Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18364–18377

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4126.13.5.18364-18377

#4126 | Received 04 October 2019 | Final received 22 March 2021 | Finally accepted 08 April 2021

Observations on butterflies of non-protected areas of Titabar, Assam, India

Abhijit Konwar¹&Manashi Bortamuly²

¹Department of Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation, North Orissa University, Baripada, Odisha 757003, India.

²Department of Zoology, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Titabar, Assam 785630, India.

¹konwar13abhi@gmail.com (corresponding author), ²manashijorhat6@gmail.com

Editor: Monsoon J. Gogoi, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India. Date of publication: 26 April 2021 (online & print)

Citation: Konwar, A., M. Bortamuly (2021). Observations on butterflies of non-protected areas of Titabar, Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18364–18377. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4126.13.5.18364-18377

Copyright: © Konwar & Bortamuly 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Principal and Head of the Department of Zoology of N.N. Saikia College for their kind permission for the field work. The authors are particularly thankful and grateful to Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi, Bitupan Baruah and Gaurab Nandi Das for their help in identifying the species. Special thanks to Anshuman Gogoi, Alok Phukan, Kalyan Gogoi and Rantu Ranjan Konwar for their constant support during the field work and also to the Coordinator and staff of the Institutional Biotech Hub of N.N. Saikia College, Titabar for providing weather and climate data of the study area. And finally we like to thank Ratnesh Karjee for helping in map preparation.

Abstract: This paper depicts the result of two years study from 2014 to 2016 in non-protected areas on butterflies of Titabar (26.588 N & 94.187 E), Assam, India. During the study period, a total of 158 species of butterflies distributed in six families were recorded, out of which 29 belong to the family Hesperiidae, 17 to Pieridae, 11 to Papilionidae, 38 to Lycaenidae, two to Riodinidae, and 61 to Nymphalidae. Fourteen ‘rare’ species were recorded during the survey as per Evans (1932) such as Athyma ranga, Arhopala paraganesa, Caltoris cormasa, and Appias nero. This indicates the importance of the study and the need for conservation of butterflies of non-protected area of Titabar subdivision in upper Assam.

Keywords: Conservation, diversity, Jorhat District, Lepidoptera, northeastern India, species.

Upper Assam, a biodiversity rich zone of the northeastern region is well known for butterflies, having over 400 species of which 1/3^rd are endemic and 1/7^th are protected under various schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 in India (Singh 2017). Notable works have been done in Panbari Reserve Forest (RF), Kaziranga-Karbi hills (Gogoi 2013b, 2015), Jeypore RF, Dehing-Patkai (Gogoi 2013), Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary (WS) (Singh et al. 2015), Dangori RF (Boruah & Das 2017), and floodplains of Dibru Soikhuwa NP (Das et al. 2017) in upper Assam. Along with the protected areas (PA), other non PAs like different forests and village woodlands of Assam also provide habitat for different butterfly species. But due to anthropogenic pressures these non PAs are declining in number thus affecting tiny creatures like butterflies.

Doubleday (1865) worked on the butterflies of Jorhat District. Recently, Singh et al. (2015) and Neog (2015) listed the butterflies of Gibbon WS which is the only PA of Titabar subdivision, and Bhuyan et al. (2005) documented the butterflies of the Regional Research Laboratory Campus of Jorhat. Again Saikia et al. (2014) studied the butterfly diversity of the Sericultural Training Institute Campus of Titabar and Dutta (2013) recorded 40 species from Titabar Town area. Our study hasn’t included the Gibbon WS. Emphasis has been made to document the butterfly diversity of non PAs of Titabar subdivision to show the significance of non PAs especially in upper Assam and their importance in butterfly conservation in the region.

Methods

Study Area

Titabar subdivision (26.588 N & 94.187 E) is located in Jorhat District of Upper Assam. To the north of Titabar lies the Jorhat subdivision, the south is bordered by Nagaland, Sivasagar District is located in the east, and the west is bordered by Golaghat District. Titabar subdivision consists of two revenue circles: Titabar and Mariani. The altitude of Titabar is 172m above sea level, while the average temperature ranges from 17–28°C, the average humidity is in the range of 66.5–89.9% and the annual rainfall of the study area is 250cm. The climate here is humid in summer and dry and cold in winter. Titabar has one wildlife sanctuary, the Hollongapar Gibbon WS under Mariani revenue circle. The survey was conducted in 10 different places in Titabar-Nanda Nath Saikia College Campus (26.588 N & 94.177 E), Sericultural Training Institute (26.592 N & 94.172 E), Bebejia (26.586 N & 94.173 E), Kachari Gaon (26.595 N & 94.175 E), Kasojan (26.58 N & 94.17 E), Mejenga Grant (26.597 N & 94.164 E), Bekajan (26.384 N & 94.162 E), Panjan (26.495 N & 94.21 E), Jalukonibari (26.645 N & 94.188 E), Rangajan (26.646 N & 94.223 E).

Survey methods

The survey of butterfly species was conducted in all the major seasons, i.e., pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter. The survey involved walking through different sites and visual search and photography were conducted on different forest trails, hill streams, village woodlands, grasslands, croplands, and tea gardens between 08.00 and 14.00 hr from May 2014 to June 2016. Some species were also recorded in the early mornings and evenings. The species were photographed with a digital camera whenever possible.

Identification of all encountered butterflies was done to the species level. Though a few species were identified in the field, most of the species were identified from digital images taken with the camera in the field. The identification of butterflies was done by using the identification guides of Watson (1897), Evans (1932), Kehimkar (2008), research papers of Gogoi (2013b), Gogoi (2015), and Singh et al. (2015). No butterflies were caught with net or other equipment for identification.

Results and Observations

During the study period, a total of 158 species of butterflies were identified belonging to six families from the non PAs of Titabar subdivision. Out of the 158 species identified, Nymphalidae showed the maximum species richness, comprising 38.60% with 61 species, followed by Lycaenidae 24.05% with 38, Hesperiidae 18.35% with 29, Pieridae 10.75% with 17, Papilionidae 6.96% with 11, and Riodinidae 1.26% with two species (Table 1, 2).

Twenty species found during the survey are new records for Titabar subdivision as they have not been recorded earlier by either Singh et al. (2015) or Neog (2015) from Gibbon WS. These are Tirumala septentrionis, Elymnias malelas, Lexias pardalis, Pseudergolis wedah, Eurema brigitta, Appias nero, Curetis saronis, Iraota timoleon, Charana mandarinus, Arhopala paraganesa, Arhopala oenea, Caleta roxus, Taraka hamada, Bibasis jaina, Tagiades menaka, Pseudoborbo bevani, Halpe porus, Potanthus ganda, Telicota colon, and Caltoris cormasa.

The species which have not been recorded by Singh et al. (2017) from eastern Assam found during the survey are Elymnias malelas, Lexias pardalis, Pseudergolis wedah, Eurema brigitta, Appias nero, Charana mandarinus, Iraota timoleon, Arhopala paraganesa, Arhopala oenea, Caleta roxus, Tagiades menaka, and Telicota colon.

Findings like Arhopala oenea, Arhopala paraganesa, Appias nero, and Telicota colon are significant as these species have not been recorded in recent times from the PAs of upper Assam by Gogoi (2013b, 2015), Neog (2015), Singh et al. (2015), Baruah & Das (2017), Singh (2017), and Das et al. (2017).

Fourteen species found during the survey are “rare” in occurrence as per Evans (1932). These are Mycalesis malasarida, Athyma ranga, Neptis namba, Euthalia anosia, Appias albino, Appias libythea, Appias nero, Arhopala silhetensis, Arhopala bazaloises, Arhopala paraganesa, Arhopala oenea, Caltoris cormasa, Doleschallia bisaltide, and Iraota timoleon. Twenty-two species found during the study are protected under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Schedule I—1 species, Schedule II—17 species, Schedule IV—4 species); however, results indicate poor habitat of butterflies in non PAs of Titabar as only 11 papilionids were recorded during the survey whereas 19 species of papilionids were recorded by Singh et al. (2015) from Gibbon WS.

Notes on ‘rare’ (Evans 1932) occurrence of the species

Plain Bushbrown Mycalesis malsarida Butler, 1868 One individual was encountered in a dense woodland in Bebejia on 28 October 2014 in the morning. In India, it is found only in the northeastern region. Except India it is recorded from Bangladesh (Larsen 2004), Bhutan, and Myanmar (Kehimkar 2016). We also encountered one individual from Gibbon WS in September, 2015. The species is protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972.

Yellow Sailer Neptis namba Moore, 1858: Two individuals were encountered during the study period. One was recorded from Bebejia on 26 August 2014 in the morning and the other from Rangajan on 10 July 2015 in the afternoon. Both the individuals were encountered on a village road.

Blackvein Sergeant Athyma ranga Moore, 1858: One individual of this species was encountered from the Sericulture Training Institute campus on 15 March 2015 in the morning. The species ranges from Nepal to northeastern India, northeastern Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972.

Grey Baron Euthalia anosia Moore, 1858: One individual was encountered mud puddling on a road surrounded by woodland in Jalukonibari on 28 October 2014. Protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972. In India the species is restricted to the northeastern region only.

Orange Albatross Appias nero Fabricius, 1793: One Individual was encountered on the bank of Kasojan sub-tributary in Kasojan Village on 10 August 2014 in the afternoon. The right forewing of the individual recorded was worn off (Image 66). The species is found in northeastern India and Myanmar. The species was recorded from Lumding, upper Assam by Parsons & Cantile (1948) and protected under Schedule IV of IWPA, 1972.

Common Albatross Appias albina Boisduval, 1836: One individual was encountered in a muddy patch on the boundary between Nanda Nath Saikia College and Kachari Gaon on 11 June 2014 in the morning. The species is protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972.

Striped Albatross Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775: Two individuals were encountered during the study period. One was from a roadside in Bebejia feeding on the nectar of Lantena camera on 09 July 2014 and the other individual was encountered in the flower garden of Nanda Nath Saikia College on 12 August 2014. This species is protected under Schedule IV of IWPA, 1972.

Sylhet Oakblue Arhopala silhetensis Hewitson, 1862: Two individuals were encountered on 14 March 2015 and 09 July 2015 in a forest in Rangajan. This species is distributed in the northeastern region of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972.

Tamil Oakblue Arhopala bazaloides Hewitson, 1878: Two individuals were encountered during the study period. One was encountered from Rangajan on 15 March 2015 and the other from Bebejia on 02 August 2015. Both the individuals were encountered in a woodland in the morning. The species is protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972.

Centaur Oakblue Arhopala centaurus Fabricius, 1775: Two individuals were encountered during the survey, one from Bebejia on 12 June 2015 and the other from Kachari Gaon on 30 May 2016. Both the individuals were encountered from village woodlands. In India this species is found in Uttarakhand, Western Ghats, north-east, and West Bengal. The status of occurrence of this species is not rare (Evans 1932).

Hewitson’s Dull Oakblue Arhopala oenea Hewitson, 1869: The species was encountered four times in a woodland in Bebejia Gaon on 30May, 02, 09, & 18 June 2016. One individual was found laying eggs on Castanopsis indica plant and most probably it is the first record of its egg laying on this plant. The species is distributed from Garhwal to northeastern India (Khasi Hills and Nagaland), northeastern Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is protected under Schedule II of IPWA, 1972.

Dusky Bushblue Arhopala paraganesa de Niceville, 1882: Only one individual was encountered in a woodland in Bebejia on 18 June 2016 in the morning. The species is restricted to the northeastern region in India. It’s protected under Schedule II of IWPA, 1972. Except for this species and A. oenea, we observed all other Arhopala spp. recorded during the study period in Gibbon WS.

Autumn Leaf Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777: This species was encountered two times during the study period. One individual from Bebejia on 14 July 2015 and the other from Jalukonibari on 13 April 2016. Both the individuals were encountered near a bamboo patch puddling on stone and sand.

Full Stop Swift Caltoris cormasa Hewitson, 1876: One individual of this species was encountered in Bebejia on 05 April 2016 puddling on bird droppings in a small open area between a bamboo patch and a woodland. It is restricted to the northeastern region of India.

Silverstreak Blue Iraota timoleon Stoll, 1790: One individual was encountered sitting on a dry leaf of Dioscorea sp. in a vegetable garden surrounded by a woodland in Bebejia on 25 February 2015.

Tabby Pseudergolis wedah Kollar, 1848: Though a common species as per Evans (1932), it was encountered only once in Panjan on 24 December 2014, found puddling on stones near a hill stream. The species is found in the north-east, Uttarakhand, and Himachal in India.

Forest Pierrot Taraka hamada Druce, 1875: One individual was encountered in a tea garden surrounded by village woodland in Mejenga Grant on 05 January 2015. The species is distributed from eastern Nepal to northeastern India, southeastern Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is not rare as per Evans (1932).

Straight Pierrot Caleta roxus Godart, 1824: One individual was encountered near a hill stream in Bekajan on 18 January 2015 in the morning. The surrounding area of the spot where the individual was encountered was heavily disturbed by illegal coal mining and saw mills. The species is not rare as per Evans (1932).

Sumatran Dart Potanthus ganda Fruhstorfer, 1911: One individual of this species was encountered in a woodland in Rangajan on 15 March 2015 sitting on a fern in the morning. The species is considered extralimital in Evans (1932). It was identified on the basis of subapical spot. The subapical spot in space 8 is slightly smaller than that of the space 7 and 6 (Corbet et al. 1992; Ek-Amnuay 2012). It is distributed in the northeastern region in India and in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra and Java.

Discussion

Titabar subdivision is rich in its biodiversity due to the edge effect of both plain and hilly areas and being located at the foothills of Nagaland. Gibbon WS is already well known for its floral and faunal diversity including butterflies. Singh (2015) recorded 211 species of butterflies from the sanctuary. Our study added 20 more species of butterflies from the non PAs to the total butterfly diversity of Titabar subdivision. The village woodlands with rich bamboo plantations serve as ideal habitat for the majority of animals, including butterflies. Though during the present survey a total of 158 species were recorded in the non PAs of Titabar subdivision, the final number of butterfly species occurring in the non PAs is more likely to be between 200–250 as some places of Titabar are still unexplored.

The significance of the area from the lepidopteran viewpoint lies in the fact that it harbors one species belonging to Schedule I, 17 species to Schedule II, and four species to Schedule IV of IWPA, 1972. Fourteen rare species, according to Evans (1932) were also recorded here. Again, many species listed as common by Evans (1932) were actually found to be uncommon or rare in this survey. This is probably because of different anthropogenic pressures. The major threat to the butterfly population in this area is the conversion of village woodlands to small and micro tea gardens. Pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals used in these tea gardens may directly affect the number of butterflies by reducing their habitats. A number of illegal coal mining stations and saw mills in the Titabar-Nagaland border pose a big threat to the biodiversity, as well as the butterfly diversity of this area.

Still more work on the butterflies of this area regarding the host plants, habitat, and ecology are required. The results of our study form a baseline for future work on the diversity and conservation of butterflies in Titabar subdivision.

Table 1. Overview of taxonomic diversity of butterflies of the Titabar subdivision.

Family	Number of subfamily	Number of genera	Number of species
Nymphalidae	10 (43.47%)	38 (35.18%)	61 (38.60%)
Papilionidae	1 (4.34%)	4 (3.70%)	11 (6.96%)
Pieridae	2 (8.69%)	9 (8.33%)	17 (10.75%)
Lycaenidae	6 (26.08%)	30 (27.77%)	38 (24.05%)
Riodinidae	1 (4.34%)	2 (1.85%)	2 (1.26%)
Hesperiidae	3 (13.04%)	25 (23.14%)	29 (18.35%)
TOTAL: 6	23 (100%)	108 (100%)	158 (100%)

Table 2. List of butterflies recorded in Titabar, Jorhat, Assam during the study period (May 2014–June 2016).

Common name	Scientific name	Status (Evans, 1932)	IWPA, 1972
Family Nymphalidae
Subfamily Danainae
1. Striped Tiger	Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779	VC
2. Plain Tiger	Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758	VC
3. Glassy Tiger	Parantica aglea Stoll, 1782	C
4. Common Crow	Euploea core Cramer, 1780	C
5. Dark Blue Tiger	Tirumala septentrionis Butler, 1874	NR
6. Striped Blue Crow	Euploea mulciber Cramer, 1777	C	Schedule IV
7. Magpie Crow	Euploea radamanthus Fabricius, 1793	NR
Subfamily Morphinae
8. Common Duffer	Discophora sondaica Boisduval, 1836	C
9. Common Faun	Faunis canens Huebner, 1826	C
10. Jungle Glory	Thaumantis diores Doubleday, 1845	NR
Subfamily Charaxinae
11. Tawny Rajah	Charaxes bernardus Fabricius, 1793	C
12. Common Nawab	Polyura athamas Drury, 1773	C
Subfamily Satyrinae
13. Angled Red Forester	Lethe chandica Moore, 1858	NR
14. Bamboo Treebrown	Lethe europa Fabricius, 1775	NR
15. Common Fivering	Ypthima baldus Fabricius, 1775	VC
16. Common Bushbrown	Mycalesis perseus Fabricius, 1775	VC
17. Plain Bushbrown	Mycalesis malsarida Butler, 1868	R	Schedule II
18. Whitebar Bushbrown	Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson, 1862	NR	Schedule II
19. Dark Brand Bushbrown	Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus, 1758	VC
20. Common Evening Brown	Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758	VC
21. Dark Evening Brown	Melanitis phedima Cramer, 1780	C
22. Common Palmfly	Elymnias hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763	C
23. Spotted Palmfly	Elymnias malelas Hewitson, 1863	NR
24. Tiger Palmfly	Elymnias nesae Linnaeus, 1764	NR
Subfamily Heliconinae
25. Common Leopard	Phalanta phalantha Drury, 1773	C
26. Cruiser	Vindula erota Fabricius, 1793	NR
27. Large Yeoman	Cirrochroa aoris Doubleday, 1847	NR
28. Vagrant	Vagrans egista Cramer, 1780	NR
Subfamily Acraeinae
29. Leopard Lacewing	Cethosia cyane Drury, 1773	NR
30. Tawny Coster	Acraea violae Fabricius, 1793	C
Subfamily Limenitinae
31. Common Sailer	Neptis hylas Linnaeus, 1758	VC
32. Yellow Sailer	Neptis namba Tytler, 1915	R
33. Grey Count	Tanaecia lepidea Butler, 1868	NR	Schedule II
34. Commander	Moduza procris Cramer, 1777	NR
35. Knight	Lebadea martha Fabricius, 1787	NR
36. Common Sergeant	Athyma perius Linnaeus, 1758	C
37. Blackvein Sergeant	Athyma ranga Moore, 1858	R	Schedule II
38. Staff Sergeant	Athyma selenophora Kollar, 1844	NR
39. Colour Sergeant	Athyma nefte Cramer, 1780	NR
40. Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790	C
41. Archduke	Lexias pardalis Moore, 1878	NR
42. Dark Archduke	Lexias dirtea Fabricius, 1793	NR	Schedule II
43. Gaudy Baron	Euthalia lubentina Cramer, 1777	C	Schedule IV
44. Powdered Baron	Euthalia monina Fabricius, 1787	NR
45. Common Baron	Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777	NR	Schedule II
46. Grey Baron	Euthalia anosia Moore, 1858	R	Schedule II
47. Common Earl	Tanaecia julii Lesson, 1837	C
Subfamily Cyrestinae
48. Common Map	Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval, 1846	C
49. Common Maplet	Chersonesia risa Doubleday, 1848	NR
50. Tabby	Pseudergolis wedah Kollar, 1848	C
Subfamily Biblidinae
51. Common Castor	Ariadne merione Cramer, 1777	C
52. Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus, 1763	C
Subfamily Nymphalinae
53. Peacock Pansy	Junonia almana Linnaeus, 1758	C
54. Yellow Pansy	Junonia hierta Fabricius, 1798	C
55. Grey Pansy	Junonia atlites Linnaeus, 1763	NR
56. Lemon Pansy	Junonia lemonias Linnaeus, 1758	C
57. Chocolate Pansy	Junonia iphita Cramer, 1779	C
58. Great Eggfly	Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus, 1758	C
59. Orange Oakleaf	Kallima inachus Boisduval, 1846	NR
60. Common Jester	Symbrenthia lilaea Moore, 1875	C
61. Autumn Leaf	Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777	R
Family Papilionidae
Subfamily Papilioninae
62. Common Jay	Graphium doson C.&R. Felder, 1864	C
63. Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758	C
64. Common Mormon	Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758	VC
65. Great Mormon	Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758	C
66. Lime Butterfly	Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758	VC
67. Common Bluebottle	Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758	C	Schedule II
68. Common Mime	Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758	NR
69. Yellow Helen	Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836	NR	Schedule II
70. Red Helen	Papilio helenus Linneaus, 1758	C
71. Common Raven	Papilio castor Westwood, 1842	NR
72. Golden Birdwing	Troides aeacus C.&R. Felder, 1860	NR
Family Pieridae
Subfamily Coliadinae
73. Small Grass Yellow	Eurema brigitta Stoll, 1780	VC
74. Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758	VC
75. Three Spot Grass Yellow	Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836	C
76. Tree yellow	Gandaca harina Horsfield, 1829	NR
77. Common Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775	C
78. Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus, 1758	C
Subfamily Pierinae
79. Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768	VC
80. Green Veined White	Pieris melete Menetries, 1857	NR
81. Common Albatross	Appias albina Boisduval, 1836	R	Schedule II
82. Chocolate Albatross	Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777	C
83. Striped Albatross	Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775	R	Schedule IV
84. Orange Albatross	Appias nero Fabricius, 1793	R	Schedule IV
85. Red-Base Jezebel	Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, 1767	NR
86. Red-Spot Jezebel	Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836	NR
87. Lesser Gull	Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852	NR
88. Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758	C
89. Psyche	Leptosia nina Fabricius, 1793	C
Family Lycaenidae
Subfamily Poritiinae
90. Common Gem	Poritia hewitsoni Moore, 1866	NR	Schedule II
Subfamily Miletinae
91. Apefly	Spalgis epius Westwood, 1852	NR
Subfamily Curetinae
92. Burmese Sunbeam	Curetis saronis Moore, 1877	NR
Subfamily Lycaeninae
93. Purple Saphire	Heliophorus epicles Godart, 1824	C
Subfamily Theclinae
94. Fluffy Tit	Zeltus amasa Hewitson, 1865	NR
95. Common Tit	Hypolycaena erylus Godart, 1824	C
96. Orchid Tit	Chliaria othona Hewitson, 1865	NR	Schedule I
97. Yamfly	Loxura atymnus Stoll, 1780	C
98. Common Imperial	Cheritra freja Fabricius, 1793	NR
99. Common Acacia Blue	Surendra quercetorum Moore, 1858	C
100. Common Onyx	Horaga onyx Moore, 1858	NR	Schedule II
101. Copper Flash	Rapala pheretima Hewitson, 1863	NR
102. Sylhet Oakblue	Arhopala silhetensis Hewitson, 1862	R	Schedule II
103. Tamil Oakblue	Arhopala bazaloides Hewitson, 1878	R	Schedule II
104. Yellow Disc Tailless Oakblue	Arhopala perimuta Moore, 1858	NR
105. Silverstreak Blue	Iraota timoleon Stoll, 1790	R
106. Mandarin Blue	Charana mandarinus Hewitson, 1863	NR
107. Dusky Bush Blue	Arhopala paraganesa de Niceville, 1882	R	Schedule II
108. Centaur Oakblue	Arhopala centaurus Fabricius, 1775	NR
109. Hewitson’s Dull Oakblue	Arhopala oenea Hewitson, 1869	R	Schedule II
Subfamily Polyommatinae
110. Common Hedge Blue	Acytolepis puspa Horsfield, 1828	C
111. Plain Hedge Blue	Celastrina lavendularis Moore, 1877	NR
112. Malayan	Megisba malaya Horsfield, 1828	NR
113. Common Cerulean	Jamides celeno Cramer, 1775	C
114. Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus Stoll, 1782	C
115. Pale Grass Blue	Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844	VC
116. Lesser Grass Blue	Zizina otis Fabricius, 1787	C
117. Lime Blue	Chilades lajus Stoll, 1780	C
118. Tailless Lineblue	Prosotas dubiosa Semper, 1879	C
119. Common Lineblue	Prosotas nora C.Felder, 1860	C
120. Common Ciliate Blue	Anthene emolus Godart, 1824	C
121. Zebra Blue	Leptotes plinius Fabricius, 1793	C
122. Pea Blue	Lampides boeticus Linnaeus, 1767	C	Schedule II
123. Common Pierrot	Castalius rosimon Fabricius, 1775	C
124. Elbowed Pierrot	Caleta elna Hewitson, 1876	NR
125. Straight Pierrot	Caleta roxus Godart, 1824	NR
126. Forest Pierrot	Taraka hamada Druce, 1875	NR
127. Quaker	Nepoithecops zalmora Butler, 1870	C
Family Riodinidae
Subfamily Riodininae
128. Punchinello	Zemeros flegyas Cramer, 1780	VC
129. Tailed Judy	Abisara neophron Hewiton, 1861	NR
Family Hesperiidae
Subfamily Coeliadinae
130. Common Awl	Hasora badra Moore, 1858	NR
131. Common Banded Awl	Hasora chromus Cramer, 1780	NR
132. Orange Awlet	Bibasis jaina Moore, 1866	NR
Subfamily Pyrginae
133. Common Small Flat	Sarangesa dasahara Moore, 1866	C
134. Fulvous Pied Flat	Pseudocoladenia dan Fabricius, 1787	C
135. Indian Skipper	Spialia galba Fabricius, 1793	C
136. Common Spotted Flat	Celaenorrhinus leucocera Kollar, 1844	C
137. Suffused Snow Flat	Tagiades japetus Stoll, 1781	NR
138. Spotted Snow Flat	Tagiades menaka Moore, 1866	C
139. Common Snow Flat	Tagiades parra Fruhstorfer, 1910	C
Subfamily Hesperiinae
140. Tiger Hopper	Ochus subvittatus Moore, 1878	C
141. Common Redeye	Matapa aria Moore, 1866	C
142. Giant Redeye	Gangara thyrsis Fabricius, 1775	NR
143. Grass Demon	Udaspes folus Cramer, 1775	C
144. Chocolate Demon	Ancistroides nigrita Latreille, 1824	C
145. Restricted Demon	Notocrypta curvifascia C.&R. Felder, 1862	C
146. Bevan’s Swift	Pseudoborbo bevani Moore, 1878	NR
147. Small Branded Swift	Pelopidas mathias Fabricius, 1798	C
148. Moore’s Ace	Halpe porus Mabille, 1877	NR
149. Pigmy Scrub Hopper	Aeromachus pygmaeus Fabricius, 1775	NR
150. Tufted Swift	Caltoris plebeian de Niceville, 1887	NR
151. Grass Bob	Suada swerga de Niceville, 1884	NR
152. Sumatran Dart	Potanthus ganda Fruhstorfer, 1911	_
153. Common Dartlet	Oriens gola Moore, 1877	NR
154. Common Palm Dart	Telicota colon Linnaeus, 1763	NR
155. Chestnut Bob	Iambrix salsala Moore, 1866	C
156. Coon	Psolos fuligo Mabille, 1876	C
157. Bush Hopper	Ampittia dioscorides Fabricius, 1793	C
158. Full Stop Swift	Caltoris cormasa Hewitson, 1876	R

VC—Very Common | C—Common | NR—Not Rare | R—Rare | IWPA—Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

For figure & images - - click here

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