Photographic records of the Asiatic Wildcat from two states of India

We report here photographic evidence for the Asiatic Wildcat Felis silvestris ornata Gray, 1830 from Shahgarh Landscape, Jaisalmer, western Rajasthan and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, central Madhya Pradesh. This is also the first photographic record of the species in the wild from Madhya Pradesh.

The Asiatic Wildcat Felis silvestris ornata Gray, 1830 also known as the Indian Desert Cat is one of the five subspecies of the globally widespread Wildcat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 (Driscoll et al. 2007).It is legally protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) of India and also included in CITES Appendix II, but appears as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List database (Driscoll & Nowell 2010).
Apart from these sightings, the Asiatic Wildcat's presence has also been recorded from some protected areas in the past.Recently Gupta et al. (2009) reported the presence of the Asiatic Wildcat in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan.Earlier it was reported from Pench Tiger Reserve (Gogate 1997;Mukherjee 1998) and Tadoba Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra (Gogate 1997).A road kill of the species was also found near Semadoh, Melghat Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra (Gogate 1997).Pardeshi et al. (2010) confirmed the presence of the species in the Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary located in the westernmost part of the Kachchh Desert, Gujarat.In Madhya Pradesh, Yoganand (1999) recorded this species from Panna National Park, while the easternmost sighting has been reported from Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary (Shekhar Kolipaka 2011 pers.comm.).A dead specimen (Image 1b) was also confiscated from a group of Kal Bahelia hunters on the Nauradehi-Jabalpur Road, Madhya Pradesh (Shekhar Kolipaka 2011 pers.comm.).However, it is worth mentioning that only two of above sightings were photographic records and thus, the ones without photographs remain unauthenticated.Kankane (2000) photographed a young individual of the Asiatic Wildcat from Rajasthan while Gupta et al. (2009) reported a camera trap picture of the species from Sariska Tiger Reserve.
We report here the sight records with photographs of the Asiatic Wildcat from two different bio-geographic zones of India (Fig. 2a).The sightings were made during our field work for the "Re-introduction of Cheetah in India" project at Shahgarh landscape, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh.
Shahgarh Landscape, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan: We sighted an individual near Murar (26 0 37'6.46"N& 70 0 01'7.5"E) on 08 August 2011 at 19.36hr (Fig. 2b).It appeared unperturbed by our presence giving us enough time to photograph it (Image 1a).The body was heavily spotted, dusky brown in color; the lower portion of the tail had dark black rings and was black-tipped.The ears were pointed and had pinkish insides.Two distinct black horizontal stripes on the inside of the forelimbs were also clearly visible.

Records of Asiatic Wildcat in India
Previous records of districts with Asiatic Wildcat presence Present sighting ran away quickly from the observers giving no chance to take a photograph.
The area is located along the international border of India and Pakistan and much of the area is under the control of the Border Security Force (BSF) and the Indian army.Due to the harsh climatic conditions and restrictions imposed by the government, the area is sparsely populated by people.Oil and natural gas exploration activities are being carried out at a few locations here paving the way for infrastructurel development in this fragile ecosystem.Recently, huge reserves of gas were discovered at one of the sites which have accelerated the exploratory and other auxiliary activities in the region (Bhatia 2012(Bhatia , 2013)).The Indira Gandhi canal flows along the eastern edge of the landscape and the ecology of the surrounding areas is transforming rapidly due to the invasion of mesic species (Prakash 2001;Idris et al. 2009).
Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh: An individual was seen crossing the road at 14.36hr on 19 December 2011 near Jhamara Village (at 23 0 17'0.2"N& 79 0 12'51.1"E) in Nauradehi range of the sanctuary (Fig. 2c).It crouched first and then started running when we approached it on foot.The body was greyish-brown in color and spotted.We were able to take a picture of only the back portion of the cat before it ran inside the bushes, mostly Lantana camara, thereby blocking a clear view.However, the photograph shows reddish underparts as well as black rings on the terminal portion of the tail based on which it was confirmed as the Asiatic Wildcat.The vegetation of the area was dominated by Chloroxylon sweitenia mixed with Terminalia tometosa and shrubs of Helecteres isora.The Nauradehi WS (23 0 05'-23 0 43'N & 79 0 05'-79 0 25'E) covers an area of 1197.04km 2 across three districts of Sagar, Damoh and Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh (Ranjitsinh & Jhala 2010).It lies in the Deccan peninsula (zone 6A) biogeographic zone (Rodgers et al. 2002).The sanctuary continues as a thin strip of forest towards the west into Bareli Tehsil in Raisen District and towards the east it is intermittently connected to the Rani Durgavathi Wildlife Sanctuary in Damoh District and extending up to the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.The extent of this forested landscape is about 5500km 2 (Shukla 2007).The vegetation of the area is classified as southern tropical dry deciduous forest-type 5A (Champion & Seth 1968) represented by dominant tree species of Tectona grandis, T. tomentosa, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Madhuca indica and Chloroxylon sweitenia.Shrubs of Zizyphus mauritiana, Helicteres isora, Holorhina antidysentrica and grasses like Themeda quadrivalvis and Heteropogon contortus are abundant.
There are 74 villages inside the Nauradehi WS of which seven are forest villages and the rest are revenue villages.Livestock grazing, forest fire and illegal timber extraction are of serious concern to park management.Three important roads National Highway 12, Tendukheda-Deori and Sagar-Jabalpur via Mohli bisect the park.Road widening activities are being carried out/planned in some parts of the park to divert more vehicular traffic on these roads causing further disturbance.
Threats and conservation: In common with the other sub-species of wildcat, the Asiatic Wildcat faces considerable threats from habitat loss and poaching (Nowell & Jackson 1996;Driscoll & Nowell 2010) although there is a need for dedicated studies to ascertain the extent of these threats to Asiatic Wildcat populations in India.Reclaiming wastelands in the name of planned development has resulted in the destruction of the Asiatic Wildcat habitat and breeding areas in India (Sharma 1998).Although, presently little international trade persists in Asiatic Wildcats, they have been killed in large numbers for their fur in the past (Nowell & Jackson 1996).In 1979, traders in India declared stocks of 41,845 pelts for an export amnesty (Panwar & Gopal 1984).Asiatic Wildcat pelts formed a major portion of the small cats' skin seizures by Wildlife Preservation Society of India from Delhi, Srinagar andPuri (1982-1998) (Sanyal 1998).About 97 skins of the species were also recovered from a poacher in Barmer District, Rajasthan (Sharma 1998).Since the wildcat is the progenitor of the domesticated cat F. s. catus, there is a high probability of its cross-breeding with the abundant population of feral domestic cats in the vicinity of human settlements, the extent of which remains unclear, especially in the Indian subcontinent.
All the sightings described in the present communication happened during the daytime (except the first) supporting some earlier reports of the species being diurnal (Mukherjee 1998).Although these records may not represent a significant increase of the known geographical range of the Asiatic Wildcat in India, it contributes towards the understanding of its habitat and distribution.No detailed ecological studies exist on Asiatic Wildcats in India and the available information on their distribution and ecology seems to be based exclusively on available opportunistic and often unauthenticated observations.Because of the lack of surveys concentrating on the Asiatic Wildcat, especially in areas beyond their recorded geographical range in India, it is possible that their true occurrence and distribution has gone unnoticed.Their solitary nature and elusive behaviour has largely contributed to such paucity of information on them.Most of the sightings of the species being reported from cultivated landscapes highlight the immediate need of a proper study outside protected areas.Extensive surveys might throw up more light on their distribution, current population status, ecological requirements and the imminent threats they face.

Figure 2a .
Figure 2a.District-wise distribution map of Asiatic Wildcat based on sight records.