Journal of Threatened Taxa
| www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2019 | 11(8): 14010–14021
A comparative study on
dragonfly diversity on a plateau and an agro-ecosystem
in Goa, India
Andrea
R.M. D’Souza 1 & Irvathur
Krishnananda Pai 2
1 Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts
and Science, Gogol-Margao, Goa 403602, India.
2 Department of
Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa
403206, India.
1 andrearmd@rediffmail.com, 2 ikpai@unigoa.ac.in
(corresponding author)
Abstract: The present study was carried out to fill the lacuna
in the understanding of the diversity of odonates of
Goa in general and dragonflies in particular on plateau and paddy fields in
coastal villages—agricultural area at Velsao and Taleigao Plateau.
Diversity in plateau ecosystem was higher possibly due to a greater
plant and insect diversity on the plateau, in comparison with the monoculture
paddy agro-ecosystem.
Highest number of species recorded belonged to the family Libellulidae. Monthly diversity showed correlation with
monthly average rainfall and humidity.
Keywords: Odonates, Taleigao Plateau, Velsao.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3667.11.8.14010-14021
| ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:019D45DF-38A7-46CB-BD76-38020240F158
Editor: K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai,
India. Date of publication: 26 June 2019
(online & print)
Manuscript details: #3667 | Received 08 July 2017 | Final received 05 May
2019 | Finally accepted 14 June 2019
Citation: D’Souza, A.R.M. & I.K. Pai
(2019). A
comparative study on dragonfly diversity on a plateau and an agro-ecosystem in Goa, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(8): 14010–14021. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3667.11.8.14010-14021
Copyright: D’Souza & Pai 2019. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self funding.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Andrea Runasia Menezes D’Souza was a post graduate student of
Goa University and worked on dragonfly diversity as a part of her MSc
dissertation. Presently she is working as Assistant professor in the Department
of Zoology at Parvatibai Chowgule
College of Arts and Science, Margao, Goa. Dr. Irvathur Krishnananda Pai is Professor and Head, department of Zoology,
Goa University, Goa
Author contribution: ARMD was involved in field work,
sample collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. IKP was responsible for designing the study,
analyzing the data, directing and supervising and preparation of the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors sincerely thank Prof.
S.K. Shyama, Former Head of Department, Zoology, Goa University, for providing
necessary facilities. We are also thankful
to Mr. Parag Rangnekar, for his help in confirming
the identification and to Mr. Kiran Gaude and Mr. Avelno D’Costa, Goa University, for their help in
statistical analyses.
Introduction
Initial work on odonates in
the state of Goa was carried out by Prasad (1995), followed by Rangnekar et al. (2010, 2014), and Subramanian et
al. (2013), indicating the diversity to be 87 species. Considerable amount of research has been
carried out in the Western Ghats and the neighboring
state of Maharashtra (Subramanian et al. 2011; Kulkarni & Subramanian 2013;
Muthukumaravel et al. 2015; Tiple
& Koparde 2015).
Despite this, there are several lacunae in understanding the diversity
of odonates in general and dragonflies in
particular. Hence, this attempt is to
study diversity, distribution patterns, specific species abundance and status
of dragonflies in plateau and paddy field areas at Taleigao
Plateau and paddy fields in a coastal village of Goa, in Velsao. In the present work we have analyzed the odonates from Goa in
general and plateau and agro-ecosystem in particular,
which has not been attempted previously.
Materials and Methods
Study sites
The areas chosen for the study include Velsao (15.3540N & 73.8910E, 11m)
(Image 1), which is a coastal village and the Taleigao
Plateau (15.4570N & 73.8340E, 50m) (Image 2) which is
a lateritic region.
Velsao comprises of several paddy field ponds and streams;
four sites were chosen (Image 3a–d) in the village. On the other hand, Taleigao
Plateau is a lateritic region comprising several temporary monsoon water
pools. Four sites (Image 4a–d) were
chosen on Taleigao Plateau, representing the
lateritic water pools.
At the plateau study site, the soil is mostly lateritic
with vegetation belonging to Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae, Leguminosae Mimosaceae,
Rubiaceae, Rutaceae
families. Paddy fields are composed of
loamy-clay mostly with water logging with vegetation comprising of Tridax sp., Gliricidia
spp., Justicia spp., and Centella
spp. seen around the paddy field bunds.
Weather parameters
Table 1 provides meteorological data of the sites
under study. The monthly average
temperature ranged between 26.86oC to 27.64oC; wind speed
from 2.13– 6.84 km/h; sunshine was between 97.3–290.1 hr/month; relative
humidity was between 78.2–93.7 % and rainfall was from 1–449.5 mm/ month (Fig.
1).
Methods
The study was conducted from August 2016 to February
2017. The sampling is done by monthly
direct counts, by following all out opportunistic surveys, at the selected
sites from 08.30 to 12.00 hr, which coincides with the insect’s active
period. Species observed were recorded
and photographed, using Nikon Coolpix L840 and Nikon Coolpix S6300
cameras. A monthly record of species at
the sites was maintained. Species which
could not be identified in the field were collected using insect collecting net
and maintained by dry preservation (Kapoor 2008) and identified using standard
literature such as Fraser (1939), Subramanian (2009) and Nair (2011).
Statistical analysis
From the data obtained of dragonflies species at the
sites diversity indices such as shannon diversity
index, evenness index, species richness index and species abundance, were
calculated using PAST software and MS-Excel. Correlation between the diversity
indices and weather parameters was calculated using correlation coefficient
(Fig. 2).
Results
The list of dragonflies encountered at the study sites
is given in Table 2. During the study
period, a combined total of 28 species of dragonflies belonging to 18 genera
and three families were encountered.
Of the above, 24 species belonging to 16 genera and
three families were sighted in the plateau ecosystem; while 16 species
belonging to 12 genera and three families were sighted in the agro-ecosystem.
There were 12 species of dragonflies belonging to 12 genera that were
common to both the ecosystems (Fig. 3).
a. Agro-ecosystem
A total of 16 species belonging to 12 genera and three
families were sighted in the agro-ecosystem. Most number of species noted during post
monsoon (October–December) were 13, monsoon (August, September) were 12, and
winter (January and February) were nine.
Species diversity (H’) was found to be 1.944 ± 0.158, species evenness
(J’) was 0.782 ± 0.066, and species richness (SR) recorded was 2.11 ± 0.347
(Table 3).
b. Plateau ecosystem
A total of 24 species belonging to 16 genera and three
families were sighted in the plateau ecosystem.
Most species were noted in post monsoon (17), followed by monsoon (14)
and winter (7).
Species diversity (H’) was 1.762 ± 0.405, species
evenness (J’) 0.674 ± 0.111, and species richness (SR) 2.172 ± 0.603 (Table 3).
Weather parameters vs. dragonflies
The monthly diversity of dragonfly species recorded
was correlated with the different weather parameters like monthly average
rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine hours and temperature (Table
1). Monthly diversity of dragonflies
showed a significant positive correlation with the monthly average rainfall in
the agro-ecosystem (cr cf = 0.765, p <0.05) and relative humidity in both the
ecosystems (agro-ecosystem- cr
cf = 0.759, p <0.05 and plateau ecosystem- cr cf = 0.796, p <0.05) and a
low correlation with temperature and wind speed. Further, it was also found to be strongly
negatively correlated with the monthly sunshine hours (agro-ecosystem-
cr cf = -0.758, p <0.05
and plateau ecosystem- cr cf
= -0.731, p= 0.06).
Discussion
A combined total of 28 species of dragonflies recorded
at both sites makes about 59.5% of the total dragonflies recorded in the state
so far (Rangnekar 2014).
The highest diversity recorded belonged to family Libellulidae (23) followed by Aeshnidae
(3) (in plateau ecosystem) and Gomphidae (1). All over the world, species belonging to
family Libellulidae dominate unshaded habitats with
stagnant water, include species with great migratory ability and distributions
covering more than one continent including isolated islands (Kalkman et al 2008).
Diversity in plateau ecosystem was more with 24
species while paddy field ecosystem displayed 16 species. This could possibly
be due to a greater plant and insect diversity on the plateau, as opposed to
the monoculture paddy agro-ecosystem, which supports
a lesser number of plant species and thus fewer insect species that are the
prey base for dragonflies. Aquatic
bodies in paddy fields were mostly covered by invasive weed like Salvinia, which hampers the growth of other native
aquatic plant and animal diversity (Balzan 2012).
In the present study, seasonal variation in dragonfly
species was also observed. Highest number of species and individuals were
recorded during post monsoon, followed by monsoon and least in winter in both
the ecosystems. Species diversity (H’)
was highest in monsoon followed by post monsoon and winter. Similar studies were carried out by Muthukumaravel et al. (2015). This may be attributed to drying up of the
habitats which results in reduction in food resources post monsoon.
Monthly diversity of dragonflies showed a significant
positive correlation with the monthly average rainfall in the agroecosystem and
relative humidity in both the ecosystems.
Similar observations were reported by Kalita
et al. (2015) and Muthukumaravel et al.
(2015). Weather plays an important role
in the survival and activity patterns of adult odonates
(Aguilar 2008). These environmental
factors, along with vegetation directly affect diversity and distribution of
food resources (Morais et al. 1999). The influence of rainfall is seen on density
and distribution of vegetation, which leads to increase in abundance of
herbivorous insects (prey for dragonflies).
It was observed that the species diversity (Fig.
2) in both ecosystems continue to be
fairly similar in months August to October, however declined in January and
February in the plateau ecosystem, along with a decline in the species
richness, which can be attributed to the
drying up of temporary water bodies following the monsoon season in the plateau
ecosystem. Highest number of species was recorded in the month of October on
the plateau ecosystem. Many of the species have their flight period during this
period and a higher diversity of odonates could be
attributed to this (Kulkarni & Subramanian 2013).
Neurothemis tullia shows the highest species abundance, followed by Diplacodes trivialis and
Rhodothemis rufa
in the paddy field ecosystem and Pantala flavescens in the plateau ecosystem followed by Diplacodes trivialis. Similar
studies at agricultural areas were also reported by Kulkarni & Subramanian
(2013).
Dragonflies are important bio-indicator species
(Stewart 1998; Nair 2011). Presence of species like Brachythemis
contaminata, which is known as a dragonfly of
polluted waters (Subramanian 2009), was recorded at some of the sites in the
plateau ecosystem, may indicate deterioration of the aquatic body. The presence
of Neurothemis fulvia,
Neurothemis tullia, Bradinopyga geminata and Trithemis festiva at the
sites can indicate superior quality water and species Brachythemis
contaminata, Orthetrum chrysis, and Orthetrum sabina which are common species at the sites could
possible indicate lower water quality.
Most of the species recorded belong to the Least
Concern category of the IUCN Red List, while one species Indothemis
carnatica is Near Threatened.
Table 1. Weather profile of Goa during the study
period (August 2016 to February 2017).
|
Month |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
|
Temperature (C°) |
27.64 |
27.3 |
27.21 |
27.4 |
27.11 |
26.86 |
27.6 |
|
Wind speed (km/hr) |
6.84 |
4.4 |
3.29 |
3.2 |
3.13 |
3.35 |
3.96 |
|
Sunshine hours |
97.3 |
136 |
204.2 |
268.9 |
273.4 |
290.1 |
271.7 |
|
Relative humidity |
91.5 |
93.7 |
92.52 |
78.2 |
78.48 |
79.74 |
86.14 |
|
Rainfall (mm) |
449.5 |
242.9 |
157.3 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
(Source: Anonymous, Goa Meteorological Department,
Panaji, Goa)
Table 2. Dragonfly species observed at the study
sites.
|
Family |
Genera |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Plateau |
Paddy field |
|
Gomphidae |
Ictinogomphus |
Common Clubtail |
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
+ |
|
Aeshnidae |
Anax |
Blue-tailed Green Darter |
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Gynacantha |
Parakeet Darter |
Gynacantha bayadera Selys, 1854 |
- |
+ |
|
|
Gynacantha |
Brown Darter |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960 |
+ |
- |
|
Libellulidae |
Acisoma |
Trumpet Tail |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
- |
+ |
|
|
Brachythemis |
Ditch Jewel |
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Bradinopyga |
Granite Ghost |
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Cratilla |
Emerald Banded Skimmer |
Cratilla lineata Foerster,1903 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Crocothemis |
Ruddy Marsh Skimmer |
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1770 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Diplacodes |
Ground Skimmer |
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur,1842 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Indothemis |
Blue Ground Skimmer |
Indothemis carnatica Fabricius, 1798 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Lathrecista |
Asiatic Blood Tail |
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Neurothemis |
Fulvous Forest Skimmer |
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
- |
+ |
|
|
Neurothemis |
Pied Paddy skimmer |
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Brown-backed Red Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum chrysis Selys, 1891 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Tricoloured Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum pruinosum Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Green Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Orthetrum |
Small Skimmer
|
Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Pantala |
Wandering glider |
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Rhodothemis |
Rufous Marsh Glider |
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Rhodothemis |
Common Picturewing |
Rhyothemis variegate Linnaeus, 1763 |
+ |
+ |
|
|
Tholymis |
Coral-tailed Cloud Wing |
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
- |
+ |
|
|
Tramea |
Red Marsh
Trotter |
Tramea basilaris Kirby, 1889 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Tramea |
Black Marsh Trotter |
Tramea limbate Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Trithemis |
Crimson Marsh Glider |
Trithemis aurora Burmeister, 1839 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Trithemis |
Black Stream Glider |
Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 |
+ |
- |
|
|
Trithemis |
Long-legged Marsh Glider |
Trithemis pallidinervis
Kirby, 1889 |
+ |
- |
Table 3. Family-wise percentage composition of
dragonflies in ecosystems under study.
|
|
Families |
Number of species |
|
|
Agro-ecosystem |
Plateau ecosystem |
||
|
1 |
Gomphidae |
1 |
1 |
|
2 |
Aeshnidae |
1 |
2 |
|
3 |
Libellulidae |
14 |
21 |
Table 4. General composition of dragonfly community
and species indices in paddy field and plateau ecosystem.
|
|
Agro-ecosystem |
Plateau ecosystem |
|
Affiliations |
||
|
Total no. of individuals recorded |
308 |
402 |
|
Total no. of species |
16 |
24 |
|
Total no. of genera |
12 |
16 |
|
Total no. of families |
3 |
3 |
|
Species indices |
||
|
Species diversity (H’) |
1.944 ± 0.158 |
1.762 ± 0.405 |
|
Species evenness (J’) |
0.782 ± 0.066 |
0.674 ± 0.111 |
|
Species richness (SR) |
2.113 ± 0.347 |
2.172 ± 0.603 |
Table 5. Seasonal variations in species indices of
dragonflies in (a) agro-ecosystem and (b) plateau.
a) Agro-ecosystem
|
Species indices |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Winter |
|
Species diversity (H') |
2.145 |
2.138 |
1.801 |
|
Species evenness (J') |
0.711 |
0.652 |
0.673 |
|
Species richness (SR) |
2.373 |
2.435 |
1.903 |
(a1) Abundance
and species richness at the agro-ecosystem
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Winter |
|
Gomphidae |
Common Clubtail |
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
|
Aeshnidae |
Blue-tailed Green Darter |
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Parakeet Darter |
Gynacantha bayadera Selys, 1854 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Brown Darter |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck,1960 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
Libellulidae |
Trumpet Tail |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
4 |
7 |
- |
|
|
Ditch Jewel |
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Granite Ghost |
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
2 |
4 |
- |
|
|
Emerald Banded Skimmer |
Cratilla lineata Foerster,1903 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ruddy Marsh Skimmer |
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1770 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ground Skimmer |
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur,1842 |
11 |
27 |
17 |
|
|
Blue Ground Skimmer |
Indothemis carnatica Fabricius, 1798 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Asiatic Blood Tail |
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Fulvous Forest Skimmer |
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
- |
- |
1 |
|
|
Pied Paddy Skimmer |
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
30 |
28 |
20 |
|
|
Brown-backed Red Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum chrysis Selys, 1891 |
- |
4 |
- |
|
|
Blue Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Tricoloured Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum pruinosum Rambur, 1842 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
|
|
Green Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
9 |
17 |
6 |
|
|
Small Skimmer
|
Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Wandering Glider |
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
11 |
22 |
10 |
|
|
Rufous Marsh Glider |
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
14 |
15 |
7 |
|
|
Common Picturewing |
Rhyothemis variegata Linnaeus, 1763 |
2 |
2 |
- |
|
|
Coral-tailed Cloud Wing |
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
10 |
- |
- |
|
|
Red Marsh Trotter |
Tramea basilaris Kirby,1889 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Black Marsh Trotter |
Tramea limbata Rambur,1842 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Black Stream Glider |
Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Long-legged Marsh Glider |
Trithemis pallidinervis
Kirby, 1889 |
- |
- |
- |
(b) Plateau ecosystem
|
Species indices |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Winter |
|
Species diversity (H') |
2.203 |
2.077 |
1.289 |
|
Species evenness (J') |
0.646 |
0.469 |
0.578 |
|
Species richness (SR) |
2.49 |
3.056 |
1.764 |
(b1) Abundance
and species richness at the Plateau ecosystem
|
Family |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Winter |
|
Gomphidae |
Common Clubtail |
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
- |
3 |
- |
|
Aeshnidae |
Blue-tailed Green Darter |
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
|
Parakeet Darter |
Gynacantha bayadera Selys,1854 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Brown Darter |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck,1960 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Libellulidae |
Trumpet Tail |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ditch Jewel |
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
|
Granite Ghost |
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
9 |
10 |
3 |
|
|
Emerald Banded Skimmer |
Cratilla lineata Foerster, 1903 |
- |
- |
1 |
|
|
Ruddy Marsh Skimmer |
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1770 |
10 |
6 |
1 |
|
|
Ground Skimmer |
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur, 1842 |
19 |
39 |
18 |
|
|
Blue Ground Skimmer |
Indothemis carnatica Fabricius, 1798 |
17 |
10 |
- |
|
|
Asiatic Blood Tail |
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
|
Fulvous Forest Skimmer |
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Pied Paddy skimmer |
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
3 |
1 |
- |
|
|
Brown-backed Red Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum chrysis Selys, 1891 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Blue Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
|
Tricoloured Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Crimson-tailed Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum pruinosum Rambur, 1842 |
2 |
- |
- |
|
|
Green Marsh Hawk |
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
18 |
17 |
|
|
|
Small Skimmer
|
Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
Wandering Glider |
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
59 |
67 |
5 |
|
|
Rufous Marsh Glider |
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
3 |
6 |
|
|
|
Common Picturewing |
Rhyothemis variegata Linnaeus, 1763 |
14 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Coral-tailed Cloud Wing |
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Red Marsh
Trotter |
Tramea basilaris Kirby, 1889 |
7 |
4 |
- |
|
|
Black Marsh Trotter |
Tramea limbata Rambur, 1842 |
18 |
12 |
- |
|
|
Black Stream Glider |
Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 |
5 |
7 |
- |
|
|
Long-legged Marsh Glider |
Trithemis pallidinervis
Kirby, 1889 |
1 |
- |
- |
Table 6. Species abundance from most abundant to least
abundant.
|
Scientific name |
Agro-ecosystem |
Scientific name |
Plateau ecosystem |
|
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
25.324 |
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
32.506 |
|
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur, 1842 |
17.857 |
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur,1842 |
18.858 |
|
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
13.961 |
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
8.684 |
|
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
11.688 |
Tramea limbata Rambur,1842 |
7.444 |
|
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
10.389 |
Indothemis carnatica Fabricius, 1798 |
6.699 |
|
Orthetrum pruinosum Rambur, 1842 |
5.8441 |
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
5.459 |
|
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
3.5714 |
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1770 |
4.218 |
|
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
3.246 |
Rhyothemis variegata Linnaeus, 1763 |
4.218 |
|
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
1.948 |
Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 |
2.977 |
|
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
1.948 |
Tramea basilaris Kirby,1889 |
2.729 |
|
Orthetrum chrysis Selys, 1891 |
1.298 |
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
2.233 |
|
Rhyothemis variegata Linnaeus, 1763 |
1.298 |
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
0.992 |
|
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
0.974 |
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
0.744 |
|
Gynacantha bayadera Selys, 1854 |
0.324 |
Orthetrum pruinosum Rambur, 1842 |
0.496 |
|
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
0.324 |
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
0.248 |
|
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
0 |
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
0.248 |
|
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960 |
0 |
Cratilla lineata Foerster,1903 |
0.248 |
|
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
0 |
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
0.248 |
|
Cratilla lineata Foerster, 1903 |
0 |
Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 |
0.248 |
|
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1770 |
0 |
Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 |
0.248 |
|
Indothemis carnatica Fabricius, 1798 |
0 |
Trithemis pallidinervis
Kirby, 1889 |
0.248 |
|
Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 |
0 |
Gynacantha bayadera Selys,1854 |
0 |
|
Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 |
0 |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck,1960 |
0 |
|
Orthetrum taeniolatum Schneider, 1845 |
0 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
0 |
|
Tramea basilaris Kirby, 1889 |
0 |
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
0 |
|
Tramea limbata Rambur, 1842 |
0 |
Orthetrum chrysis Selys, 1891 |
0 |
|
Trithemis festiva Rambur, 1842 |
0 |
Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 |
0 |
|
Trithemis pallidinervis
Kirby, 1889 |
0 |
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
0 |
For
images & figures – click here
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