Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18390–18397
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5029.13.5.18390-18397
#5029 | Received 19 February 2019 | Final
received 23 January 2021 | Finally accepted 27 March 2021
Glimpse of climber diversity in Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Lalita Saini 1,
Archasvi Tyagi 2, Inam
Mohammad 3 & Vijai Malik 4
1,2,4 Department of Botany,
CCS University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250001, India.
3 DAV University, Sarmastpur,
Jalandhar, Panjab 144012, India.
1 lalitasaini091@gmail.com,
2 archasvityagi2010@gmail.com, 3 vim.kool@gmail.com 4
gathwalajai@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Saini, L., A. Tyagi,
I. Mohammad & V. Malik (2021). Glimpse of climber
diversity in Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 13(5): 18390–18397. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5029.13.5.18390-18397
Copyright: © Saini et al. 2021. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
grateful to Dr. Rup Narayan, Head, Department of
Botany, CCS University, Meerut, for encouragement.
Abstract: The present paper
focuses on the herbaceous and woody climbers of Saharanpur District. A total of 66 species of herbaceous climbers,
33 species of woody climbers, 15 species of climbing shrubs, and two species of
parasitic climbers belonging 27 different families have been recorded. Climbers belonging to the families such as Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Fabaceae, and Apocynaceae were found to be dominant
in this region. This study also records
the occurrence of 14 species of threatened climbers.
Keywords: Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, threatened.
A climber starts its
life on the forest floor and spends almost one-fourth of its life on forest
surface. After this phase the adhering,
anchoring, and leaning starts on other plants to achieve immense stature (Jongkind & Hawthorne 2005). Families such as Cucurbitaceae,
Convolvulaceae, and Dioscoreaceae
are considered to be climber rich.
Amongst the climber-rich families, Apocynaceae,
Rubiaceae, Celastraceae,
and Leguminosae have more than 50 species (Gentry 1991; Schnitzer & Bongers 2002).
Diversity is also found in the climbing mechanism in the form of branch
twiners, stem twiners, tendril climbers, root adhesive climbers, hook climbers,
and scramblers (Bongers et al. 2005; Jongking & Hawthorne 2005). Climbers are rooted plants in the ground but
necessitate hold up for their growth and these may be root climbers,
scramblers, tendril climbers, and twiners.
Climbers mostly occur in woody plant ecosystem, although diversity is
found in subtropical and tropical forests (Richards 1952; Schimper
1903; Bongers et al. 2005). Tropical rain forest has a high diversity of
climbers up to 30% of vegetation (Schnitzer & Bongers
2002). Climbing plant species are more
abundantly associated to tropical forest than temperate forest (Putz 1984;
Richard 1996).
Climber is defined as
plant species that require mechanical support for its growth (Putz &
Windsor 1987). It includes herbaceous
and woody lianas (Gentry 1991).
According to an estimate, climbers are one half of vascular plant
species. Hippocrataeceae,
Vitaceae, and Smilacaceae
families have lianas or vines (Putz 1984; Gentry 1991). A climber floristically plays an important
role in tropical forest and considered to be a structural component that
affects the physiognomy of the forest (Gentry 1991). A climber plant species plays a vital role in
forest ecosystem as it provides habitat and food for animals (Hladik 1978; Emmons & Gentry 1983; Gentry 1991; Gelatti & Padroni 1994). Climbers are almost neglected in all
floristic studies but this group represents one of the major part of plant
collections (Gentry 1991). A review of
the literature reveals that several workers did comprehensive work on climbers
and related taxa (DeWalt et al. 2000; Muthuramkumar
& Parthasarathy 2001; Pérez-Salicrup et al. 2001;
Reddy & Parthasarathy 2003; Kouamé et al. 2004;
Parthasarathy et al. 2004; DeWalt et al. 2006; Mukherjee 2006; Prasad et al.
2009; Ghosh & Pandey 2014). During
the present study, an attempt was made to enumerate and list all native,
exotic, and threatened climbers of Saharanpur forest division of Uttar Pradesh,
India. During fields surveys and
floristic study, the authors collected many plant species and recorded 116
climbers (Table 1).
Material and Methods
Saharanpur lies
between 29034’45”–30021’30”N & 7709’46”–78014’45”E
with the average 269m elevation and covers 3,689km2 area. Most part of the Saharanpur District is plain
except the northern frontier which includes Shivalik
Hills. While inventorying the flora of
Saharanpur, the authors conducted several field trips in different seasons and
collected hundreds of plant species.
During the field survey many climber specimens were collected, processed,
preserved, and mounted on herbarium sheets following the standard herbarium
techniques (Jain & Rao 1977). The
dried and fresh specimens were identified using floras published by Hooker
(1872–1897), Duthie (1903–1929), Brandis (1906), Kanjilal
(1928), Maheshwari (1963), and Delta software.
The herbarium sheets are preserved in the Department of Botany, C.C.S.
University, and Meerut.
Result and Discussion
During field surveys,
the authors collected many plant and recorded 116 species (98 native and 18
non-native) of climbers, of which 66 were herbaceous climbers, 33 woody
climbers or lianas and 15 climbing shrubs, and two parasite climbers (Images
1–22). We also observed diversity in the
nature of climbing organs. It was reported that out of 116 climber species 70
are twiners, 24 are tendril climbers, 15 are climbing shrubs, four are root
climbers and three are hook climbers.
Threatened climbers
of Saharanpur District
Abrus precatorius, Aspidopterys cordata, Asparagus racemosus, Cryptostegia grandiflora, Brachypterum
scandens, Dioscorea alata,
D. bulbifera, Ipomoea dichroa,
Mucuna pruriens, Operculina terpethum, Paederia foetida, Pueraria tuberosa, Trichosanthes cucumerina, and Vincetoxicum indicum are
some of the threatened climbers found in Saharanpur District. These findings are in accordance to the work
done by previous explorers (Malik 2016; Barik et al. 2018).
Table 1. Enumeration
of different climbing plant of district Saharanpur.
|
|
Binomial |
Family |
Climber type |
Climbing mode |
Nature of
climbing organ |
|
1 |
Abrus melanospermus Hassk. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
2 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
3 |
Allamanda cathartica
L. |
Apocynaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
4 |
Ampelocissus
latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Woody climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
5 |
Antigonon leptopus Hook. &
Arn. |
Polygonaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Inflorescence axis |
|
6 |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
7 |
Aristolochia littoralis Parodi |
Aristolochiaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
8 |
Asparagus racemosus
Willd. |
Asparagaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
9 |
Asparagus setaceus
(Kunth) Jessop |
Asparagaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
10 |
Aspidopterys cordata (B. Heyne ex Wall.) A.Juss. |
Malpighiaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
11 |
Aspidopterys wallichii Hook.f. |
Malpighiaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
12 |
Basella alba L. |
Basellaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
13 |
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Woody climber |
Hook climber |
Stem |
|
14 |
Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Climbing shrub |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
15 |
Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King) Maesen |
Fabaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
16 |
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
17 |
Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau |
Bignoniaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
18 |
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. |
Sapindaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Inflorescence axis |
|
19 |
Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen |
Vitaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
20 |
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. |
Celastraceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
21 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Celastraceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
22 |
Cissampelos pareira L. |
Menispermaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
23 |
Cissus repanda (Wight & Arn.) Vahl |
Vitaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
24 |
Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
25 |
Clerodendrum
splendens G.Don
|
Lamiaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
26 |
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. |
Lamiaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
27 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
28 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
29 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. |
Menispermaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
30 |
Combretum indicum
(L.) DeFilipps |
Combretaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
31 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
32 |
Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem. &
Schult. |
Apocynaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
33 |
Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
34 |
Cucumis maderaspatanus L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
35 |
Cucumis melo L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
36 |
Cucumis sativus L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
37 |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
38 |
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. |
Convolvulaceae |
Parasite climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
39 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
Parasite climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
40 |
Dioscorea alata L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
41 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
42 |
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Leader axis of main stem |
|
43 |
Distimake aegyptius (L.) A.R.Simões
& Staples |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
44 |
Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) A.R.Simões
& Staples |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
45 |
Dolichandra
unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann |
Bignoniaceae |
Woody climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
46 |
Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting |
Araceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Root climber |
Arial adventitious root |
|
47 |
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. |
Araceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Root climber |
Arial adventitious root` |
|
48 |
Ficus pumila L. |
Moraceae |
Woody climber |
Root climber |
Root |
|
49 |
Guilandina bonduc L. |
Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae |
Woody climber |
Hook climber |
Prickles on stem & leaf rachis |
|
50 |
Helinus lanceolatus Brandis |
Rhamnaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
51 |
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz |
Malpighiaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
52 |
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. |
Lamiaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
53 |
Ichnocarpus
frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton |
Apocynaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
54 |
Ipomoea aquatica
Forssk. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
55 |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
56 |
Ipomoea cairica
(L.) Sweet |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
57 |
Ipomoea cheirophylla
O’ Donell |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
58 |
Ipomoea dichroa
Hochst. ex Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
59 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
60 |
Ipomoea muricata
(L.) Jacq. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
61 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
62 |
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
63 |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
64 |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
65 |
Ipomoea triloba
L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
66 |
Jasminum laurifolium Roxb.
ex Hornem. |
Oleaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
67 |
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.)
Andrews |
Oleaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
68 |
Lablab purpureus
(L.) Sweet |
Fabaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified stem |
|
69 |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
70 |
Leptadenia
reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. |
Apocynaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
71 |
Luffa acutangula
(L.) Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
72 |
Mansoa
alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry |
Bignoniaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
73 |
Merremia
hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier f. |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
74 |
Millettia extensa (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
75 |
Mimosa pudica
L. |
Leguminosae-Mimosoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Prickles on stem |
|
76 |
Momordica charantia L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
77 |
Monstera deliciosa Liebm. |
Araceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Root climber |
Arial adventitious root |
|
78 |
Mucuna hainanensis Hayata |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
79 |
Mucuna imbricata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) D C. ex Baker |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
80 |
Mucuna monosperma Roxb. ex Wight |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
81 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Modified stem |
|
82 |
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso |
Convolvulaceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Modified auxiliary bud |
|
83 |
Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
84 |
Paederia foetida L. |
Rubiaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Twiner |
Leader axis of branch |
|
85 |
Passiflora foetida L. |
Passifloraceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
86 |
Passiflora suberosa L. |
Passifloraceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
87 |
Passiflora vitifolia Kunth |
Passifloraceae |
Herbaceous climber |
Tendril climber |
Modified axillary bud |
|
88 |
Pentalinon
luteum (L.)
B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin |
Apocynaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
89 |
Petrea volubilis L. |
Verbenaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
90 |
Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth. |
Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
91 |
Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty |
Convolvulaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
92 |
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
93 |
Pyrostegia
venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers |
Bignoniaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
94 |
Rivea
hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
95 |
Senegalia gageana (Craib) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger |
Leguminosae-Mimosoideae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
96 |
Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin |
Leguminosae-Mimosoideae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
97 |
Senegalia torta (Roxb.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger |
Leguminosae-Mimosoideae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
98 |
Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex G.Don) Kuntze |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
99 |
Stephanotis
floribunda Jacques |
Apocynaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
100 |
Syngonium podophyllum Schott |
Araceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Root climber |
Arial adventitious root |
|
101 |
Tarlmounia
elliptica (DC.) H.Rob, S.C.Keeley,
Skvarla & R.Chan |
Asteraceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
102 |
Telosma pallida (Roxb.) W.G.Craib |
Apocynaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
103 |
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
104 |
Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don |
Acanthaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
105 |
Tiliacora racemosa Colebr. |
Menispermaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
106 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
107 |
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. |
Apocynaceae |
Woody Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
108 |
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Tendril climber |
Leaf auxiliary bud |
|
109 |
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Tendril climber |
Leaf auxiliary bud |
|
110 |
Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze |
Apocynaceae |
Climbing shrub |
Climbing shrub |
Stem |
|
111 |
Vigna unguiculata
(L.) Walp. |
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae |
Herbaceous climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
112 |
Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. |
Apocynaceae |
Herbaceous Climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
113 |
Vitis vinifera L. |
Vitaceae |
Woody climber |
Tendril climber |
Stem |
|
114 |
Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf |
Apocynaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
115 |
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Woody climber |
Twiner |
Stem |
|
116 |
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. |
Rhamnaceae |
Woody climber |
Hook climber |
Stem and thorns |
For
figure & images - - click here
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