Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12210–12217

The status assessment of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Magnoliopsida: Cleomaceae), endemic to Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India

Veeravarapu Hanumantha Rao ¹, Vaidyula Vasudeva Rao ², Anuti Baleeshwar Reddy ³ & Vatsavaya Satyanarayana Raju ⁴

¹ Center for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500085, India

^1,2,3 All India Network Project on Vertebrate Pest Management, PJTS Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500030, India

⁴ Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Telangana 506009, India

¹ hanu.envi@gmail.com, ²vasuvaidyula@gmail.com, ³ baleeshwarreddy@gmail.com, ⁴rajuvatsavaya@gmail.com (corresponding author)

Abstract: Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Cleomaceae), a flowering plant taxon endemic to Nagarjunkonda of Krishna River Valley, Andhra Pradesh, southern India was assessed for its ecological status. The distribution of this species was mapped, population estimated and the impending threats ascertained. The extent of its area of spread is primarily limited by the water body (Nagarjunasagar) created by the impounding waters when a dam was constructed across the River Krishna at the site of its occurrence. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of this taxon were estimated to be 0.20 km² and 0.31 km², respectively. The threat assessment places the taxon in the Critically Endangered [B1ab(iii)] category.

Keywords: Ecological impact of dam, endemism, threat assessment.

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3798.10.9.12210-12217

Editor: B. Ravi Prasad Rao, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, India. Date of publication: 26 August 2018 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 3798 | Received 16 September 2017 | Final received 16 July 2018 | Finally accepted 10 August 2018

Citation: Rao, V.H., V.V. Rao, A.B. Reddy & V.S. Raju (2018). The status assessment of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Magnoliopsida: Cleomaceae), endemic to Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(9): 12210–12217; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3798.10.9.12210-12217

Copyright: © Rao et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai for the Research Grant No.2009/36/66 under Lambapur-Peddagattu Proposed Uranium Mining Area, Nalgonda, Telangana, India.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author Details: V.H. Rao is a Research Scholar in JNTU and PJTS Agricultural Universities, Hyderabad. Dr V.V. Rao is Professor in PJTS Agricultural University, A.B. Reddy was Research Scholar in PJTS Agricultural and Osmania Universities, and Dr V.S. Raju is Retired Professor, Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State.

Author Contribution: VHR did the field work and IUCN assessment, VVR is overall in-charge of the work and responsible for the pest report, ABR did the herbarium work, and VSR contributed to the taxonomic assessment.

Acknowledgments: We express our sincere thanks to authorities of BARC, Mumbai for funding and PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, for facilities, Dr. V. Sampath Kumar, Scientist C, Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Howrah, for supply of relevant paper and Dr. C. Murugan, Head of Office and Dr. J.V. Sudhakar, BSI (SRC), Coimbatore, for the digital images of paratype of the taxon discussed. We also thank Dr. S.J. Rahman and Dr. V. Sunitha of Entomology Department, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, for confirming the identity of the insect pest, and Mr S. Gurappa (now Project Fellow, BSI, DRC, Hyderabad) for his help in the field assessment of the taxon.

INTRODUCTION

The concept of endemism is useful in quantifying the biological uniqueness of an area (Peterson & Watson 1998). High endemism usually occurs in areas that have been isolated for a long time, such as islands or isolated forest fragments. Islands are known centers of range-restricted species and show high levels of endemism (Whittaker & Fernández-Palacios 2007). Furthermore, islands are centers of past as well as imminent species extinction (Ricketts et al. 2005). Of late, many species globally have attained endangered category as assessed by the IUCN. If the present trend of intensive human activity continues, it is likely that many more species on our planet will either fall under this category or simply disappear. Preventing these extinctions must be part of a global strategy to reduce biodiversity loss (Ricketts et al. 2005). With so many species at risk of extinction in the near future, efforts to conserve plant biodiversity has to be on apriority basis and through site-specific action. Unfortunately, the efforts are undermined in many a country by lack of comprehensive inventories on one hand and the political will on the other. In India, many species which are endemic or alleged to be endemic from recent discoveries and descriptions, need to be assessed for their threat status.

Sundararaghavan (1988) described Cleome viscosa var. nagarjunakondens based on the collection made by K. Thothathri on 13 July 1961 from Nagarjunakonda Hills, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pullaiah et al. (2000: 55) provided an account of this taxon citing Sundararaghavan (1993: 318), which was a reproduction of the ‘protologue’. In both these accounts, the taxon was stated to be endemic. Rao et al. (2001) did not report this taxon from Nalgonda District, Telangana. But it is curious to note that Pullaiah & Rao (2002), in their account of Cleomaceae for Eastern Ghats of India, have not included this taxon despite the fact that the type locality falls under Eastern Ghat Hill Ranges while they cited the specimens of Capparaceae (e.g., Capparis sepiaria from Nagarjunakonda, another collection of K. Thothathri 9727 [CAL] cf. p.70) from the same habitat. Pullaiah (2015: 70), however, records this taxon for Telangana State even though its extant populations are found on Nagarjunakonda Island, which is no longer the territory under Telangana State with effect from June 2014. There was no further collection or specific study conducted since its description. Therefore, the present study attempts to provide a detailed description of Cleome viscosa var. nagarjunakondensis based on the live specimens, map the distribution, estimate the population, and ascertain the threats.

Taxonomic status

Cleome viscosa var. nagarjunakondensis Sundararagh. is considered a synonym of Cleome viscosa L. by www.plantlist.org, which generally deals with species taxonomy and not below its rank and does not update the accepted names instantly/regularly (last update 2012-03-23); however, the experts on the genus Cleome (Cochrane & Iltis 2014) consider it not only as an accepted taxon under Corynandra but as a subspecies with which we agree and assess its status accordingly.

The study area

The Nagarjunakonda is a historic Buddhist Village, located at 16.516⁰N and 79.233⁰E in a perimeter of 4.31km² in the Krishna River valley in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The valley went under water when a tall masonry dam was built across the river Krishna in the 1960s (Image 1 A–C). The reservoir, so-named Nagarjunasagar, has created the island Nagarjunakonda. It is now a tourist spot known for the historic Buddhist town. It is one of India’s richest Buddhist sites known in ancient times as Sri Parvata (Barua 2016). The island receives rainfall that ranges from 381–508 mm per annum which is relatively low. The temperature goes up to 49⁰C during summer (May–June) though the annual temperature ranges from 21–48⁰C. The soil is of red-gravel with intermingled patches of black soil, particularly restricted to the limestone belt. The vegetation on the flat terrain comprises largely of herbs, shrubs and open canopy trees (Image 1 D). There are exotic trees planted around the archeological buildings in the visitor’s zone.

Methods

Field trips were undertaken regularly during 2012 to 2014 to record the floral component during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. All elevations, habitats and vegetation types of Nagarjunakonda were mapped. After knowing the terrain, the study area was divided into 100×100 m grids. Four quadrats were selected at random from each grid. The quadrat size used was 1×1m for herbs and grasses. The relevant field data about the habitat, altitude, habit and phenology of the plant species fallen into the quadrats were recorded. The plant species were identified using the Flora of Guntur District (Pullaiah et al. 2000).

For the threat assessment under Criterion B, GeoCAT, an open source browser-based tool was used to perform the rapid geospatial analysis for red-listing the taxa of interest. This tool was developed to utilize spatially referenced primary occurrence data for the analysis of two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: EOO - Extent of Occurrence and AOO - Area of Occupancy (Maes et al. 2015). The AOO is defined as the area within its ‘extent of occurrence’ which is occupied by a taxon, excluding the cases of vagrancy. The result is an intuitive environment for web-based GIS and conservation analysis algorithms. Analyses were done and visualized instantly. The tool provides an indication of the threat rating subjected to meeting the full requirements of the assessment criteria in a transparent, repeatable and rapid way through a user-friendly environment (Bachman et al. 2011). The standard IUCN Ver. 3.1 sampling methodology (IUCN 2013) was employed for determining the AOO.

Results and Discussion

(i) Vegetation of Nagarjunakonda Island

Thothathri (1964) explored the Nagarjunakonda Valley and the surroundings, and reported 251 species representing 156 genera and 45 families of Angiospermae (Tracheophyta: Magnoliopsida). The present study recorded for the group, 193 species of 139 genera pertaining to 58 families from Nagarjunakonda Island. As per the growth forms, there are 39 (20.2%) tree species, 21 (10.8%) shrubs, 103 (53.5%) herbs, and 30 (15.5%) climbers. The vegetation is largely of dry deciduous type.

(ii) Taxonomic Status

Since Linnaeus (1753) described Cleome viscosa, it formed the basionym for several new combinations at generic level. It was because the genus Cleome L. with about 200 species (Kers 2003) has been conceived and circumscribed differently by later workers, leading to the creation of a number of segregate genera. The www.theplantlist.org accepts the name Cleome viscosa L. whereas the www.tropicos.org considers Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC. to be the legitimate name. When this manuscript was written and submitted, the www.catalogueoflife.org viewed the name Coynandra viscosa (L.) Cochrane & Iltis as the accepted name and the same website now (since 31 May 2018) replaced that name with Arivela viscosa (L.) Raf. Conversely, these websites post these plant names in current use or currently accepted; however, this particular species has features distinct from Cleome L., sensu stricto. Now, the recent experts on Cleome, who use molecular evidence, assign Cleome viscosa either to Corynandra (Cochrane & Iltis 2014) or Arivela (Barrett et al. 2017), thus considering it distinct from Cleome proper. Nonetheless, when there are no major generic differences between these two genera Corynandra Schrad. ex Spreng. (1827) and Arevila Raf. (1838), the former gets priority being the older name.

The genus Corynandra Schrad. ex Spreng. (1827) was resurrected as the earlier name for Arevila Raf. (1838) which was recently taken up by Zhang & Tucker (2008). This segregate genus Corynandra is characterized by closed-imbricate aestivation of the flowers, higher number of stamens (10-100 plus), adaxial filaments apophysate, capsules sessile and erect with persistent valves that dehisce from the distal end and the seeds with open cleft, and largely of Old World distribution (Cochrane & Iltis 2014). Accordingly, the common weedy species of Cleome found in India such as C. aspera Koenig ex DC., C. chelidonii L.f., C. felina L.f., C. simplicifolia (Cambess.)Hook.f. & Thomson and C. viscosa L., fall under Corynandra (Cochrane & Iltis 2014; Barrett et al. 2017). Rafinesque (1838) and Barrett et al. (2017), however, consider Cleome viscosa L. as Arevila viscosa (L.)Raf. The authors of the present paper do not endorse this particular assessment because the morphological characters used by Barrett et al. (2017) are overlapping to distinguish clearly the Indo-Australian Cleomaceae, the delimitation of the genera Areocleome, Arivela and Corynandra. Even otherwise, Cleome viscosa is atypical. It has closed imbricate aestivation, the number of stamens, apophysate filaments and sessile erect capsules of Areocleome but differs from it in the apical dehiscence of capsules and seeds with open cleft and without elaiosome. It resembles Arevila in yellow flowers, closed imbricate aestivation, number of stamens which are filiform, sessile erect capsules and transversely ridged seed and differing in possessing apophysate filaments, apical dehiscence of capsules and non-eliosomic seeds; however, it resembles Corynandra in all the characters used to circumscribe the genus. Therefore, the taxon under assessment has to be called as follows:

Corynandra viscosa (L.) Cochrane & Iltis in Novon 23(1): 24. 2014. Cleome viscosa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 672. 1753. Sinapiastrum viscosum (L.) Moench, Suppl. Meth.: 83. 1802. Polanisia viscosa (L.)DC., Prodr. 1: 242. 1824. Arivela viscosa(L.) Raf., Sylva. Tellur.: 110. 1838.

Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis (Sundararagh.) Cochrane in Novon 23(1): 25. 2014. Cleome viscosa var. nagarjunakondensis Sundararagh. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 28: 187. 1986 [publ.1988] et Flora India 2: 318.1993; Pullaiah et al., Fl. Guntur Distr. 55. 2000.

(iii) Taxon Description

Erect herbs up to 1.2m tall; woody and sparingly branched from base, viscid, clothed with glandular and eglandular trichomes, foetid. Leaves 3–5(7)-foliolate with petiole up to 4.5cm long at base; leaflets obovate, rhomboid or elliptic-oblong (variable in shape and size), 0.6–3.0 x 0.2–1.5cm, middle leaflet the largest, cuneate, ciliate, apex acute, lateral nerves 5–7 pairs; petiolule 0.5–2.5 mm. Inflorescence lax, few-flowered elongated racemes or terminal corymbs; bracts foliaceous. Flowers solitary and axillary, largely hermaphroditic (Image 2A), a few either with vestigial gynoecium (Image 2B) or staminate (Image 2C); creamy, 2–2.5 cm across; pedicels up to 2.8cm, elongating up to 4cm in fruit. Sepals 4, glandular pubescent, elliptic-lanceolate, 8–12 x 2.5–4.0 mm, acute. Petals 4, subequal, prominently veined, oblong to obovate, cuneate, apex rounded, outer pair 2.0–2-5 x 0.8–1.0 cm, inner pair 1.8–2.0 x 0.6–0.8 cm (incl. 5–6 mm long claw). Stamens 36-40, dimorphic, adaxial ones apophysate; filaments 1.5–2.0 cm long; anthers 2.0–2.8 mm. Ovary sessile, linear-oblong, 1.0–1.4 cm, glandular hairy; style slender, puberulous, 0.8–1.0 cm long, elongating up to 2cm in capsules; stigma capitate. Capsules linear-oblong, 6.0–8.5 x 0.4–0.5 cm (including persistent style), terete, tapering at both ends, obliquely striate, ribs glandular. Seeds many, 1.5–1.6 mm across, dark brown, glabrous, with fine longitudinal striations, concentric ribs faint, cleft closed or with a narrow opening, non-elaeosomic (the description in the protologue is retained to the extent where there is no variation found).

Illustration: Sundararaghavan (1988: 187): Plate III; Figures 1–8; Present study: Image 2.

Type: India, Nagarjunakonda Hills, 200m altitude, 13.vii.1961, K. Thothathri 9616 (Holotype 9616A; Isotype 9616B-D, CAL).

Note: There are two specimens of Cleome viscosa collected by K.C. Jacob on September 7, 1924 proximate to the type locality, i.e., Madinapad Reserve Forest, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh. These specimens were preserved in MH as Cleome viscosa L. with the Madras Herbarium South India Flora acc. no.17458. These were selected by Sundararaghavan (1988) to serve as paratype (A, B). The digital images of specimens were assigned the numbers MH00155624 and MH00155625 by MH. It is not clear from Sundararaghavan (1988), which he assigned A or B. Of these, the latter sheet has two specimens pasted on it. We, therefore, designate the former as A and the latter B; however, it is to be mentioned that these specimens do not exactly compare with those from the type locality bearing relatively shorter, not so conspicuously long stigmas. Moreover, Sundaragahavan has wrongly mentioned the type collection number (at thousand digit) of K. Thothathri as ‘6616’ when his other collections from the habitat of the field trip bear collection numbers in ‘nine thousand’ series. This was rightly pointed out by Cochrane & Iltis (2014: 25). Furthermore, the present study reports in this subspecies, for the first time, the presence of staminate flowers and functionally male flowers with vestigial gynoecium.

Ex siccatae: India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, Nagarjunakonda: 14.ix.2011, A.B. Reddy & P.H. Rao 5056 (BSID); 24.ix.2013, V.S. Raju, S. Suthari & R. Kandagatla 1920 (KUW); 25.vi.2017, V.S. Raju, V.H. Rao & S. Gurappa 4901(KUW).

Flowering & Fruiting: June–September.

Distribution: Asia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Krishna River valley, Guntur District.

(iv) Threat Status

The Assessment: The taxon was not found under closed canopy forests but prefers open scrub of rocky landscape at elevations 196–210 m. After mapping the distribution of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis, the habitat Nagarjunakonda Island was stratified into 31 grids, each with 100m². The occurrence of this taxon was listed in each grid which had four quadrats of 1m² area. The population in each of these quadrats was determined. The sites of the taxon occurrence was recorded by GPS to estimate the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO).

A total of 124 quadrats of 1×1 m size were laid in 31 grids of 100×100 m size, and recorded 458 individuals of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis. The average population count among the grids varied between 1.5-7.50 individuals. Based on the population, the grids were divided into three categories (Image 3A) with a class interval of 10, viz.: Category-I (0–10), Category-II (11–20) and Category-III (21–30). Among the class intervals, maximum percent occurrence was noticed in Category-II with 12 grids, followed by Category-I with 10 grids and III with nine grids. The nine grids, namely C-3 and 4, D-3 and 4, E-2, 3 and 4 and F-2 and 4 (Image 3B) showed greater density of the taxon (columns were designated as A–H and rows as 1–5).

IUCN Red List Assessment

The conservation status of the taxon Corynandra viscosa subsp. nargarjunakondensis which has not been done so far is presently taken-up using the latest IUCN Red List Criteria (Version 3.1; IUCN 2001/2013). Opportunistic data are increasingly used for estimating trends and geographic range sizes.  Geographic ranges are determined using: (i) marginal occurrences, (ii) habitat distributions, (iii) range-wide occurrences, (iv) species distribution modeling (including site-occupancy models), and (v) process-based modeling (Maes et al. 2015). The criterion B of the IUCN is used to evaluate a taxon based on its the geographic range in the form of either B1 (EOO) and/or B2 (AOO), leading to assigning the threat category Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. EOO and AOO reflect two different processes and represent respectively the spread of extinction risk and vulnerability due to a restricted range and, therefore, useful to estimate both criteria in Red List assessments. In Britain, the combined use of EOO and AOO resulted in the highest Red List category (76%) while in Flanders this was the case for AOO (86%) (Maes et al. 2015). The re-assessment of Leucopogon spectabilis yielded an estimated EOO of 14.8km² and AOO of 32km² and the values for Tetratheca aphylla subsp. aphylla were 35km² for EOO and 52km² for AOO (Bioscope Environmental 2016). For Murdannia saddlepeakensis, Tagore et al. (2016: 9492) showed the larger area for AOO (red) and smaller for EOO (blue) in Figure 1, as can be seen in our study (Image 3); however, they have provided only the value of EOO (1.8 km²), but not the AOO.

Since the estimated values of EOO and AOO are 0.20 km² and 0.31 km² respectively, the taxon under assessment falls under the Critically Endangered category. The conditions such as the population being confined to a single location [of (Ba)] and the (i) extent of occurrence (EOO <100km²); (ii) area of occupancy (AOO <10km²); (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (elaborated below); (iv) number of locations or subpopulations not found further; and (v) the number of mature individuals about 500 [of B(b)] are the conditions which qualify Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondenis to B1ab(iii) of the above category.

A declining population was observed/inferred (sub-criterion b of B) in terms of the biotic interference on the habitat - where there is a tourism and impact of trekking on the Island, which in fact, comes under category II of protected areas. Forest fire is the other serious threat along with the alien plant invasion. Increased burn frequencies can, therefore, progressively exclude the fire-vulnerable species and increase the pyrophytes. Above all, Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis was found severely infested with papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink: Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera). The papaya mealybug is a small, polyphagous, sucking insect with pest status that attacks several genera of host plants, including the economically important tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. Infestation of the mealybug appeared as clusters of cotton-like masses on the aboveground portion of plants, more so the inflorescence (Image 4 A-C). Both the immature and adult mealybugs suck the sap of the plant and weaken it. Consequently, the leaves become wrinkled, yellowish and wither while the seeds do not develop fully (Image 4 D-E). The honey dew excreted by the bug and the associated black sooty mold formation further impairs the photosynthetic efficiency of the affected plants (Tanwar et al. 2010). This insect, if unchecked, may expedite the decline of the population in the near future.

Conclusion

The Nagarjunakonda Island has a unique environment, with vulnerabilities. It harbours small seasonal populations of Corynandra viscosa subsp. nagarjunakondensis whose luxuriance depends on critical amounts and timing of moisture availability. Tourism promotion by the Andhra Pradesh State Government and the accompanied infrastructure development is a serious threat. Protection of this small precarious habitat and its native biota are essential for the long-term conservation of this taxon. It can come with political will and/or the enforcement of wildlife and biodiversity acts.

REFERENCES

Bachman, S., J. Moat, A.W. Hill, J. de la Torre & B. Scott (2011). Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: V. Smith & L. Penev (eds.). e-Infrastructures for Data Publishing in Biodiversity Science. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. (Version Beta)

Barrett, R.L., E.H. Roalson, K. Ottewell, M. Byrne, S.P. Govindwar, S.R. Yadav, A.S. Tammboli & A.R. Gholave (2017). Resolving generic boundaries in Indian-Australasian Cleomaceae: Circumscription of Areocleome, Arivela, and Corynandra as distinct genera.  Systematic Botany 42: 694–707; http://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X696401

Barua, J.B. (2016). Ancient Buddhist Universities in Indian Subcontinent. Fulton Books, Inc., Meadville, USA, 92pp.

Bioscope Environmental (2016). Reassessment of Leucopogon spectabilis, Tetratheca aphylla subsp. aphylla, Lepidosperma bungalbin and Banksia arborea. J5 and Bungalbin East Iron Ore Proposal Response to Submissions–Appendix A IUCN Assessments. Prepared for Mineral Resources Ltd., 16 December 2016. 23pp. http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Proponent_response_to_submissions/2031-RTS-AppA%20IUCN%20Assessments.pdf

Cochrane, T.S. & H.H. Iltis (2014). Studies in the Cleomaceae VII: Five new combinations in Corynandra, an earlier name for Arivela. Novon 23: 21–26; http://doi.org/10.3417/2013023

http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/search/all/key/cleome+viscosa+/fossil/0/match/1 (accessed on 19 November 2017)

http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/corynandra+viscosa/fossil/1/match/1 (accessed on 31 May 2018)

http://www.geocat.kew.org/ (accessed on 19 November 2017)

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2727669 (accessed on 19 November 2017)

http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Cleome+viscosa (accessed on 13 May 2018)

IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.; https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/7977

Kers, L.E. (2003). Capparaceae, pp. 36–56. In: K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer (eds.).The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Linnaeus, C. von (1753). Species Plantarum 2: 672. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae; https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358693#page/114/mode/1up

Maes, D., N.J.B. Issac, C.A. Harrower, B. Collen, A.J. van Strien & D.B. Roy (2015). The use of opportunistic data for IUCN Red List assessments. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 115(3): 690–706; http://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12530

Peterson, A.T. & D.M. Watson (1998). Problems with areal definitions of endemics: The effects of spatial scaling. Diversity and Distributions 4: 189-194; https://www.csu.edu.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0009/ 76068/Watson4_189.pdf

Pullaiah, T. (2015). Capparaceae, pp. 70–82. In: Flora of Telangana: The 29^th State of India. Vol. 1. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

Pullaiah, T. & D.M. Rao (2002). Cleomaceae, pp. 74–77. In: T. Pullaiah & D.M. Rao (eds.). Flora of Eastern Ghats: Hill Ranges of South East India -1. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

Pullaiah, T., V. Ramakrishnaiah, S.S. Rani & P.N. Rao (2000). Cleomaceae, pp. 53–55. In: Flora of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Regency Publications, New Delhi.

Rafinesque, C.S. (1838). Sylva Telluriana. Mantisa Synoptica. New Genera and Species of Trees and Shrubs of North America. Published for the author and publisher, Philadelphia, 184pp.

Rao, P.N., B.V.R. Swamy & T. Pullaiah (2001). Capparaceae, pp. 67–73. In: Flora of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh: India. Shipra Publications, Delhi.

Ricketts, T.H., E. Dinerstein, T. Boucher, T.M. Brooks, S.H.M. Butchart, M. Hoffmann, J.F. Lamoreux, J. Morrison, M. Parr, J.D. Pilgrim, A.S.L. Rodrigues, W. Sechrest, G.E. Wallace, K. Berlin, J. Bielby, N.D. Burgess, D.R. Church, N. Cox, D. Knox, C. Loucks, G.W. Luck, L.L. Master, R. Moore, R. Naidoo, R. Ridgely, G.E. Schatz, G. Shire, H. Strand, W. Wettengel & E. Wikramanayake (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America 102(51):18497–18501.

Sprengel, K. (1827). Caroli Linnaei, Equitis...Systema Vegetabilium. Editio Decima Sexta, Vol. 4, Pt.1. Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae, Gottingae.

Sundararaghavan, R. (1988). New taxa in Capparaceae. Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India 28(1-4): 185-192.

Sundararaghavan, R. (1993). Capparaceae, pp. 248–335. In: B.D. Sharma & N.P. Balakrishnan (eds.). Flora of India 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

Tagore, J.K., S. Soosairaj, M.V. Ramana, M. Sanjappa & K.N. Ganeshaiah (2016). Status assessment of the Saddlepeak Dewflower (Murdannia saddlepeakensis Ramana & Nandikar: Commelinaceae): An endemic spiderwort plant of Andaman Islands, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(14): 9643–9647; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2363.8.14.9643-9647

Tanwar, R.K., P. Jeyakumar & S. Vennila (2010). Papaya mealybug and its management strategies. Technical Bulletin 22. National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi.

Thothathri, K. (1964). The flora of the Nagarjunakonda valley and the surrounding hills. Indian Forester 90(8): 539–546.

Whittaker, R.J. & J.M. Fernández-Palacios (2007). Island Biogeography. 2^nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 416pp.

Zhang, M. & G.C. Tucker (2008). Cleomaceae, pp. 429–432. In: C.Y. Wu, P.H. Raven & D.Y. Hong (eds.). Flora of China 7. Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Press, St. Louis. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/ volume07/Cleomaceae.pdf