Redescription, distribution and status of the KarwarLarge Burrowing Spider Thrigmopoeus truculentus Pocock, 1899 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), a
Western Ghats endemic ground mygalomorph
Manju Siliwal 1 & Sanjay Molur2
1,2 Wildlife
Information Liaison Development Society/ 2 Zoo Outreach Organisation
9-A, Lal BahadurColony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004,
India
Email: manju@zooreach.org 1; herpinvert@gmail.com 2
Date of online publication 26
June 2009
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) |
0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Robert Raven
Manuscript details:
Ms # o1733
Received 08 March 2007
Final received 01 June 2009
Finally accepted 16 June 2009
Citation: Siliwal, M. & S. Molur(2009). Redescription, distribution and status of theKarwar Large Burrowing Spider Thrigmopoeus truculentus Pocock,
1899 (Araneae: Theraphosidae),
a Western Ghats endemic ground mygalomorph. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 1(6): 331-339.
Copyright: © Manju Siliwal & Sanjay Molur 2009. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction
and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Author Details: Manju Siliwalis a research associate at Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society,
Coimbatore, currently working as an arachnologist.
She has been working on ecology and taxonomy of mygalomorphspiders of India. She is in the process of describing new species of spiders
including trapdoor spiders and tarantulas. Sanjay
Molur is the founder secretary of WILD and executive director of ZOO. He
is currently involved in studies on rodents and bats in Coorg.
He is also involved in trade and ecological studies of mygalomorphspiders in India since 2000.
Author contribution: MS carried out
surveys in Uttara Kannada and Coorgdistricts for tarantula spiders and SM carried out monitoring of tarantulas in Coorg. Identification and description of the species in
this paper is done by MS with help from SM. The paper is written by both MS and
SM.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful
to Ms. Sally Walker, Zoo Outreach Organisation, for
her encouragement and constant support to lesser-known fauna and flora
conservation and research; to The Rufford Maurice
Laing Foundation for financial support to the Indian Tarantula project, during
the survey trip of which this spider was located; to Oregon Zoo for funding theUttara Kannada study; to Mr. Varad Giri for collecting specimens from Amboli; to Ms. Payal Molur for helping SM in field surveys; and to Prof. M. Ganeshkumar, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, for providing technical help.
Abstract: The
genus Thrigmopoeus is endemic to the Western
Ghats of India, and is so far represented by two species: Thrigmopoeus truculentus Pocock,
1899 and T. insignis Pocock,
1899. The distribution of T. truculentus was considered to be restricted to its
type locality until a few populations were identified in other places. In this paper we provide detail morphometry and characters used in modern-day taxonomy to redescribe the female of T. truculentus,with additional notes on its distribution, range extension, burrow and habitat.
Keywords: Mygalomorph, range extension, redescription, taxonomy, Theraphosidae,Thrigmopoeus truculentus
Abbreviations: AME
- Anterior Median Eye; d - dorsal; fe - femur; PME -
Posterior median eye; ALE - Anterior lateral eye; me - metatarsus; MOQ - Median
ocular quadrate; p - prolateral; pa - patella; PLE -
Posterior lateral eye; PLS - Posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS - Posterior
median spinnerets; r - retrolateral; ta - tarsus; ti - tibia; v -
ventral; WILD - Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society.
For Figures & Images –
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Introduction
The family Theraphosidaeof the suborder Mygalomorpha is formally represented
by 53 species under 11 genera in India (Platnick2009) - 10 genera of ground dwelling/burrowing spiders and one arboreal
genus. The ground burrowers are more
common than the arboreal spiders, with some genera represented more commonly
than others (Molur & Siliwal2004). The genus Thrigmopoeusis known from two described species. The
valid species of this genus are Thrigmopoeus insignis Pocock, 1899
and T. truculentus Pocock,
1899, both described from the northern Western Ghats (north of Palghat gap) in Karnataka State; the type species of T. insignis was described from KanaraGhats, while T. truculentus was described fromKarwar. The
description of these species is based on female specimens. A third species, T. minor was
provisionally described by Strand (1907) under T. truculentusbased on a male specimen collected from Mercara in Curg (=Madikeri in Coorg, Karnataka). Due to a lack of original description/literature (Pocock1900) and the absence of female specimens from Madikeri,
Strand (1907) could not compare the male specimen with the described species (T.truculentus, T. insignis)
and therefore, provided it a provisional name T. minor. Later, Roewer(1943) synonymised T. minor with T. truculentus until further work could prove its the validity as a species. We collected female specimens of Thrigmopeous from Madikeri,
which is the type locality of T. minor, and on examining the specimen it
was confirmed as T. truculentus. During our surveys
in Coorg and nearby areas only one species of Thrigmopoeus (T. truculentus)
was found. Therefore, in this paper we confirm the junior synonymy of T.
minor with T. truculentus. We also confirm
the range extension of T. truculentus. Until
recently, it was assumed that the species had a very restricted distribution,
but records of Strand (1907) and recent collections point to a wider
distribution of T. truculentus.
Pocock’s (1899)
description of the genus Thrigmopoeus and the
two species (T. truculentus and T. insignis) provided a basic understanding. However, given the advances that have taken
place in species descriptions, it is appropriate to redescribethe species based on the current standard format. Based on the descriptions by Pococok (1899), we were able to identify the specimens
collected from different localities as belonging to T. truculentus. We therefore take the opportunity to redescribe the female of T. truculentusfrom fresh collections from the wild following Raven (2005).
GenusThrigmopoeus Pocock, 1899
Diagnosis: Fovea slightly procurved; this genus differs from the genus Haploclastus by having cluster of long, curved,
pointed setae on retrolateral face of chelicerae and a
horizontal band of small pointed setae arranged randomly and below suture two
curved vertical bands of small and long setae in the center and towards inner
side on prolateral face of maxillae. Spines present
on dorsal and ventral side of Leg III and IV (Pocock1899).
Distribution:India
Taxonomy:Thrigmopoeus truculentus Pocock, 1899
Type
material: Holotype, female, Karwar,
Karnataka, coll. Bombay Natural History Society, deposited at Museum of Natural
History, London, registration number not available.
Material
examined:1 female, 3.i.2006, Madikeri (12024’45.1”N
& 75034’39.2”E; 997m), Coorg,
Karnataka, coll. Sanjay Molur and Payal Molur, WILD-05-ARA-137; 1 female, 27.vii.2002, Amboli (15°57’37"N & 73°59’58"E; 750m), Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, coll. Varad Giri, WILD-05-ARA-139.
Diagnosis: Body colour brown. It differs from T. insignisby having fovea smaller than ocular width, two black bands emerging from fovea
running on the sides of caput (prominent in fresh specimen), small black spinules present on cephalothorax. Inferior claw present on
Leg IV, paired claws without any teeth on all the legs and single bare claw on palp. Spermathecaesimple, two hillock-shaped lobes.
Female
from Madikeri (Images 1-20, Figure 1-8)
Description (measurements in mm): Carapace 13.86
long, 10.96 wide, chelicerae 5.42 long intact, 9.94 long after dissection. Sternum 7.96 long, 5.18 wide. Abdomen 15.34 long, 10.08
wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.8 long, 0.8 wide, 0.7 apart; PLS, 2.4 basal,
1.22 middle, 2.82 distal; midwidths 1.1, 1.0, 0.9
respectively. Leg and palp morphometry given in Table 1.
Carapace (Image 2; Fig. 1): Fovea slightly procurved, smaller than ocular width, two black bands
emerging from fovea and running on either side of caput in the shape of ‘V’ (prominent
in live spider), margins light black to brown (Images 1, 2). Length to width 1.26; uniform reddish-brown
in alcohol, dry golden brown; cover of long golden wavy hairs and small black spinules (Image 3), more concentrated towards margins and
along the intersternal ridges radiating from fovea;
no setae.
Eyes (Image 4; Fig. 2): Ratio of group
width to length 1.4. PLE
smaller than ALE but perceptibly bigger than PME, ALE clearly larger than the
rest. Eye diameter: ALE, 0.7;
AME, 0.62; PLE, 0.55; PME, 0.19. Distance between the eyes: AME-AME, 0.19; PME-PLE, 0.1; ALE-PLE, 0.28;
AME-ALE, 0.14; PME-PME, 1.17. Ocular Quadrate, 1.51 long, 2.7 wide. MOQ: length, 1.18;
front width, 1.29; back width, 1.65.
Maxilla (Images 5-7; Fig. 3): Posterior
ventral edge gently rounded and long; retro-face yellowish-red, smooth,
glabrous (Image 8). Cuspules:
ca 200 in anterior corner in roughly traingularregion. Posterior edge
almost straight, concave near heel.
Maxillary lyra(Image 9; Fig. 4):No definite shape, ca. 0.54 of mid-maxilla length; small pointed thorn setae
above suture arranged randomly, below suture pointed setae arranged in two
vertical bands, center to inner point: center band, narrow, only small pointed
thorn setae arranged in 3-4 in a row, gaps evenly spaced and broad; inner point
band, small and long pointed setae randomly spaced. Thin long setae on the
ventral edge. No ventral brush oflyra.
Labium (Image 6; Fig. 5): Over 100 cuspules in band for one-fourths of anterior length; cuspules ca. similar in size to maxillary. Basal groove shallow,
distinct. Labiosternalgroove concave. Collar
like rise on sternum on lateral sides of the labiosternalgroove.
Chelicera (Images 10-13;
Fig. 6-7): Intercheliceral spines absent. Ectal lyrate area, groove glabrous; lyra setae, long curved thorn setae in 4-5 curved
(parallel) lines. Prolateralteeth 11, many small granules at basal chelicerae furrow or groove.
Sternum (Image 5; Fig. 8): Longer than
wide, high in centre, slopping gradually, covered with long, dense, black
hair. Posterior edge pointed but not
separating coxae IV. Prostate hair mat strong, dense, black hairs. Marginal thorns absent. Pedicel not clearly seen.
Sigilla (Image 5; Fig.
8):3 pairs, posterior 1.0 diameter, ca. 2.5 lengths apart; only 1 length from
margin; middle about half size of posterior; within 1 length of margin;
anterior very small, marginal.
Legs: 1423. Leg I clearly thicker than IV, II subequal to IV. Basifemoral thorns
absent on all. Femora
I-II prolaterally with long bushy fine hairs; III
distinctly incrassate. Metatarsus IV 1.8 times longer than tarsus, rest
slightly longer than tarsae.
Leg pilosity: (number of long
hairs extending well above base layer). Tibia I p=8-10, d=5-10, r=7-10, v-6; metatarsus I p5-7, d=5-6, r=2-4,
v=2-3; tibia II p=5-7, d=3-5, r=5-8; metatarsus II v=2-3; tibia III v=5-10; metatasus III v=3-5; tibia IV p=30-35, d=20-25, r=30-35,
v=10-15; metatarsus IV p=r=20-25, d=7-10, v=2-3; tarsus IV ca. 30-35 dorsolaterally on each side.
Trichobothria (Image 14): On tarsi basal filiform field slightly wider than clavatefield and merges smoothly; clavates on tarsi I only
in distal 2/3; long filiforms only in basal half but
very few seen in the distal region, shorter filiformsintermixed with clavates distally. Clavate extent on II-IV cf. I in distal 2/3; long filiformsonly in basal half, shorter filforms for length. Short epitrichobothrialhair field on I as wide as clavatesand uniform height for length.
Leg coxae(Image 5): No
thorns prolaterodorsally or retrodorsally. Coxal bases dorsally easily seen from above (Image.1). I longest, about 1.2 times
length of II; IV clearly widest but longer than III and basally with anterior
corner indistinct, edge curves dorsally, rounded at interface. Coxae, I-II sloping
forward, III-IV sloping backward, ventrally with short, weak thorns only on prolateral faces of I-II, III-IV consist of hairs. I-IV ventrally with thick
mat of black hair with few pallid hairs.
Retrolateral setation: Legs I-III with median narrow light
brush, IV glabrous; III-IV with setose mound up from
inner corner low mound with few bristles. All retrolaterally lack
ventral ledge and ventrally with uniform setation.
Scopulae: Entire, dense
on tarsi I-III and metatarsi I-II; tarsi II entire, long hair in the center but
not divided; on tarsi II entire divided at base with few long hairs; on
metatarsi III for 2/3 of length, not divided; on
metatarsi IV for ½ of length, divided by setal band
3-4 wide. Scopulawell developed on ventrolateral tarsus I-II. No scopula on proventral tibiae I-II.
Spines, metatarsi: I, 0; II, 1
distal ventral; III-IV, 1 distal ventral, 2 distal ventrolateral,
1 distal dorsal; elsewhere absent.
Claws (Images 16-18): Third claw only
on IV, distinct hooked. Paired claws on all legs without dentition, and single bare claw onpalp.
Abdomen pilosity(Image 2):Cuticle not exposed dorsally and ventrally; dorsally covered with fine layer of
brown long hair and bristles, many pallid; ventrally black with fine layer of
many long black hair bristles.
Spinnerets (Image 19; Fig. 9): 2 pairs,
yellowish-orange, covered with black hair.
Spermethecae (Image 20; Fig.
10):Hillock shaped, consist of a pair of large lobes, broader at base and gradually
narrowing towards apex with a smooth curve at distal end.
Morphometry of
specimen from Amboli, Maharashtra (Images 21, 23)
Description
(measurements in mm):Female, total length 32.14. Carapace 15.5 long, 12.86 wide,
chelicerae 6.68 long intact, 9.42 long after dissection. Sternum: 7.88 long, 6.78 wide; sigilla, three, posterior 2.6 length apart, middle 4.5 part
apart, anterior, round marginal. Metaspines: Leg I, absent; Leg II, 3 small, 1 ventrodistal, 2 ventrolateral, on
left leg only 1 small ventrodistal; Leg III and IV,
total 4 large, one dorsodistal, 2 ventrolateral,
1 ventrodistal. Abdomen 16.64 long, 8.24 wide. Spinnerets: PMS,
1.82 long, 1.32 wide, 1.0 apart. PLS, length: 2.64 basal, 1.58 middle, 3.02
distal; midwidths 1.46, 1.12, 1.0 respectively. Leg morphometry is given in Table 1.
Eye diameter: ALE, 0.82; AME,
0.72; PLE, 0.55; PME, 0.35. Distance between the eyes: AME-AME, 0.11; PME-PLE,
0.23; ALE-PLE, 0.3; AME-ALE, 0.29; PME-PME, 1.47. Ocular
Quadrate, 1.35 long, 3.01 wide. MOQ: length, 1.12; front width, 1.55; back width, 1.95.
Other
morphological characters same as the Coorg specimen.
Remarks: This species
could be distinguished from Thrigmopoeus insignis by having brown body colourand comparatively smaller in size; fovea less than ocular width; Leg I more
than three times longer than cephalothorax length;
presence of dorsal and ventral metaspines on leg
III-IV.
Burrow (Image 22): All the burrows
of this species were seen on slopes of bunds usually under tree shade. The burrow entrance of the examined specimen
WILD-ARA-137 from Coorg was a simple circular/round
opening without any turret, about 3.7cm diameter and 27.5cm deep, sloping
downwards and ending in a wide chamber/bulb. A small additional chamber was observed just above the brooding chamber,
which could be the feeding/escape chamber. The burrow was completely lined with silk.
Habitat
(Images 24, 25)
Burrows of these spiders were
observed at 0.5-5m height from the ground on road side mud bunds in Coorg and Uttara Kannada
districts. These bunds are usually
covered with ferns and grasses in monsoon and post monsoon. The spiders were found on road-side bunds
usually at the base of trees in between the tangles of roots. The burrows were found on bunds with high
canopy or in ghat areas where direct sunlight was
minimum or nil. Very few sightings of
these burrows were on bunds with no canopy. In most cases, the trees over the
bunds were cut or lopped for road maintenance. In Castle Rock, there were two
sites where a stretch of ghat of 50m and 200m length
respectively and height of 5-6m on either side of road was cut. These areas had very less light penetration
during the day giving an effect of 80-100% canopy cover, partially due to the
height of bunds and mainly due to vegetation (trees and shrubs). A microclimate with high humidity (70-80%)
and temperature ranging from 22 to 30oC during day time in this area
seems to be the ideal habitat for ground theraphosids. Due to favourablehabitat conditions the congregation of ground burrowing theraphosidspiders was very high (323 burrows in 200m). The lone Amboli specimen was found on a bund
in the semievergreen forest in an unprotected area
frequented by humans for tourism (Varad Giri, pers. comm., 13 March 2007). The Agumbe specimen
was sighted in an undisturbed evergreen forest (BinuArthur, pers. comm., August 2005). In Uttara Kannada and Goa T. truculentuswas commonly found sharing habitat with another ground theraphosid,Chilobrachys fimbriatus. In Castle Rock and AnshiNP/WLS, T. truculentus was found sharing
habitat with T. insignis.
Distribution
India- Karnataka: Karwar; Anshi NP (15o18’40.2”N
& 74o18’50.2”E, 559m), Castle Rock (15o24’49.4”N
& 74o19’37.5”E, 620m) in UttaraKannada District; Madikeri, Abbefalls, Galibeedu, Virajpet-Makuttaroad and near Talakaveri in CoorgDistrict; and Agumbe in ShimogaDistrict. Goa: Mollem WLS (15o21’34.4”N
& 74o15’12.0”E, 112m) in North Goa District. Maharashtra: Amboli in Sindhudurg District. Thrigmopoeus truculentusis endemic to the northern Western Ghats of Karnataka, Goa and southern
Maharashtra. Specifically, the species has been recorded from vertical bunds
along roads and trek paths in Coorg as well as other
locations in Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. The animal has not been recorded from Karwardistrict after its first description. But during our recent surveys, this
species was recorded from Anshi WLS (approximately,
60km from Karwar) and Castle Rock and it suggests
that the species is well distributed throughout UttaraKannada District including Karwar. The species occurs
at an altitudinal range of 90 to 1000m, and occupies a range of approximately
25,000km2. Considering its
patchy distribution and affinity to relatively undisturbed areas with bunds,
the area of occupancy could be less than 10% of the extent of occurrence (Image
26).
In three instances in Coorg, a single adult female was spotted in each location, of
which detailed observations over a period of three years was conducted on one
spider (called Abbe) (2004-2006), while the other one
(called Galibeedu) was studied over four months
(October 2005- January 2006). All three
individuals were observed in burrows on road-side bunds. In each case, the bund extending about
600-800m on one side of the road had only one adult female. In the case of Abbe,
the adult female was observed to have two litters each year (August and
January-February), and in one season (February 2006), we observed seven
additional burrows close to the adult burrow. Each of the additional burrows had a juvenile spider from the previous
litter (August 2005), while the female had another litter residing in the
burrow in February 2006. In the case of
ground spiders, it is estimated that spiderlingsoften undergo two moults within the mother’s burrow
before moving out. The seven juveniles
from the previous clutch that had established burrows, however, were missing
subsequently in April-May 2006. This
could be due to several reasons – predation, migration and impact of bund
clearance by municipality workers. In
the last three years we have observed the single adult female Abbe to have moved her burrow four times in a radius of
0.3m from the original burrow observed in 2004, each time the area of her
previous burrow destroyed from bund maintenance. The recruitment to the population of the Karwar Large Burrower in Abbe andGalibeedu has been zero over the last three years.
Status: The spider is
threatened by several factors, which include severe fragmentation, habitat
degradation, soil erosion, developmental activities, and trade. The causes for habitat degradation are due to
road widening, cutting of trees, bund maintenance, soil erosion and other kinds
of human interference such as tourism (Sanjay Molur, Manju Siliwal, Varad Giri, pers. obs.). It is assumed that the area of spider habitat
has decreased over the years. Based on
the estimated extent of occurrence (25,000km2) this species barely
misses the Vulnerable category as listed in the 2008
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Molur et al.
2008). However, due to the continuing
decline inferred in its area of occupancy, in the quality of habitat, and in
the population, this species qualifies for Near Threatened category.
References
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