawab	Polyura athamas Drury, 1773	R
82	Cruiser	Vindula erota Fabricius, 1793	O
83	Clipper	Parthenos sylvia Cramer, 1775	VC	Sch. II
84	Southern Duffer**	Discophora lepida Moore, 1857	O	Sch. II
85	Tamil Yeoman**	Cirrochroa thais Fabricius, 1787	R
86	Indian Red Admiral	Vanessa indica Herbst, 1794	R
87	Painted Lady	Vanessa cardui Linnaeus, 1758	O
88	Blue Admiral	Kaniska canace Linnaeus, 1763	O
89	Common Evening Brown	Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758	VC
90	Dark Evening Brown	Melanitis phedima Cramer, 1780	C
91	Common Bushbrown	Mycalesis perseus Fabricius, 1775	C
92	Glad-eye Boshbrown**	Mycalesis patnia Moore, 1857	R
93	Dark-branded Bushbrown	Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus 1758	C	Sch. II
94	Tamil Treebrown	Lethe drypetis Hewitson, 1863	O
95	Bamboo Treebrown	Lethe europa Fabricius, 1775	O	Sch. I
96	Tailed Palmfly	Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871	C
97	Common Palmfly	Elymnias hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763	C
98	Common Map	Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval, 1846	VR
99	Tamil Lacewing**	Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872	O
100	Malabar Tree Nymph*	Idea malabarica Moore, 1877	VR
Family: Pieridae
101	Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768	C
102	Common Albatross	Appias albina Boisduval, 1836	R	Sch. II
103	Pioneer	Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius, 1793	VC
104	Common Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775	C
105	Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus, 1758	C
106	Common Jezebel	Delias eucharis Drury, 1773	C
107	Painted Sawtooth***	Prioneris sita C. & R. Felder, 1865	R	Sch. IV
108	Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758	VC
109	Small Grass Yellow	Eurema brigitta Stoll, 1780	C
110	One-Spot Grass Yellow	Eurema andersoni Moore, 1886	C
111	Three-spot Grass Yellow	Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836	C
112	Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758	R
113	White Orange Tip	Ixias marianne Cramer, 1779	R
114	Yellow Orange Tip	Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764	R
115	Crimson Tip	Colotis danae Fabricius, 1775	C
116	Plain Orange Tip	Colotis aurora Cramer, 1780	C
117	Small Orange Tip	Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836	C
118	Large Salmon Arab	Colotis fausta Olivier, 1804	R
119	Small Salmon Arab	Colotis amata Cramer, 1775	R
120	Common Wanderer	Pareronia hippia Cramer, 1776	C	Sch. II
121	Dark Wanderer**	Pareronia ceylanica C. & R. Felder, 1865	O
122	Common Gull	Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775	C	Sch. II
123	Lesser Gull	Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852	C	Sch. II
124	Psyche	Leptosia nina Fabricius, 1793	R
Family: Hesperiidae
125	Chestnut Bob	Iambrix salsala Moore, 1865	VC
126	Indian Palm Bob	Suastus gremius Fabricius, 1798	C
127	Indian Skipper	Spialia galba Fabricius, 1793	R
128	Common Grass Dart	Taractrocera maevius Fabricius, 1793	R
129	Tamil Grass Dart	Taractrocera ceramas Hewitson, 1868	VC
130	Common Palm Dart	Telicota colon Fabricius, 1775	VC
131	Dark Palm Dart	Telicota bambusae Moore, 1878	VC
132	Indian Dartlet	Oriens goloides Moore, 1881	C
133	Tamil Dartlet	Oriens concinna Elwes & Edwards, 1897	R	Sch. IV
134	White Banded Awl	Hasora badra Hubner, 1818	C
135	Common Banded Awl	Hasora chromus Cramer, 1780	VC
136	Brown Awl	Badamia exclamationis Fabricius, 1775	O
137	Common Snow Flat	Tagiades japetus Stoll, 1781	C
138	Water Snow Flat	Tagiades litigiosa Moeschler, 1878	VC
139	Common Yellow-breasted Flat	Gerosis bhagava Moore, 1866	C
140	Tricoloured Pied Flat	Coladenia indrani Moore, 1866	C
141	Fulvous Pied Flat	Pseudocoladenia dan Fabricius, 1787	C
142	Common Redeye	Matapa aria Moore, 1866	O
143	Variable Swift	Pelopidas mathias Fabricius, 1798	VC
144	Rice Swift	Borbo cinnara Wallace, 1866	VC
145	Kanara Swift*	Caltoris canaraica Moore, 1884	C
146	Dingy Scrub Hopper	Aeromachus dubius Elwes & Edwards, 1897	R
147	Bush Hopper	Ampittia dioscorides Fabricius 1793	C
148	Common Banded Demon	Notocrypta paralysos Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1881	C
149	Grass Demon	Udaspes folus Cramer, 1775	O
150	Indian Ace	Halpe hindu Evans, 1937	C	Sch. II
151	Southern Spotted Ace	Thoressa astigmata Swinhoe, 1890	VR

Endemism: *-—Endemic to Western Ghats | **—Endemic to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka | ***—Endemic to Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Legal Status: IWPA, 1972, Schedules I to IV. Status: VC—Very common | C—Common | O—Occasional | R—Rare | VR—Very Rare.

For figures & images – click here

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