Key to the Bats of South Asia

Key to the Suborders and the Families

1A. Eyes conspicuous (>4 mm in diameter); Ear pinna simple, tragus and anti tragus

absent; noseleaf absent; second digit of the wing with well-developed phalanges,

with claw (with one exception); tail absent, if present small (shorter than ¼ of tibia);

interfemoral membrane reduced or virtually absent; head dog-like in profile

Suborder Megachiroptera, Family Pteropodidae Key 1

1B. Eyes medium to small (<3 mm in diameter); ear pinna with distinctive tragus or/and

antitragus; second digit of the wing with reduced phalanges and no claw; tail present

(lacking in one family), long (longer than ½ of tibia); interfemoral membrane

moderate to wide; head not dog-like in profile

Suborder Microchiroptera Go to 2

2A. Muzzle with a simple or complex noseleaf, with or without supplementary

leaflets and other processes; tragus present or absent …………..3

2B. Noseleaf usually absent; may or may not have dermal ridge between the

nostrils; tragus present …………..4

3A. Noseleaf simple, with an erect leaf behind nostrils and a heart-shaped leaf

surrounding nostrils; tragus bifid; antitragal lobe not developed; ear pinnae large

(nearly two third of the forearm length), fused at bases; tail absent

Family Megadermatidae Key 2

3B. Noseleaf complex, consisting of a horseshoe; tragus absent; antitragal lobe

conspicuous; tail enclosed within the interfemoral membrane …………..5

4A. Muzzle with small dermal ridge; second and third digits of each wing with two

distinct bony phalanges; tail thin with greatest part projecting free from the

narrow interfemoral membrane

Family Rhinopomatidae Key 3

4B. Muzzle without a dermal ridge; ears may or may not be joined over the

forehead; interfemoral membrane well-developed; tail may or may not be free...6

5A. Noseleaf triangular with sella between the nostrils; lancet pointed and raising

to near or above the forehead; anterior noseleaf horseshoe shaped; antitragus

distinct; toes with three joints each

Family Rhinolophidae Key 4

5B. Noseleaf squarish without sella or lancet; anterior noseleaf lobate or horseshoe

shaped; posterior leaf simple or complex; supplementary leaflets may or may

not be present; antitragus notch-like; toes with two joints each

Family Hipposideridae Key 5

6A. Tail completely enclosed within the wide interfemoral membrane or the last one or

two vertebrae are free

…………..7

6B. At least a part of the tail free from the interfemoral membrane …………..8

7A. Tail completely enclosed within the wide interfemoral membrane or the last one or

two vertebrae are free; third digit not elongated

Family Vespertilionidae Key 6

7B. Tail completely enclosed within the wide interfemoral membrane or the last one or

two vertebrae are free; third digit greatly elongated, the lengthened distal part folds

upon the wing at rest

Family Miniopteridae Key 7

8A. Tail emerging on the upper surface from the mid-point of the interfemoral

membrane

Family Emballonuridae Key 8

8B. Tail emerging out from the outer edge of the interfemoral membrane, wrinkle-lipped

Family Molossidae Key 9

Keys to the Genera and Species of Bats of South Asia

Key 1, Family Pteropodidae (13 species)

1A. Second digit of the wing lacks a claw (claw present only on thumb);

tongue sharply pointed and protrusible; tail relatively long, about equal

to hind foot length; a pair of large anal glands distinct; Four upper and

four lower incisors; FA: 66.0 – 78.0 mm; CBL: 31.7 – 36.3 mm;

CM²: 11.9 – 13.4 mm

Eonycteris spelaea

1B. Claws present on both thumb and second digit; tail usually shorter

than hind foot or obscure …………..2

2A. Large body size; in adults, forearm length more than 110 mm

…………..3

2B. Small to medium body size; in adults, forearm length less than 100 mm

…………..4

3A. Forearm less than 150 mm; ears moderate in length, bluntly rounded

…………..5

3B. Forearm usually longer than 150 mm; ears long (E: 28.0 – 57.0 mm),

more or less pointed …………..6

4A. Tail extremely short (5 mm or less) or absent …………..7

4B. Tail longer than 10 mm …………..8

5A. Pelage on the back pale russet brown with gray and black hairs;

ear length 25.0 – 28.0 mm, short and broad, tips rounded; FA: 135.0 – 145.0 mm;

CBL: 59.0 – 64.1 mm; CM²: 22.8 – 25.7 mm

Pteropus hypomelanus

5B. Pelage on the back blackish brown with white hairs; ear length about

22.0 mm, moderate and broad, tips rounded; FA: 110.0 – 116.0 mm;

CBL: ~ 48.6 mm; CM²: 19.0 – 19.2 mm

Pteropus faunulus

6A. Pelage on the back blackish brown with a few paler hairs and on

ventral side pale tan to deep orange red or chestnut brown;

FA: 145 – 183 mm; CBL: 61.5 – 74.9 mm; CM²: 24.0 – 29.0 mm

Pteropus giganteus

6B. Pelage on the back blackish brown with a few paler hairs and on

ventral side dark brown or blackish brown; FA: 148.0 – 163.0 mm;

CBL: 63.3 – 70.7 mm; CM²: 24.6 – 27.9 mm

Pteropus melanotos

7A. Muzzle narrow and elongate, slightly curved downwards; tongue very

long and slender with papillae on distal part; tail absent or rudimentary

(3.5 – 5.5 mm); wing membrane attached to dorsal side of foot;

FA: 44.0 – 52.0 mm; CBL: 26.6 – 27.1 mm; CM²: 8.6 – 8.8 mm

Macroglossus sobrinus

7B. Muzzle not narrow and elongate, not curved downwards; tongue moderately

long, lacks papillae on distal part; tail totally absent; wing membrane attached to the

outer side of the foot or to outmost digit …………..9

8A. Forearm less than 75 mm; muzzle short and relatively broad;

ears with conspicuous white margins …………..10

8B. Forearm longer than 75 mm; muzzle moderate in length and breadth;

ears without any white margins …………..11

9A. Forearm greater than 65 mm; one pair each of upper and lower incisors present;

FA: 66.0 – 69.0 mm; CBL: 31.4 – 33.0 mm; CM¹: 11.3 – 11.8 mm

Latidens salimalii

9B. Forearm lesser than 65 mm; two pairs of upper incisors, one or two pairs of

lower incisors present …………..12

10A. Ears large (E: 17.5 – 24.0 mm) with well-developed pale anterior and posterior

border; metacarpals and phalanges pale; FA: 64.0 –79.0 mm;

CBL: 28.4 – 33.3 mm; CM¹: 10.2 – 12.2 mm

Cynopterus sphinx

10B. Ears small (E: 14.5 – 18.0 mm) with poorly developed or no pale anterior and

posterior border; metacarpals and phalanges dark; FA: 57.3 – 63.3 mm;

CBL: 26.0 – 28.8 mm; CM¹: 8.9 – 10.7 mm

Cynopterus brachyotis

11A. FA: 83.0 – 90.0 mm; T: 14.0 – 20.0 mm; CBL: 36.9 –40.4 mm;

CM²: 14.9 – 16.6 mm

Rousettus aegyptiacus

11B. FA: 75.0 – 86.0 mm; T: 8.0 – 21.0 mm; CBL: 33.5 – 37.7 mm;

CM²: 13.5 – 15.2 mm

Rousettus leschenaultii

12A. Muzzle moderate; distance between eye and nostril equal to that between

eye and ear; ears with thin white margins; rudimentary interfemoral membrane

entirely concealed with dense and long fur on hind limbs; two pairs of lower incisors;

FA: 52.0 – 61.0 mm; CBL averages 26.2 mm; CM¹: 8.0 – 8.1 mm

Sphaerias blanfordi

12B. Muzzle very short and broad; distance between eye and nostril less than

that between eye and ear (auditory meatus); ears without any white margins;

interfemoral membrane visible, not entirely concealed by fur; one pair of lower

incisors; FA: 52.0 – 63.0 mm; CBL: 25.6 – 26.7 mm; CM¹: 8.4 – 8.6 mm

Megaerops niphanae

Key 2 Family Megadermatidae (2 species)

1A. Vertical noseleaf tall (c’10 mm), straight sided with longitudinal ridge and

a simple rounded horizontal base; inner margins of the ears fused at about

30% of its height; FA: 56.0 – 71.5 mm; CCL: 24.5 – 27.8 mm;

CM³: 10.6 – 12.1 mm

Megaderma lyra

1B. Vertical noseleaf short (c’ 6.5 mm); convex sided with longitudinal ridge and

a distinctly heart-shaped base; inner margins of the ears fused at about

15% or less of its height; FA: 54.0 – 62.0 mm; CCL: 21.9 – 23.6 mm;

CM³: 9.3 – 10.5 mm

Megaderma spasma

Key 3, Family Rhinopomatidae (3 species)

1A. Tail (50.0 – 77.0 mm) shorter than FA; FA: 59.5 – 74.6 mm;

CCL: 17.2 – 22.7 mm; CM³: 7.0 – 8.0 mm

Rhinopoma microphyllum

1B. Tail (49.0 – 78.0 mm) longer than FA; FA: 46.0 – 64.0 mm …………..2

2A. Dermal ridge on the muzzle well-developed;

FA: 52.9 – 64.0 mm; CCL: 15.5 – 17.5 mm; CM³: 6.0 – 6.8 mm

Rhinopoma hardwickii

2B. Dermal ridge on the muzzle poorly developed;

FA: 46.0 – 53.2 mm; CCL: 14.7 – 15.1 mm; CM³: 5.3 – 5.9 mm

Rhinopoma muscatellum

Key 4, Family Rhinolophidae (20 species)

1A. Sella with lateral projecting lappets at its base …………..2

1B. Sella lacking lateral basal lappets …………..3

2A. Noesleaf and ears brownish; inferior surface of the sella

broad (c’ 4.3 mm) …………..4

2B. Noseleaf and ears yellowish; inferior surface of the sella relatively

narrow (c’ 1.4 mm at the apex); FA: 50.0 – 53.3 mm;

CCL: 19.5 – 21.5 mm; CM³: 8.4 – 8.9 mm

Rhinolophus trifoliatus

3A. Connecting process pointed …………..5

3B. Connecting process rounded, not pointed …………..6

4A. Large in size (FA >70.0 mm); inferior surface of the sella parallel-sided

and broad (c’ 4.3 mm); FA: 70.0 – 80.5 mm; CCL: 27.5 – 28.7 mm;

CM³: 11.8 – 12.6 mm

Rhinolophus luctus

4B. Small in size (FA <65.0 mm); inferior surface of the sella parallel-sided

and moderately broad (c’ 2.4 mm); FA: 54.9 – 64.3 mm;

CCL: 22.2 – 24.4 mm; CM³: 9.6 –10.4 mm

Rhinolophus beddomei

5A. Anterior median swellings moderately low, protruding anteriorly …………..7

5B. Anterior median swellings higher, directing upwards …………..8

6A. Connecting process low, rounded, its tip pointed more or less

downwards; superior connecting process broadly rounded and low;

FA: 35.9 – 40.0 mm; CCL: 13.0 – 14.0 mm; CM³: 4.6 – 5.5 mm

Rhinolophus hipposideros

6B. Connecting process well-developed, rounded, its tip pointed more or less

forwards …………..9

7A. Sella parallel-sided; dorsal pelage light brown, well marked dark brownish

patches under each eye; ventral pelage light grayish-brown or even

purely white; FA: 47.0 – 53.0 mm; GTL: 18.8 – 20.4 mm; CM³: 6.2 – 7.2 mm

Rhinolophus mehelyi

7B. Sella wedge-shaped; dorsal pelage light brown to yellowish-brown, ventral pelage

grayish, white or creamy;; FA: 43.0 – 50.0 mm; CCL: 16.0 – 17.0 mm;

CM³: 6.0 – 7.6 mm

Rhinolophus blasii

8A. Superior process more horn like …………..10

8B. Superior process not horn like …………..11

9A. Connecting process forming a continuous arch or obsolete; lower lip

with one mental groove, internarial not expanded

…………..12

9B. Connecting process not forming a continuous arch …………..13

10A. Base of the sella broadly rounded; FA: 34.9 – 37.8 mm;

CCL: 13.0 – 14.0 mm; CM³: 5.4 – 6.0 mm

Rhinolophus pusillus

10B. Base of the sella not broadly rounded …………..14

11A. Small skull (GTL usually <17.0 mm); small upper canine,

feeble saggital crest; FA: 37.0 – 41.8 mm; GTL: 15.7 – 17.3 mm;

CM³: 5.6 – 6.8 mm

Rhinolophus lepidus

11B. Heavy built skull (GTL usually >17.0 mm); very long upper canine,

strong saggital crest; FA: 39.0 – 42.0 mm; GTL: 17.2 – 17.9 mm;

CM³: 6.5 – 7.2 mm

Rhinolophus shortridgei

12A. Inferior surface of the sella not rounded and the base expanded

…………..15

12B. Inferior surface of the sella rounded and the base narrow; FA: ~ 57.1 mm;

T: ~ 30.0 mm

Rhinolophus mitratus

13A. Sella long and wide; palatal bridge more than 1/3^rd length of maxillary

toothrow CM³; superior connecting process broadly rounded;

inferior extremity short and emarginated; lancet short with pointed tip;

FA: 39.0 – 46.0 mm; CCL: 15.2 –16.6 mm; CM³: 6.2 – 6.7 mm

Rhinolophus macrotis

13B. Sella shorter and narrower; palatal bridge less than 1/3^rd length of maxillary

toothrow CM³ …………..16

14A. Large in size; horn like superior connecting process slightly curved downwards;

FA: 37.5 – 40.7 mm; CCL: 14.2 – 15.8 mm; CM³: 6.0 – 7.0 mm

Rhinolophus cognatus

14B. Small in size; horn like superior connecting process not curved downwards;

FA: 33.4 – 35.9 mm; CCL: 11.9 – 12.9 mm; CM³: 5.1 – 5.5 mm

Rhinolophus subbadius

15A. Small; FA: 50.8 – 54.8 mm; CCL: 20.2 – 21.6 mm; CM³: 9.2 – 9.9 mm

Rhinolophus pearsonii

15B. Large; FA: 54.2 – 59.5 mm; CCL: 22.3 – 22.9 mm; CM³: 9.5 –10.6 mm

Rhinolophus yunanensis

16A. Connecting process high and bluntly rounded, anterior upper premolar

when present always minute and fully extruded from the tooth row

…………..17

16B. Connecting process lower and rounded, anterior premolar larger and usually

in row or only slightly extruded, very rarely totally external

…………..18

17A. Large (FA >53.0 mm); FA: 54.8 – 62.1 mm; GTL: 20.8 – 24.9 mm;

CM³: 8.5 – 9.6 mm

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

17B. Small (FA <53.0 mm); FA: 47.5 – 53.0 mm; GTL: 19.0 – 22.2 mm;

CM³: 6.7 – 7.2 mm

Rhinolophus bocharicus

18A. Lancet triangular, lateral margins more or less straight; FA: 50.0 – 55.0 mm;

CCL: 18.7 – 20.5 mm; CM³: 8.5 – 9.5 mm

Rhinolophus affinis

18B. Lancet abruptly narrowed at central, its lateral margins strongly concave

…………..19

19A. Second phalanx of third metacarpal 52.8 – 66.0% of its length;

FA: 44.4 – 52.3 mm; CCL: 17.5 – 21.0 mm; CM³: 7.9 – 9.2 mm

Rhinolophus rouxii

19B. Second phalanx of third metacarpal 65.0 – 75.3% of its length;

FA: 45.7 – 49.6 mm; CCL: 17.4 – 18.4 mm; CM³: 7.6 – 8.2 mm

Rhinolophus sinicus

Key 5, Family Hipposideridae (15 species)

1A. Tail long and enclosed within interfemoral membrane, except for the

extreme tip; supplementary lappets absent; noseleaf with or without

supplementary leaflets …………..2

1B. Tail rudimentary (< 2.0 mm); interfemoral membrane much reduced

and narrow; anterior noseleaf, deeply emarginated anteriorly, extends

beyond muzzle; with forwardly projecting two supplementary lappets; FA: 37.8 –

42.0 mm; CCL: 14.3 – 14.8 mm; CM³: 5.8 – 6.0 mm

Coelops frithi

2A. Posterior leaf of the noseleaf with three vertical processes …………..3

2B. Posterior leaf of the noseleaf without three vertical processes …………..4

3A. Narial lappets well-developed; ears small funnel shaped; noseleaf with a single

pair of supplementary leaflets; a fourth vertical process projecting downwards

also present; FA: 48.3 – 54.0 mm; CBL: 16.9 – 18.9 mm; CM³: 6.1 – 7.1 mm

Triaenops persicus

3B. Narial lappets less developed; ears broad with pointed tips; noseleaf with two

pairs of supplementary leaflets; the central vertical process taller and pointed

than others; FA: 50.1 – 52.3 mm; CCL: 15.7 – 17.0 mm; CM³: 6.5 – 7.2 mm

Asellia tridens

4A. Noseleaf without supplementary leaflets …………..5

4B. Noseleaf with supplementary leaflets …………..6

5A. Ears moderate, averages less than 18.0 mm (E: 13.0 – 20.0 mm) …………..7

5B. Ears large, averages more than 20.0 mm (E: 18.5 – 26.0 mm) …………..8

6A. Two or less than two supplementary leaflets …………..9

6B. Three or four supplementary leaflets …………..10

7A. Jugal bone of each zygoma with dorsal process; fourth metacarpal exceeds

fifth; FA: 34.9 – 42.3 mm; CCL: 13.2 – 15.0 mm; CM³: 5.1 – 5.9 mm

Hipposideros ater

7B. Jugal bone of each zygoma lacking the dorsal process …………..11

8A. Zygomata exceeds braincase in width; third metacarpal shorter than fourth;

FA: 38.4 – 44.0 mm; CCL: 15.0 – 16.4 mm; CM³: 6.0 – 6.9 mm

Hipposideros fulvus

8B. Zygomata equal to braincase in width; third metacarpal shorter than fifth;

FA: 38.1 – 43.2 mm; CCL: 14.6-2 – 16.0 mm; CM³: 5.5 – 6.2 mm

Hipposideros pomona

9A. One supplementary leaflet; fifth metacarpal shorter than the third;

FA: 37.1 – 40.0 mm; CCL: 14.2 – 14.8 mm; CM³: 5.3 – 5.7 mm

Hipposideros hypophyllus

9B. Two supplementary leaflets; fifth metacarpal significantly shorter than the

third; FA: 45.0 – 51.3 mm; CCL: 14.6 – 15.8 mm; CM3: 5.3 – 6.2 mm

Hipposideros galeritus

10A. Three supplementary leaflets, third sometimes reduced or absent

…………..12

10B. Four supplementary leaflets, fourth sometimes reduced or absent

…………..13

11A. Small; tail projects up to 1.0 mm beyond the interfemoral membrane;

FA: 33.0 – 36.3 mm; CCL: 12.7 – 13.7 mm; CM³: 4.9 – 5.3 mm

Hipposideros cineraceus

11B. Large; tail projects up to 2.5 – 4.0 mm beyond the interfemoral membrane;

FA: 36.0 – 37.5 mm; CBL: 13.0 – 13.9 mm; CM³: 5.0 – 6.0 mm

Hipposideros durgadasi

12A. Small in size; outer supplementary leaflet distinctly small; ears markedly small

(E: 12.5 – 9.0 mm); FA: 45.6 – 54.0 mm; CCL: 15.9 –17.5 mm;

CM³: 6.6 – 7.5 mm

Hipposideros speoris

12B. Large in size; outer supplementary leaflet normal; ears relatively large

(E: 23.0 – 26.0 mm); FA: 61.2 – 64.8 mm; CCL: 20.8 – 21.4 mm;

CM³: 8.9 – 9.4 mm

Hipposideros larvatus

13A. Small in size, forearm less than 65.0; outer leaflet distinctly small or even absent;

fleshy outgrowths behind posterior leaf or even protuberances before eyes lacking;

FA: 58.8 – 64.2 mm; CCL: 22.6 – 22.9 mm; CM³: 9.7 – 10.0 mm

Hipposideros diadema

13B. Large in size, forearm in the range of 75.0 – 99.0 mm; fleshy outgrowths

present behind posterior leaf, at least in the form of small protuberances

before the eyes …………..14

14A. Second upper incisor greatly enlarged; dorsal pelage fawn, yellow, brown or

red; ears short (E: 19.5 – 30.0 mm); outer leaflet slightly reduced;

FA: 75.0 – 99.0 mm; CCL: 24.8 – 31.5 mm; CM³: 11.6 – 14.5 mm

Hipposideros lankadiva

14B. Second upper incisor not greatly enlarged; dorsal pelage dark brown; ears large

(E: 26.0 – 34.0 mm); outer leaflet distinctly small; FA: 85.4 – 95.0 mm;

CCL: 25.6 – 29.2 mm; CM³: 11.3 – 12.5 mm

Hipposideros armiger

Key 6, For subfamilies of the family Vespertilionidae (63 species)

1A. Nostrils elongated and tubular

………….. Murininae, Key 6A

1B. Nostrils not elongated …………..2

2A. Ears funnel-shaped

………….. Kerivoulinae, Key 6B

2B. Ears not funnel-shaped …………..3

3A. Tragus long, slender, bluntly pointed more or less straight, its length

along the anterior margin at least three times its greatest width; usually

three pairs of upper and lower premolars

………….. Myotinae, Key 6C

3B. Tragus shorter, wider, generally rounded at tip, usually curved forwards, its length

along the anterior margin usually less than three times its greatest width; less than

three pairs of upper and lower premolars

………..Vespertilioninae, Key 6D

Key 6A, Subfamily Murininae (8 species)

1A. Forearm less than 44.0 mm, last upper molar normal …………..2

1B. Forearm more than 44.0 mm, last upper molar reduced, often deciduous

FA: 44.1 – 50.1 mm; CCL: 19.0 – 19.5 mm; CM³: 6.5 – 6.9 mm

Harpiocephalus harpia

2A. Upper incisors (I² and I³) are approximately two-third that of the C¹ in

height; wings attached to the base of the first toe; interfemoral membrane

densely covered with rather long hairs above and naked below;

FA: ~ 32.8 mm; CCL: ~ 12.1 mm; CM³: ~ 4.9 mm

Harpiola grisea

2B. Upper incisors (I² and I³) are almost one-half that of the C¹ in height

…………..3

3A. Wings attached to the base of the first toe; ears with faint to distinct

emargination on the posterior border …………..4

3B. Wings attached to the base of the claw of the first toe; ears without

emargination on the posterior border …………..5

4A. Emargination on the posterior border of the ear indistinct; interfemoral

membrane moderately covered with pale gray or ferruginous hairs above and

naked below; FA: 30.1 – 34.1 mm; CCL: 13.4 – 14.2 mm;

CM³: 5.0 – 5.4 mm

Murina tubinaris

4B. Emargination on the posterior border of the ear distinct and conspicuous;

Interfemoral membrane moderately covered with long thick reddish hair above

and naked below; FA: ~ 40.9 mm; CCL: ~ 16.3 mm; CM³: ~ 6.1 mm

Murina leucogaster

5A. Interfemoral membrane naked below …………..6

5B. Interfemoral membrane moderately covered with golden hairs above and gray

hairs below; FA: 27.7 – 29.6 mm; CCL: ~ 12.3 mm; CM³: ~ 4.5 mm

Murina aurata

6A. FA: 32.8 – 35.4 mm; CCL: 14.9 – 15.5 mm; CM³: 5.8 – 6.1 mm;

Skull relatively long with average CCL being 15.2 mm

Murina huttoni

6B. FA: 29.7 – 34.5 mm; CCL: 123.9 – 15.0 mm; CM³: 5.2 – 5.7 mm

Skull relatively small with average CCL being 14.4 mm

Murina cyclotis

Key 6B, Subfamily Kerivoulinae (3 species)

1A. Wing membranes parti-coloured orange and black; interfemoral membrane

orange to scarlet, hairy above; FA: 31.5 – 37.9; CCL: 12.2 – 13.3 mm;

CM³: 5.5 – 5.8 mm

Kerivoula picta

1B. Wing membranes uniformly brown …………..2

2A. Interfemoral membrane sparsely haired above near body parts and posterior

border; FA: 31.7 – 36.0 mm; CCL: 12.4 – 13.0 mm; CM³: 5.5 – 5.8 mm

Kerivoula hardwickii

2B. Interfemoral membrane lacks hair, sometimes with whitish veins; FA: 37.2 –

41.0 mm; CCL: 14.5 – 15.1 mm; CM³: 6.6 – 6.8 mm

Kerivoula lenis

Key 6C, Subfamily Myotinae (14 species)

1A. Wings, forearm and interfemoral membrane conspicuously parti-coloured black,

red, orange and yellow; FA: 44.5 – 49.1 mm; CCL: 16.3 – 16.6 mm;

CM³: 6.8 – 7.2 mm

Myotis formosus

1B. Wings, forearm and interfemoral membrane not parti-coloured ………..2

2A. Outer margin of the ear with conspicuous emarginations;

FA: 36.0 – 41.0 mm Myotis emarginatus

2B. Outer margin of ear lacking any conspicuous emarginations …………..3

3A. Foot including the claws less than half of the tibia …………..4

3B. Foot including the claws half to three fourth of the tibia …………..5

4A. Small (FA <37.0 mm); Forearm in the range of 30.0 – 37.0 mm ………..6

4B. Large (FA >44.0 mm); Forearm in the range of 44.7 – 54.6 mm ………..7

5A. Wings attached to the side of the foot immediately below the ankle …..8

5B. Wings attached to the foot at the ankle or little above …………..9

6A. Canines and molars very weak; FA: 30.0 – 31.5 mm; CCL: ~ 11.2 mm;

CM³: 4.7 – 4.8 mm

Myotis siligorensis

6B. Canines and molars well-developed …………..10

7A. Ear relatively large (about 32% of the HB); FA: 48.1 – 54.6 mm;

CCL: 16.9 – 17.7 mm; CM³: 7.1 – 7.5 mm

Myotis sicarius

7B. Ears not large (<32% of the HB) …………..11

8A. Dorsal pelage sooty gray brown; FA: ~ 34.8 mm; CBL: 10.6 – 11.9 mm;

CM³: 4.8 – 5.0 mm

Myotis laniger

8B. Dorsal pelage black; FA: 36.5 – 41.5 mm; CCL: 13.4 – 14.3 mm;

CM³: 5.5 – 5.9 mm

Myotis horsfieldii

9A. Tragus short and narrow; dorsal pelage dark brown; FA: 37.2 – 40.3 mm;

CCL: 14.0 – 14.6 mm; CM³: 5.8 – 6.0 mm

Myotis hasseltii

9B. Tragus long and narrow; dorsal pelage brown …………..12

10A. Braincase domed or bulbous; ventral pelage pale gray to cream;

FA: 34.5 – 36.8 mm; CCL: 11.6 – 12.4 mm; CM³: 4.7 – 5.3 mm

Myotis nipalensis

10 B. Braincase flatter; ventral pelage brownish; FA: 31.2 – 37.0 mm;

CCL: 11.5 – 12.3 mm; CM³: 4.8 – 5.3 mm

Myotis muricola

11A. Ears small, about 25% of HB; FA: 44.7 – 46.8 mm; CCL: 15.1 – 15.6 mm;

CM³: 6.5 – 6.8 mm

Myotis montivagus

11B. Ears large, about 30% of the HB; FA: 45.3– 46.5 mm; CCL: 14.9 – 15.5 mm;

CM³: 6.5 – 6.7 mm

Myotis annectans

12A. Large in size (FA >55.0 mm); interfemoral membrane pale brown and hairless

throughout; FA: 55.5 – 58.3 mm; CCL: 18.1 – 18.9 mm; CM³: 8.2 – 8.5 mm

Myotis blythii

12B. Small in size (FA <41.0 mm) …………..13

13A. FA: 36.5 – 39.0 mm; TIB: 14.4 – 17.80 mm; CBL: 12.77 – 13.76 mm;

ZB: ~ 8.4 mm; CM³: 5.1 – 5.3 mm

Myotis longipes

13B. FA: 34.80 – 37.50 mm; TIB: 14.84 – 15.80 mm; CBL: 12.11 – 12.71 mm;

ZB: 7.59 – 8.19 mm; CM³: 4.72 – 5.19 mm

Myotis csorbai

Key 6D, For tribes of the subfamily Vespertilioninae (38 species)

1A. Nostrils margined by grooves on the upper surface of the muzzle;

ears long, joined, or may not be joined, across the forehead

…………..Plecotini, Key 6D i

1B. Nostrils simple, opening by crescentic or circular apertures at

the extremity of the muzzle; ears generally moderate, forehead

not grooved …………..2

2A. Total teeth 30; dental formula 1113/3123

………….. Nycticeiini, Key 6D ii

2B. Total teeth 32-34; dental formula 211(2)3/3123 …………..3

3A. First upper premolar usually absent, except in genus Arielulus where

it is present; dental formula 2113/3123 in former, 2123/3123 in later

………….. Eptesicini, Key 6D iii

3B. First upper premolar usually present; dental formula 2123/3123

………..4

4A. Medium to large bats (FA between 25.0 – 57.8 mm); pipistrelles, with pararhinal

glands (highly variable genus Pipistrellus) or pipistrelle-like with relatively less

depressed skull and absence or variable presence of I² (genus Scotozous) or with

narrow wings, high and broad rostra (genus Nyctalus)

………….. Pipistrellini, Key 6D iv

4B. Medium to very large bats (FA between 26.1 – 77.3 mm); pipistrelle-like

with variable characters, like enlarged pads on feet and base of thumbs (genus

Tylonycteris), rounded braincase (genus Philetor), large size with forearm usually

greater than 70.0 mm (genus Ia), skull with full rostrum (genus Vespertilio),

absence of keeled calcar (genus Hypsugo) or with pararhinal glands

(genus Falsistrellus)

………….. Vespertilionini, Key 6D v

Key 6Di, Tribe Plecotini (5 species)

1A. Ears long, greater than 30 mm in length …………..2

1B. Ears, joined over forehead by a band of integument, are short, up to

18 mm in length, barely extending beyond the tip of the muzzle when

laid forward, and wide with 5-6 furrows; FA: 38.7 – 42.1 mm;

CCL: 13.4 – 14.2 mm; CM³: 4.7 – 5.1 mm

Barbastella leucomelas

2A. Small, foream less than 50 mm; ears longer than 30 mm with

numerous horizontal furrows, joined by an integument over forehead

…………..3

2B. Large, foream greater than 55 mm; ears longer than 35 mm, but not

joined by an integument over forehead; tragus half the height of the pinna;

antitragus shallow notch-like; dorsal pelage buffy brown, ventral pelage

uniformly pale grey; FA: 64.7 – 65.6 mm; CCL: ~ 21.7 mm; CM³: ~ 8.5 mm

Otonycteris hemprichii

3A. Large, forearm greater than 41 mm …………..4

3B. Small, foream lesser than 41 mm; pelage dense and woolly, uniformly

dark brown dorsally and ventrally; ears, wing and tail membranes

dark brown; FA: 36.5 – 40.7 mm; CCL: 13.8 – 14.2 mm;

CM³: 5.0 – 5.4 mm

Plecotus homochrous

4A. Pelage dense but not woolly, brownish dorsally and whitish ventrally;

ears, wing and tail membranes pale to mid brown; FA: 41.4 – 44.7 mm;

CCL: 14.8 – 15.5 mm; CM³: 5.4 – 5.8 mm

Plecotus wardi

4B. Pelage not very dense dorsally and shaggy ventrally, cold grayish-drab

dorsally and yellowish white ventrally; ears, wing and tail membranes

semitransparent cold brown; FA: 39.6 – 44.8 mm; CCL: 14.1 – 15.6 mm;

CM³: 5.3 – 6.1 mm

Plecotus strelkovi

Key 6Dii, Tribe Nycticeiini (4 species)

1A. Small size (Forearm less than 38.0 mm); head flattened with broad and flat muzzle;

tragus long and narrow; FA: 34.1 – 37.3 mm; CCL: 13.8 – 14.8 mm;

CM³: 5.5 – 5.9 mm

Scotoecus pallidus

1B. Large size (Forearm more than 44.0 mm); head not flattened

…………..2

2A. Dorsal pelage orange brown with white spots on crown, back and shoulders;

ears large and lacking any ridges; FA: 56.1 – 61.2 mm; CCL: 20.1 – 20.9 mm;

CM³: 7.8 – 8.5 mm

Scotomanes ornatus

2B. Dorsal pelage tawny or chestnut brown, lacks any marking; ears small

with numerous transverse ridges

…………..3

3A. Large (Forearm averaging 60.7 mm); ventral pelage with distinctly yellow tinge;

FA: 55.4 – 65.8 mm; CCL: 19.0 – 21.3 mm; CM³: 7.1 – 8.4 mm

Scotophilus heathi

3B. Smaller (Forearm averaging 49.0 mm); ventral pelage buffy brown;

FA: 44.0 – 56.4 mm; CCL: 16.3 – 18.0 mm; CM³: 6.1 – 6.8 mm

Scotophilus kuhlii

Key 6Diii, Tribe Eptesicini (9 species)

1A. Ears with well-visible white margins; dorsal pelage is dark brown, the tip

of longer guard hairs are bright cuprous-red or golden; interfemoral

membrane uniformly dark brown; broad tragus has pale margin;

FA: 41.8 – 43.6 mm; CCL: 14.6 – 15.6 mm; CM³: 6.0 – 6.5 mm

Arielulus circumdatus

1B. Ears lacking white or pale magins; dorsal pelage lacks cuprous-red

or orange hue

…………..2

2A. Ears thick and fleshy, yellowish brown, without ridges; dorsal pelage with

distinct yellowish tinge; FA: 50.0 – 60.4 mm; CCL: 17.2 – 19.6 mm;

CM³: 6.5 – 6.9 mm

Hesperoptenus tickelli

2B. Ears with conspicuous ridges, dark; dorsal pelage without yellowish tinge

…………..3

3A. Large in size (FA >50.0 mm); ears moderately tall averaging 14.0 mm,

bears six transverse ridges; FA: 54.2 – 55.1 mm; CCL: 18.3 – 19.5 mm;

CM³: 7.1 – 7.8 mm

Eptesicus serotinus

3B. Small in size (FA <50.0 mm, in the range of 35.4 – 45.3 mm) …………..4

4A. Membranes and naked areas pale yellow; FA: 41.0 – 41.5 mm;

CBL: ~ 15.1 mm; CM³: ~ 5.9 mm

Eptesicus gobiensis

4B. Membranes and naked areas shades of brown …………..5

5A. Pelage black throughout; FA: ~ 43.4 mm; HB: ~ 48.5 mm; T: 45.9 mm

Eptesicus tatei

5B. Pelage not uniformly black throughout …………..6

6A. Ears triangular in shape with rounded tips; tragus short; proximal part of

ear thick and fleshy; FA: 38.0 – 40.3 mm; HB: 55.0 – 56.0 mm;

T: 40.0 – 41.0 mm; GTL: ~ 21.2 mm

Eptesicus pachyotis

6B. Ears not triangular in shape; proximal part of ear normal …………..7

7A. Tail nearly as long as the HB (>90%), rostrum short; FA: 35.4 – 36.9 mm;

CCL: 11.7 – 12.2 mm; CM³: 4.4 – 4.8 mm

Eptesicus nasutus

7B. Tail not as long as the HB (<85%), rostrum long …………..8

8A. Basioccipital pits prominent; FA: ~ 42 mm;

Eptesicus dimissus

8B. Basioccipital pits not very prominent; FA: ~ 42.1 mm; CCL: ~ 15.0 mm;

CM³: ~ 5.8 mm

Eptesicus bottae

Key 6Div, Tribe Pipistrellini (12 species)

1A. Ears short (about 28% of the forearm length) and broad; tragus usually half the

height of the pinna, with faintly concave anterior border …………..2

1B. Ears relatively short (about 24% of the forearm length); tragus club-shaped,

more than twice wider in distal part than at base

…………..3

2A. Inner upper incisor (i²) large, unicuspidate and in contact with canine

or nearly so; outer incisor (i³) absent, if present, no more than a minute spicule;

interfemoral membrae uniformly mid brown, veins sometimes white;

FA: 32.7 – 36.3 mm; CCL: 12.8 – 13.6 mm; CM³: 5.2 – 5.6 mm

Scotozous dormeri

2B. Inner upper incisor (i²) usually bicuspidate; outer incisor large similar in crown area

to inner and half or more its height …………..4

3A. Large (forearm more than 50 mm); FA: 50.9 – 57.8 mm; CCL: 17.1 – 18.6 mm;

CM³: 7.1 – 7.7 mm

Nyctalus noctula

3B. Small (forearm less than 50 mm) …………..5

4A. Second upper premolar (pm²) positioned usually in toothrow;

interfemoral membrane haired only above but naked below;

FA: 30.0 – 31.6 mm; CCL: 10.4 – 11.3 mm; CM³: 4.1 – 4.4 mm

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

4B. Second upper premolar (pm²) intruded …………..6

5A. Fur bicoloured; FA: 42.1 – 45.2 mm; CCL: 14.7 – 15.2 mm;

CM³: 5.5 – 5.9 mm

Nyctalus leisleri

5B. Fur uniform brown; FA: 42.9 – 43.0 mm; CCL: 15.4 – 16.0 mm;

CM³: 6.5 – 6.6 mm

Nyctalus montanus

6A. Large (forearm averaging over 35.0 mm); pelage on ventral side

conspicuously paler than on dorsal side; interfemoral membrane

sparsely haired above and below; FA: 33.0 – 42.0 mm;

CCL: 13.1 – 14.3 mm; CM³: 5.2 – 5.9 mm

Pipistrellus ceylonicus

6B. Small (Forearm length averaging less than 35.0 mm); pelage on ventral

side slightly paler than on dorsal side

…………..7

7A. Interfemoral membrane pallid and translucent; FA: 33.4 – 36.0 mm;

CCL: 12.0 – 12.9 mm; CM³: 4.6 – 5.0 mm

Pipistrellus kuhlii

7B. Interfemoral membrane not pallid and translucent …………..8

8A. Canine lacks secondary posterior cusps; upper molars relatively

massive; pelage dark brown; penis over 10 mm in legth;

FA: 29.2 – 34.0 mm; CCL: 10.6 – 11.6 mm; CM³: 4.1 – 4.8 mm

Pipistrellus paterculus

8B. Canine with posterior secondary cusp …………..9

9A. Pelage colouration pale; tragus gradually narrowing along its

terminal half, with somewhat pointed apex; penis long, over 8 mm

in length

…………..10

9B. Pelage colouration usually relatively dark; tragus more or less

even together; penis long, less than 8 mm in length

…………..11

10A. Large, forearm between 30.0 to 36 mm; interfemoral membrane not haired;

penis short, about 8.0 – 10.0 mm in length; FA: 30.0 – 36.0 mm;

CCL: 11.9 – 13.1 mm; CM³: 4.6 – 5.2 mm

Pipistrellus javanicus

10B. Small, forearm between 31.4 to 34.4 mm; penis long, about 10-13 mm

in length; FA: 31.4 – 34.4 mm; CCL: 11.4 – 12.8 mm; CM³: 4.2 – 4.9 mm

Pipistrellus abramus

11A. Large, forearm length averaging 30 mm; interfemoral membrane

haired near the body both above and below; FA: 25.5 – 34.3 mm;

CCL: 10.6 – 11.9 mm; CM³: 3.9 – 4.6 mm

Pipistrellus coromandra

11B. Small, forearm length averaging 28 mm; interfemoral membrane

not haired; FA: 25.0 – 30.2 mm; CCL: 9.3 – 10.7 mm; CM³: 3.5 – 4.1 mm

Pipistrellus tenuis

Key 6Dv, Tribe Vespertilionini (8 species)

1A. Soles of the feet expanded in to fleshy pads; head noticeably flattened

…………..2

1B. Soles of the feet normal; head not flattened …………..3

2A. Pelage shades of golden brown; FA: 26.1 – 29.0 mm; CCL: 10.0 – 11.3 mm;

CM³: 3.4 – 4.2 mm

Tylonycteris pachypus

2B. Pelage shades of brown; FA: 26.6 – 28.1 mm; CCL: 11.1 – 11.7 mm;

CM³: 3.9 – 4.4 mm

Tylonycteris robustula

3A. Large bat, forearm greater than 70.0 mm; FA: 70.9 – 77.3 mm;

CCL: 25.2 – 26.2 mm; CM³: 10.5 – 11.0 mm

Ia io

3B. Small bat, forearm lesser than 70.0 mm …………..4

4A. Two upper premolars and two lower premolars …………..5

4B. One upper premolar and two lower premolars …………..6

5A. Large bat, forearm greater than 38 mm; braincase small; basisphenoid pits absent;

FA: 38.4 – 41.4 mm; CCL: 13.7 – 14.5 mm; CM³: 5.5 – 5.7 mm

Falsistrellus affinis

5B. Small bat, forearm lesser than 38 mm …………..7

6A. Tragus fleshy and thickened; FA: 31.7 – 38.0 mm; CCL: 12.4 – 13.7 mm;

CM³: 4.5 – 4.8 mm

Philetor brachypterus

6B. Tragus small and short; FA: 42.0 – 45.5 mm; CCL: ~ 15.0 mm;

CM³: 4.9 – 5.5 mm

Vespertilio murinus

7A. Interfemoral membrane sparsely haired near the body; dorsal pelage long,

silky and variably chestnut brown; FA: 32.1 – 38.0 mm;

CCL: 12.4 – 13.3 mm; CM³: 4.6 – 5.1 mm

Hypsugo savii

7B. Interfemoral membrane mostly naked; dorsal pelage long, silky and dark brown;

FA: 32.6 – 36.5 mm; CCL: 12.6 – 12.8 mm; CM³: 4.6 – 4.9 mm

Hypsugo cadornae

Key 7, Family Miniopteridae (3 species)

1A. Large with forearm greater than 47 mm and condylobasal length greater

than 15.5 mm; FA: 47.5 – 52.8 mm; CBL: 15.7 – 17.3 mm;

CM³: 6.4 – 7.3 mm

Miniopterus magnater

1B. Small with forearm lesser than 50 mm and condylobasal length lesser

than 15.5 mm

…………..2

2A. Hairs on the interfemoral membrane near body parts; FA: 44.7 – 49.6 mm;

CBL: 14.6 – 15.5 mm; CM³: 5.8 – 6.3 mm

Miniopterus schreibersii

2B. Hairs on the interfemoral membrane extend further away from body parts;

FA: 39.6 – 40.2 mm; CBL: 12.7 – 13.2 mm; CM³: 5.1 – 5.3 mm

Miniopterus pusillus

Key 8, Family Emballonuridae (6 species)

1A. Radio-metacarpal pouch distinct; lower lip scarcely grooved …………..2

1B. Radio-metacarpal pouch absent; lower lip deeply grooved; gular sac present

in both the sexes (smaller in females); wings attached to ankles;

FA: 63.0 – 68.2 mm; CCL: 21.7 – 24.6 mm; CM³: 9.8 – 11.2 mm

Saccolaimus saccolaimus

2A. Radio-metacarpal pouch small; gular pouch less visible; wings attached to tibiae;

posterior back and lower abdomen naked; FA: 71.0 – 80.0 mm;

CCL: 21.6 – 25.6 mm; CM³: 10.3 – 11.8 mm

Taphozous nudiventris

2B. Radio-metacarpal pouch well-developed …………..3

3A. Gular pouch present; wings attached either to tibiae or ankles …………..4

3B. Gular pouch absent; wings attached to tibiae …………..5

4A. Gular pouch present in males and absent in females; wings attached to tibiae;

FA: 59.2 – 63.8 mm; CCL: 18.4 – 19.7 mm; CM³: 8.2 – 8.9 mm

Taphozous perforatus

4B. Gular pouch rudimentary in females; wings attached to ankles; posterior back and

lower abdomen hairy; FA: 55.6 – 62.0 mm; CCL: 19.2 –21.6 mm;

CM³: 8.7 – 9.2 mm

Taphozous longimanus

5A. Large with forearm length greater than 70 mm; wing and interfemoral membrane

naked; FA: 71.0 – 76.0 mm; CCL: 21.9 – 23.4 mm;

CM³: 9.4 – 10.5 mm

Taphozous theobaldi

5B. Small with forearm length lesser than 70 mm; dorsal fur extends over wing and

interfemoral membranes; males with black beard; FA: 60.0 – 68.0 mm;

CCL: 19.5 – 21.5 mm; CM³: 8.6 – 9.2 mm

Taphozous melanopogon

Key 9, Family Molossidae (4 species)

1A. Ears not joined by membrane over the forehead …………..2

1B. Ears joined by membrane over the forehead …………..3

2A. Forearm less than 52.3 mm; two pairs of lower incisors (some aberrant

individuals may have three pairs); FA: 46.0 – 52.3 mm;

CCL: 17.1 – 18.8 mm; CM³: 7.1 – 7.8 mm

Tadarida aegyptiaca

2B. Forearm greater than 58.4 mm; three pairs of lower incisors;

FA: 58.4 – 63.9 mm; CCL: 21.6 – 23.1 mm; CM³: 8.2 – 9.3 mm

Tadarida teniotis

3A. Forearm less than 51 mm; two pairs of lower incisors;

FA: 43.1 – 50.2 mm; CCL: 15.9 – 17.1 mm; CM³: 6.4 – 7.3 mm

Chaerephon plicatus

3B. Forearm greater than 63.0 mm; two (or sometimes three) pairs of small and

bifid lower incisors; pelage diagnostic with glossy dark chocolate brown on

the back, thin white lines on the flanks and antebrachial membrane;

FA: 63.0 – 67.0 mm; CCL: 21.8 – 23.2 mm; CM³: 8.8 – 9.3 mm

Otomops wroughtoni

Table 1. Classical and Modern Classification of Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia)

Classical

Modern

Koopman 1993

Simmons & Geisler 1998

Gunnels & Simmons 2005

Springer et al. 2001

Teeling et al. 2005

Eick et al. 2005

Jones & Teeling 2006

Order Chiroptera

Suborder Megachiroptera

Family Pteropodidae

Suborder Microchiroptera

Family Rhinopomatidae

Family Craseonycteridae

Family Nycteridae

Family Megadermatidae

Family Rhinolophidae

Family Hipposideridae

Family Mormoopidae

Family Noctilionidae

Family Phyllostomidae

Family Mormoopidae

Family Noctilionidae

Family Furipteridae

Family Thyropteridae

Family Natalidae

Family Mystacinidae

Family Vespertilionidae

Family Molossidae

Order Chiroptera

Suborder Megachiroptera

Family Pteropodidae

Suborder Microchiroptera

Superfamily Emballonuroidea

Family Emballonuridae

Infraorder Yinochiroptera

Superfamily Rhinopomatoidea

Family Rhinopomatidae

Superfamily Rhinolophoidea

Family Nycteridae

Family Megadermatidae

Family Rhinolophidae

Subfamily Hipposiderinae

Subfamily Rhinolophinae

Infraorder Yangochiroptera

Superfamily Noctilionoidea

Family Noctilionidae

Family Phyllostomidae

Superfamily Nataloidea

Family Natalidae

Superfamily Molossoidea

Family Antrozoidae

Family Molossidae

Superfamily Vespertilionoidea

Family Vespertilionidae

Order Chiroptera

Suborder Yinpterochiroptera

Superfamily Pteropodoidea

Family Pteropodidae

Superfamily Rhinolophoidea

Family Rhinopomatidae

Family Megadermatidae

Family Rhinolophidae

Subfamily Rhinolophinae

Subfamily Hipposiderinae

Suborder Yangochiroptera

Family Nycteridae incerte sedis

Superfamily Emballonuroidea

Family Emballonuridae

Superfamily Noctilionoidea

Family Noctilionidae

Family Phyllostomidae

Superfamily Vespertilionoidea

Family Natalidae

Family Vespertilionidae

Family Molossidae

Order Chiroptera

Suborder Yinpterochiroptera

Superfamily Pteropodoidea

Family Pteropodidae

Superfamily Rhinolophoidea

Family Rhinolophidae

Family Hipposideridae

Family Megadermatidae

Family Craseonycteridae

Family Rhinopomatidae

Suborder Yangochiroptera

Family Nycteridae

Superfamily Emballonuroidea

Family Emballonuridae

Superfamily Noctilionoidea

Family Phyllostomidae

Family Mormoopidae

Family Noctilionidae

Family Furipteridae

Family Thyropteridae

Family Mystacinidae

Superfamily Vespertilionoidea

Family Vespertilionidae

Family Molossidae

Family Miniopteridae

Family Natalidae

Table 2. Checklist of Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) of South Asia

(after Srinivasulu et al. in review)

Family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats)

[8 Genera, 13 Species]

1. Rousettus aegyptiacus (E. Geoffroy, 1810)

2. Rousettus leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820)

3. Pteropus giganteus Brunnich, 1782

4. Pteropus faunulus Miller, 1902

5. Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853

6. Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863

7. Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)

8. Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller, 1838)

9. Megaerops niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983

10. Latidens salimalii Thonglongya, 1972

11. Sphaerias blanfordi (Thomas, 1891)

12. Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871)

13. Macroglossus sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911

Family Rhinopomatidae (Mouse-tailed bats)

[1 Genus, 3 Species]

14. Rhinopoma microphyllum (Brunnich, 1782)

15. Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831

16. Rhinopoma muscatellum Thomas, 1903

Family Emballonuridae (Sheath-tailed bats)

[2 Genera, 6 Species]

17. Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825

18. Taphozous melanopogon Temminck 1841

19. Taphozous perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818

20. Taphozous theobaldi Dobson, 1872

21. Taphozous nudiventris Cretzschmar, 1830

22. Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838)

Family Megadermatidae

(False Vampire bats)

[1 Genus, 2 Species]

23. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy, 1810

24. Megaderma spasma (Linnaeus, 1758)

Family Rhinolophidae (Horseshoe bats)

[1 Genus, 20 Species]

25. Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 1901

26. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774)

27. Rhinolophus bocharicus Kastschenko and Akimov, 1917

28. Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823

29. Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck, 1835

30. Rhinolophus sinicus Andersen, 1905

31. Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800)

32. Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck, 1834

33. Rhinolophus subbadius Blyth, 1844

34. Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844

35. Rhinolophus shortridgei Andersen, 1918

36. Rhinolophus cognatus K. Andersen, 1906

37. Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1867

38. Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844

39. Rhinolophus luctus Temminck, 1835

40. Rhinolophus beddomei Andersen, 1905

41. Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, 1834

42. Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield, 1851

43. Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872

44. Rhinolophus mitratus Blyth, 1844

Family Hipposideridae (Leaf-nosed bats)

[4 Genera, 15 Species]

45. Hipposideros ater Templeton, 1848

46. Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853

47. Hipposideros durgadasi Khajuria, 1970

48. Hipposideros fulvus Gray, 1838

49. Hipposideros pomona K. Andersen, 1918

50. Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994

51. Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846

52. Hipposideros speoris (Schneider, 1800)

53. Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield, 1823)

54. Hipposideros armiger (Hodgson, 1835)

55. Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850

56. Hipposideros diadema (E. Geoffroy, 1813)

57. Triaenops persicus Dobson, 1871

58. Asellia tridens E. Geoffroy, 1813

59. Coelops frithi Blyth, 1848

Family Molossidae (Free-tailed bats)

[3 Genera, 4 Species]

60. Tadarida teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814)

61. Tadarida aegyptiaca (E. Geoffroy, 1818)

62. Chaerephon plicatus (Buchanan, 1800)

63. Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas, 1913)

Family Vespertilionidae (Evening bats)

[23 Genera, 63 Species]

64. Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857)

65. Myotis sicarius Thomas, 1915

66. Myotis formosus (Hodgson, 1835)

67. Myotis nipalensis (Dobson, 1871)

68. Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846)

69. Myotis siligorensis (Horsfield, 1855)

70. Myotis montivagus (Dobson, 1874)

71. Myotis annectans (Dobson, 1871)

72. Myotis longipes (Dobson, 1873)

73. Myotis csorbai Topal, 1997

74. Myotis laniger (Peters, 1871)

75. Myotis horsfieldii (Temminck, 1840)

76. Myotis hasseltii (Temminck, 1840)

77. Myotis emarginatus (E. Geoffroy, 1806)

78. Plecotus homochrous Hodgson, 1847

79. Plecotus wardi Thomas, 1911

80. Plecotus strelkovi Spitzenberger, 2008

81. Barbastella leucomelas (Cretzschmar, 1826)

82. Otonycteris hemprichii Peters, 1859

83. Scotomanes ornatus (Blyth, 1851)

84. Scotophilus heathi Horsfield, 1831

85. Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821

86. Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774)

87. Eptesicus bottae (Peters, 1869)

88. Eptesicus pachyotis (Dobson, 1871)

89. Eptesicus dimissus Thomas, 1916

90. Eptesicus gobiensis Bobrinskii, 1926

91. Eptesicus nasutus (Dobson, 1877)

92. Eptesicus tatei Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951

93. Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758

94. Ia io Thomas, 1902

95. Tylonycteris pachypus (Temminck, 1840)

96. Tylonycteris robustula Thomas, 1915

97. Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774)

98. Pipistrellus paterculus Thomas, 1915

99. Pipistrellus javanicus (Gray, 1838)

100. Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838)

101. Pipistrellus tenuis (Temminck, 1840)

102. Pipistrellus ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1852)

103. Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817)

104. Pipistrellus abramus (Temminck, 1840)

105. Hypsugo savii (Bonaparte, 1837)

106. Hypsugo cadornae (Thomas, 1916)

107. Falsistrellus affinis (Dobson, 1871)

108. Arielulus circumdatus (Temminck, 1840)

109. Scotozous dormeri (Dobson, 1875)

110. Scotoecus pallidus (Dobson, 1876)

111. Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774)

112. Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817)

113. Nyctalus montanus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1906)

114. Philetor brachypterus (Temminck, 1840)

115. Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth, 1851)

116. Murina leucogaster Milne-Edwards, 1872

117. Murina aurata Milne-Edwards, 1872

118. Murina cyclotis Dobson, 1872

119. Murina tubinaris (Scully, 1881)

120. Murina huttoni (Peters, 1872)

121. Harpiola grisea Peters, 1872

122. Harpiocephalus harpia (Temminck, 1840)

123. Kerivoula picta (Pallas, 1767)

124. Kerivoula hardwickii (Horsfield, 1824)

125. Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916

Family Miniopteridae (Long-fingered Bats)

[1 Genus, 3 Species]

126. Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817)

127. Miniopterus pusillus Dobson, 1876

128. Miniopterus magnater Sanborn, 1931

Table 3. Diagnostic morphological characters of eight genera of the family Pteropodidae present in South Asia

Genus	*Rousettus* Gray, 1821	*Pteropus* Brisson, 1762	*Cynopterus* Cuvier, F., 1824	*Megaerops* Peters, 1865	*Latidens* Thonglongya, 1972	*Sphaerias* Miller, 1906	*Eonycteris* Dobson, 1873	*Macroglossus* Cuvier, F., 1824
External characters
Forearm length	75.0-90.0	110.0-209.0	57.0-79.0	52.0-63.0	66.0-69.0	52.0-61.0	66.0-78.0	44.0-52.0
Head Body length	111.0-147.0	148.0-300.0	76.0-113.0	81.0-90.0	102.0-109.0	NA	92.0-130.0	78.0-89.0
Tail length	8.0-21.0	Absent	2.0-19.0	Absent	Absent	Absent	11.5-23.0	Absent/ (3.5-5.5)
Hind Foot length	15.0-25.0	38.0-65.0	11.0-18.0	~ 14.0	8.0-15.0	~ 12.0	17.0-21.0	~ 10.0
Ear length	17.5-24.0	22.0-57.0	14.5-24.0	18.5-19.0	15.5-18.5	16.1-19.5	16.9-21.0	15.0-17.0
Cranial characters
Condylobasal length	33.5-40.4	48.6-74.9	26.0-33.3	25.6-26.7	31.4-33.0	~ 26.2	31.7-36.3	26.6-27.1
Maxillary toothrow (CMⁿ)	13.5-16.6	19.0-29.0	8.9-12.2	8.4-8.6	11.3-11.8	8.0-8.1	11.9-13.4	8.6-8.8
Incisors – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 1 pair	1 pair 1 pair	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs
Cheek teeth	Robust	Robust	Robust	Short & broad	Broad	Narrow	Narrow	Extremely narrow
II upper molar	Present	Present	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Present	Present
Dental formula	2132 2133 = 34	2132 2133 = 34	2131 2132 = 30	2131 1132 = 28	1131 1132 = 26	2131 2132 = 30	2132 2133 = 34	2132 2133 = 34
Species content	R. aegyptiacus (E. Geoffroy, 1810); R. leschenaulti (Desmarest, 1820)	P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782; P. faunulus Miller, 1902; P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1853; P. melanotus Blyth, 1863	C. sphinx Vahl, 1797; C. brachyotis (Muller, 1838)	M. niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983	L. salimalii Thonglongya, 1972	S. blanfordi (Thomas, 1891)	E. spelaea (Dobson, 1871)	M. sobrinus (K. Andersen, 1911)
Further table reference	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 3.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of the two species of the genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 present in South Asia

Species	*Rousettus aegyptiacus* (E. Geoffroy, 1810)	*Rousettus leschenaulti* (Desmarest, 1810)
External characters
Forearm length	83.0-90.0	75.0-86.0
Head Body length	113.0-126.0	111.0-147.0
Tail length	14.0-20.0	8.0-21.0
Hind Foot length	20.0-25.0	15.0-22.0
Ear length	18.0-22.0	17.5-24.0
Thumb (including claw)	30.0-33.4	24.0-31.3
II phalanx of 3^rd metacarpal	51.9-56.3	39.6-46.2
Cranial characters
Condylobasal length	36.9-40.4	33.5-37.7
Maxillary toothrow (CM²)	14.9-16.6	13.5-15.2
Mandibular tooth row (CM₃)	16.5-18.2	14.8-16.7
Zygomatic breadth	23.7-25.2	20.2-24.0
Mandible length	30.5-32.7	27.6-31.1

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 3.2. Diagnostic morphological characters of four species of the genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 present in South Asia

Species	*Pteropus giganteus* (Brünnich, 1782)	*Pteropus faunulus* Miller, 1902	*Pteropus hypomelanus* Temminck, 1853	*Pteropus melanotus* Blyth, 1863
*External characters*
Forearm length	145.0-183.0	110.0-116.0	135.0-145.0	148.0-163.0
Head Body length	198.0-300.0	~ 170.0	199.0-220.0	NA
Tail length	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Hind Foot length	38.0-58.0	~ 34.0	~ 59.2	NA
Ear length	33.0-45.0 Long & pointed, triangular shaped	~ 22.0 Moderate length, tips rounded off	25.0-28.0 Short & broad, tips rounded off	NA Large & broad, with narrow tips
Rostrum	Long & robust	Narrow	Narrow	Broad & robust
Pelage on the back	Blackish-brown with a few paler hairs	Blackish-brown with white hairs	Pale russet brown with gray & black hairs	Blackish-brown with a few gray hairs
Ventral surface	Pale tan to deep orange red or chestnut brown	Gray-chestnut brown	Fawn	Dark brown or blackish brown
Cranial characters
Condylobasal length	61.5-74.9	~ 48.6	59.0-64.1	63.3-70.7
Maxillary toothrow (CM²)	24.0-29.0	19.0-19.2	22.8-25.7	24.6-27.9
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	25.6-33.0	21.5-22.0	25.7-28.6	27.8-30.6
Zygomatic breadth	32.2-44.0	~ 28.0	32.2-34.8	32.9-40.2
Mandible length	47.8-60.0	40.0-42.0	48.9-53.2	52.6-59.1

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 3.3. Diagnostic morphological characters of the two species of the genus Cynopterus Cuvier, F., 1824 present in South Asia

Species	*Cynopterus sphinx* (Vahl, 1797)	*Cynopterus brachyotis* (Müller, 1838)
*External characters*
Forearm length	64.0-79.0	57.3-63.3
Head Body length	76.0-113.0	80.0-96.0
Tail length	4.5-19.0	2.0-13.0
Hind Foot length	12.6-18.0	11.0-15.0
Ear length	17.5-24.0 Large with pale anterior and posterior borders	14.5-18.0 Small with pale anterior and posterior borders absent or poorly developed
Metacarpals & phalanges	Pale	Dark
*Cranial characters*
Condylobasal length	28.4-33.3	26.0-28.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM¹)	10.2-12.2	8.9-10.7
Mandibular tooth row (CM₂)	12.3-13.5	10.0-11.9
Zygomatic breadth	18.8-23.1	17.6-19.8
Mandible length	22.7-27.5	20.5-23.8

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 3.4. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species of the genera Megaerops Peters, 1865; Latidens Thonlongya, 1972;

Sphaerias Miller, 1906; Eonycteris Dobson, 1873; and Macroglossus Cuvier, F., 1824 present in South Asia

Species	*Megaerops niphanae* Yenbutra & Felten, 1983	*Latidens salimalii* Thonglongya, 1972	*Sphaerias blanfordi* (Thomas, 1891)	*Eonycteris spelaea* (Dobson, 1871)	*Macroglossus sobrinus* (K. Andersen, 1911)
*External characters*
Forearm length	52.0-63.0	66.0-69.0	51.7-60.5	66.0-78.0	44.0-52.0
Head Body length	81.0-90.0	102.0-109.0	NA	92.0-130.0	78.0-89.0
Tail length	Absent	Absent	Absent	11.5-23.0	Absent/ if present 3.5-5.5
Hind Foot length	~ 14.0	8.0-15.0	~ 12.0	17.0-21.0	~ 10.0
Ear length	18.5-19.0 Small, broadly rounded	15.5-18.5 Oval, narrowly rounded tip	16.1-19.5 Narrowly rounded tip	16.9-21.0 Narrowly rounded tip	15.0-17.0 Medium with narrowly rounded tips
Interfemoral membrane	Narrow, medial part hairy	Narrow, sparsely haired above and below	Extremely narrow, sparsely haired	Moderately broad sparsely haired along the the body	Narrow, thickly covered with short hairs above and below
*Cranial characters*
Condylobasal length	25.6-26.7	31.4-33.0	~ 26.2	31.7-36.3	26.6-27.1
Maxillary toothrow (CM¹)	8.4-8.6	11.3-11.8	8.0-8.1	11.9-13.4*	8.6-8.8*
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	~ 9.4	12.4-12.9	~ 9.6	13.0-13.7^†	9.7-10.1^†
Zygomatic breadth	17.9-18.6	21.0-22.1	~ 18.0	19.0-22.1	14.4-14.8
Mandible length	20.2-21.0	24.8-26.3	~ 19.4	25.1-28.8	21.6-22.5

Note: All measurements are in mm; * – CM²; † – CM₃

Table 4. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the families Rhinopomatidae, Emballonuridae,

Megadermatidae and Rhinolophidae present in South Asia

Family	Rhinopomatidae	Emballonuridae		Megadermatidae	Rhinolophidae
Genus	*Rhinopoma* E. Geoffroy, 1818	*Taphozous* E. Geoffroy, 1818	*Saccolaimus* Temminck, 1838	*Megaderma* E. Geoffroy, 1810	*Rhinolophus* Lacépède, 1799
External characters
Forearm length	46.0-74.0	55.6-80.0	63.0-68.2	54.0-71.5	33.4-80.5
Head Body length	49.0-84.0	67.0-105.0	80.0-93.0	54.0-95.0	3.0-90.0
Tail length	49.0-78.0	20.0-46.0	21.0-35.0	Absent	13.0-55.0
Hind Foot length	11.0-18.0	8.0-18.0	12.0-17.0	13.0-20.0	5.5-20.0
Ear length	15.8-22.2	14.0-25.0	16.0-20.0	31.5-45.0 Ears joined above the forehead	13.5-40.0
Noseleaf	Absent	Absent	Absent	Present	Present with erect posterior lancet & perpendicular median sella
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	14.7-22.7	18.4-25.6	21.7-24.6	21.9-27.8	11.9-28.7
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.3-5.9	8.2-11.8	9.8-11.2	9.3-12.1	5.1-12.6
Incisors – Upper – Lower	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	Absent 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs
Dental formula	1113 2123 = 28	1123 2123 = 30	1123 2123 = 30	0123 2123 = 28	1123 2133 = 32
Species content	R. microphyllum (Brünnich, 1782); R. hardwickii Gray, 1837; R. muscatellum Thomas, 1903	T. longimanus Hardwicke, 1825; T. melanopogon Temminck, 1841; T. perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818; T. theobaldi Dobson, 1872; T. nudiventris Cretzschmar, 1830-31	S. saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838)	M. lyra E. Geoffroy, 1810; M. spasma (Linnaeus, 1758)	R. ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774); R. affinis Horsfield, 1823; R. rouxii Temminck, 1835; R. sinicus (Andersen, 1905); R. hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800); R. pusillus Temminck, 1834; R. subbadius Blyth, 1844; R. lepidus Blyth, 1844; R. cognatus Andersen, 1906; R. blasii Peters, 1867; R. macrotis Blyth, 1844; R. luctus Temminck, 1835; R. beddomei Andersen, 1905; R. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834; R. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851; R. yunanensis Dobson, 1872; R. mitratus Blyth, 1844
Further table reference	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.3	4.4

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 4.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of the three species of the genus Rhinopoma E. Geoffroy, 1818 present in South Asia

Species	*Rhinopoma microphyllum* (Brünnich, 1782)	*Rhinopoma hardwickii* Gray, 1831	*Rhinopoma muscatellum* Thomas, 1903
External characters
Forearm length	59.5-74.6	52.9-64.0	46.0-53.2
Head Body length	60.0-84.0	55.0-73.0	49.0-62.0
Tail length	50.0-77.0	56.0-78.0	49.0-64.3
Hind Foot length	14.0-18.0	11.0-15.0	11.0-13.0
Ear length	18.0-22.0	17.0-21.0	15.8-20.0
Dermal ridge	Poorly developed	Well-developed	Poorly developed
Tail length in relation to forearm length	Shorter	Longer	Longer
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	17.2-22.7	15.5-17.5	14.7-15.1
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	7.0-8.0	6.0-6.8	5.3-5.9
Mandibular tooth row (CM₃)	7.6-8.6	6.5-7.5	5.1-6.7
Zygomatic breadth	11.4-13.4	10.1-11.7	8.8-9.8
Mandible length	13.7-15.8	11.8-13.6	10.5-11.4
Nasal inflations	Small	Moderate	Large

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 4.2. Diagnostic morphological characters of five species of the genera Taphozous E. Geoffroy, 1818 and Saccolaimus Lesson, 1842

present in South Asia

Species	*Taphozous longimanus* Hardwicke, 1825	*Taphozous melanopogon* Temminck, 1841	*Taphozous perforatus* E. Geoffroy, 1818	*Taphozous theobaldi* Dobson, 1872	*Taphozous nudiventris* Cretzschmar, 1830-31	*Saccolaimus saccolaimus* (Temminck, 1838)
External characters
Forearm length	55.6-62.0	60.0-68.0	59.2-63.8	71.0-76.0	71.0-80.0	63.0-68.2
Head Body length	73.0-86.0	67.0-86.0	71.0-80.0	88.0-89.0	90.0-105.0	80.0-93.0
Tail length	20.0-30.0	20.0-32.0	20.0-28.0	25.0-35.0	22.0-46.0	21.0-35.0
Hind Foot length	8.0-14.0	8.2-14.2	8.2-12.5	11.0-13.0	11.0-18.0	12.0-17.0
Ear length	16.0-19.0	16.5-22.0	14.0-20.0	21.0-24.0	18.0-25.0	16.0-20.0
Chin	Naked	Hairy, males with black beard	Hairy	Hairy	Naked	Short hairs
Gular sac In males In females	Present Rudimentary	Absent Absent	Variably present Absent	Absent Absent	Present Present	Present Present
Wings attached to	Ankles	Tibiae	Tibiae	Tibiae	Tibiae	Ankles
Posterior back & lower abdomen	Hairy	Hairy	Hairy	Hairy	Naked	Hairy
III metacarpal length in relation to forearm length	Long (95.8-109.4%)	Short (84.9-92.7%)	Short (87.1-92.7%)	NA	NA	NA
Radio-metacarpal pouch	Absent	Absent	Absent	Present	Present	Absent
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	19.2-21.6	19.5-21.5	18.4-19.7	21.9-23.4	21.6-25.6	21.7-24.6
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	8.7-9.2	8.6-9.2	8.2-8.9	9.4-10.5	10.3-11.8	9.8-11.2
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	9.4-10.2	9.3-10.2	9.0-9.6	10.7-12.0	11.4-13.3	10.8-12.3
Zygomatic breadth	12.0-12.9	12.0-13.1	11.5-12.1	13.2-14.0	14.4-17.8	14.2-15.6
Mandible length	15.4-16.4	15.5-16.5	14.6-15.6	18.0-18.9	18.2-21.5	17.5-19.8

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 4.3. Diagnostic morphological characters of the two species of the genus Megaderma E. Geoffroy, 1810 present in South Asia

Species	*Megaderma lyra* E. Geoffroy, 1810	*Megaderma spasma* (Linnaeus, 1758)
External characters
Forearm length	56.0-71.5	54.0-62.0
Head Body length	70.0-95.0	54.0-81.0
Tail length	Absent	Absent
Hind Foot length	14.0-20.0	13.0-17.0
Ear length	31.5-45.0 Oval with white inner margin, joined by membrane over the forehead about 1/3to 1/2 of its length	33.0-40.0 Oval lacking white inner margin, joined over the forehead near the base
Tragus	Bifid with taller posterior process	Bifid with narrower and taller posterior process
Noseleaf – sides – longitudinal ridge – base	Tall (~ 10 mm) Straight Present Simple rounded horizontal	Short (~ 6.5 mm) Convex Present Heart-shaped
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	24.5-27.8	21.9-23.6
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	10.6-12.1	9.3-10.5
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	11.6-12.2	10.2-11.4
Zygomatic breadth	15.4-17.1	13.6-14.8
Mandible length	18.8-21.2	16.8-18.5

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 4.4. Diagnostic morphological characters of twenty species of the genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 present in South Asia

Species	*Rhinolophus ferrumequinum* (Schreber, 1774)	*Rhinolophus bocharicus* Kastchenko & Akimov, 1917	*Rhinolophus affinis* Horsfield, 1823	*Rhinolophus rouxii* Temminck, 1835	*Rhinolophus sinicus* Andersen, 1905	*Rhinolophus hipposideros* (Bechstein, 1800)
External characters
Forearm length	54.8-62.1	47.0-53.0	50.0-55.0	44.4-52.3	45.7-49.6	35.9-40.0
Head Body length	56.0-79.0	NA	46.0-68.0	42.0-66.0	43.0-52.5	38.0-48.0
Tail length	30.0-42.0	22.0-32.0	20.0-30.0	22.0-33.0	21.5-30.0	22.0-32.0
Hind Foot length	9.9-14.0	NA	9.8-12.5	7.2-12.8	7.5-10.0	6.9-9.0
Ear length	20.0-28.5	19.3-24.0	14.0-23.0	14.5-22.0	15.8-20.0	13.9-19.0
Horseshoe - Sella - Superior connecting Process	Narrow Relatively small Bluntly rounded	Narrow Small, constricted in mid Bluntly rounded	Relatively broad Relatively small Bluntly rounded	Broad Relatively small Bluntly rounded	Broad Relatively small Bluntly rounded	Broad Small Broadly rounded off and low
Inferior extremity	Bluntly rounded	Bluntly rounded	Bluntly rounded	Bluntly rounded	Bluntly rounded, slightly projecting forward	Projects downwards and forwards
Lancet	Narrowly pointed with concave sides	Narrowly pointed with concave sides	Narrowly pointed with concave sides	Triangular with straight sides	Triangular with straight sides	Tall and narrow with straight sides
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	19.7-22.3	19.0-20.2*	18.7-20.5	17.5-21.0	17.4-18.4	13.0-14.0
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	8.5-9.6	6.7-7.2	8.5-9.5	7.9-9.2	7.6-8.2	5.4-6.0
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	9.1-10.1	7.3-7.8	9.0-10.0	8.3-10.0	8.1-9.00	5.9-6.3
Zygomatic breadth	11.0-13.1	9.7-10.8	10.4-11.8	10.2-11.9	10.1-11.0	7.1-7.8
Mandible length	15.2-17.9	12.4-13.4	14.9-16.1	13.8-16.4	13.4-14.6	9.3-10.0

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - GTL

Contd…

Table 4.4. (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of twenty species of the genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 present in South Asia

Species	*Rhinolophus pusillus* Temminck, 1834	*Rhinolophus subbadius* Blyth, 1844	*Rhinolophus lepidus* Blyth, 1844	*Rhiolophus shortridgei* Andersen, 1918	*Rhinolophus cognatus* K. Andersen, 1906	*Rhinolophus blasii* Peters, 1867
External characters
Forearm length	34.9-37.8	33.4-35.9	37.0-41.8	39.0-42.0	37.5-40.7	43.0-50.0
Head Body length	30.0-40.0	35.0-37.0	35.0-54.0	NA	NA	47.0-54.0
Tail length	13.5-26.0	16.0-19.0	14.0-28.0	16.0-19.0	13.0-21.0	21.0-35.0
Hind Foot length	6.6-8.0	6.7-8.0	5.5-10.0	NA	6.5-9.0	8.0-11.0
Ear length	15.0-17.5	14.1-18.0	14.5-20.6	14.0-18.0	13.5-18.3	15.8-22.0
Horseshoe - Sella - Superior connecting process	Broad Small Broadly triangular (sometimes horn-like)	Broad Small Bluntly rounded (more horn-like)	Broad Small Bluntly rounded	Broad Small Bluntly rounded (more or less horn-like)	Broad Relatively larger Bluntly rounded (horn-like, slightly curved downwards)	Broad Large Acute and high
Inferior extremity	Bluntly rounded, not projected downward	Bluntly rounded not projected downward	Bluntly rounded not projected downwards	Bluntly rounded not projected downwards	Bluntly rounded	Acute and projects slightly downwards
Lancet	Equilateral triangle to elongate	Short & broad	Tip broadly rounded or pointed, sides deeply concave to straight	Tip broadly rounded or pointed, sides deeply concave to straight	Tall	Bluntly pointed, sides straight and wide at the base
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	13.0-14.0	11.9-12.9	13.3-15.5	17.2-17.9*	14.2-15.8	16.0-17.0
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.4-6.0	5.1-5.5	5.6-6.8	6.5-7.2	6.0-7.0	6.0-7.6
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.9-6.3	5.2-5.8	6.0-7.4	7.0-7.3	6.2-7.7	6.9-7.2
Zygomatic breadth	7.1-7.8	NA	7.6-8.8	8.5-8.9	8.0-9.0	8.8-9.5
Mandible length	9.3-10.0	9.2-9.5	10.0-12.1	11.7-12.8	10.2-12.5	11.9-12.7

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; * - GTL

Contd…

Table 4.4. (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of twenty species of the genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 present in South Asia

Species	*Rhinolophus macrotis* Blyth, 1844	*Rhinolophus mehelyi* Matschie, 1901	*Rhinolophus luctus* Temminck, 1835	*Rhinolophus beddomei* Andersen, 1905	*Rhinolophus trifoliatus* Temminck, 1834
	External characters
Forearm length	39.0-46.0	47.0-53.0	70.0-80.5	54.9-64.3	50.0-53.3
Head Body length	39.0-48.7	-	85.0-90.0	65.0-75.0	62.0-65.0
Tail length	17.3-26.2	16.2-37.0	49.0-55.0	38.5-48.0	30.0-35.0
Hind Foot length	7.5-9.0	-	16.5-20.0	13.3-18.0	~ 13.0
Ear length	21.0-25.9	18.0-23.0	~ 40.0	21.0-34.0	~ 27.0
Horseshoe - Sella - Superior connecting Process	Broad Small, projects strongly Broadly rounded	Narrow Moderate Broadly rounded	Very broad with emargination, noseleaf has basal lappets Moderate Broadly rounded, very reduced	Very broad, divided in two halves, noseleaf has basal lappets Moderate Broadly rounded, very reduced	Broad divided in two halves noseleaf has basal lappets Moderate Broadly rounded very reduced
Inferior extremity	Short and emarginated	Broad	Broad	Moderately broad projecting forward and downwards	Narrow
Lancet	Short with pointed tip, with slightly convex sides	Abruptly narrow, linear tip	Well-developed, tip rounded	Well-developed, tip rounded	Well-developed, tip rounded
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	15.2-16.6	18.8-20.3*	27.5-28.7	22.2-24.4	19.5-21.5
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	6.2-6.7	6.2-7.2	11.8-12.6	9.6-10.4	8.4-8.9
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	6.3-6.9	6.9-7.7	12.7-13.3	10.3-11.1	8.7-9.7
Zygomatic breadth	7.9-8.6	10.0-10.9	14.8-16.2	13.1-14.6	11.2-12.5
Mandible length	10.9-12.7	11.8-13.2	22.6-23.2	17.9-19.3	15.0-16.8

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - GTL

Contd…

Table 4.4. (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of twenty species of the genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 present in South Asia

Species	*Rhinolophus pearsonii* Horsfield, 1851	*Rhinolophus yunanensis* Dobson, 1872	*Rhinolophus mitratus Blyth, 1844**
External characters
Forearm length	50.8-54.8	54.2-59.2	~ 57.1
Head Body length	51.0-64.0	60.5-68.0	NA
Tail length	20.0-29.0	21.5-26.0	~ 30.0
Hind Foot length	9.9-14.2	12.5-14.0	NA
Ear length	23.5-28.0	23.5-28.5	NA
Horseshoe - Sella - Superior connecting process	Broad Moderate Bluntly rounded	Broad Moderate Bluntly rounded	Broad Moderate Bluntly rounded
Inferior extremity	Not deflected downwards or Forwards	Not deflected downwards or forwards	Narrow
Lancet	Well-developed tip rounded	Well-developed tip rounded	Well-developed tip rounded
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	19.7-22.3	22.3-22.9	NA
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	8.5-9.6	9.5-10.6	NA
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	9.1-10.1	10.8-11.5	NA
Zygomatic breadth	11.0-13.1	12.2-13.1	NA
Mandible length	15.2-17.9	17.7-18.3	NA

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - Known only from type specimen with damaged skull; NA – Data not available

Table 5. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the family Hipposideridae present in South Asia

Genus	*Hipposideros* Gray, 1831	*Triaenops* Dobson, 1871	*Asellia* Gray, 1838	*Coelops* Blyth, 1848
External characters
Forearm length	33.0-99.0	48.3-54.0	50.1-52.3	37.8-42.0
Head Body length	38.0-106.0	51.0-64.0	NA	NA
Tail length	20.0-64.0	31.0-39.0	25.0-28.0	Rudimentary (c' 2 mm)
Hind Foot length	5.3-20.0	8.0-11.0	NA	NA
Ear length	13.0-34.0	13.0-16.0	NA	NA
Noseleaf	Present with or without supplementary leaflets	Present with single pair of supplementary leaflets	Present with two pairs of supplementary leaflets	Present with two elongated supplementary lappets
Interfemoral membrane	Wide	Wide	Wide	Narrow
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	12.7-31.5	16.9-18.9*	15.7-17.0	14.3-14.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	4.9-14.5	6.1-7.1	6.5-7.2	5.8-6.0
Incisors – Upper – Lower	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs
Dental formula	1123 2123 = 30	1123 2123 = 30	1113 2123 = 28	1123 2123 = 30
Species content	H. ater, Templeton, 1848; H. cineraceus Blyth, 1853; H. durgadasi Khajuria, 1970; H. fulvus Gray, 1838; H. pomona K. Andersen, 1918; H. hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994; H. galeritus Cantor, 1846; H. speoris (Schneider, 1800); H. larvatus (Horsfield, 1823); H. armiger Hodgson, 1835; H. lankadiva Kelaart, 1850; H. diadema Geoffroy, E., 1813	T. persicus Dobson, 1871	A. tridens Geoffroy, E., 1813	C. frithii Blyth, 1848
Further table reference	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.2

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - Condylobasal length; NA – Data not available

Table 5.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of twelve species of the genus Hipposideros Gray, 1831 present in South Asia

Species	*Hipposideros ater* Templeton, 1848	*Hipposideros cineraceus* Blyth, 1853	*Hipposideros durgadasi* Khajuria, 1970	*Hipposideros fulvus* Gray, 1838	*Hipposideros pomona* K. Andersen, 1918	*Hipposideros* hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994
External characters
Forearm length	34.9-42.3	33.0-36.3	36.0-37.5	38.4-44.0	38.1-43.2	37.1-40.0
Head Body length	~ 38.0-48.0	33.0-42.0	NA	40.0-50.0	~ 36.0-52.0	42.0-47.3
Tail length	20.0-30.0	22.0-30.0	21.5-29.0	24.0-35.0	~ 28.0-35.0	21.5-23.5
Hind Foot length	5.3-7.2	6.0-7.0	5.5-8.0	6.0-9.8	~ 6.3-8.5	6.2-6.9
Ear length	14.8-20.0	13.0-17.0	13.0-19.0	19.0-26.0	18.5-25.0	18.0-20.3
No. of supplementary Leaflets	0	0	0	0	0	1
Median emargination on anterior leaf	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Narial lappets	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	13.2-15.0	12.7-13.7	13.0-13.9*	15.0-16.4	14.2-16.0	14.2-14.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.1-5.9	4.9-5.3	5.0-6.0	6.0-6.9	5.5-6.2	5.3-5.7
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.2-6.4	5.2-5.8	5.0-6.0	6.4-7.5	6.0-6.8	5.6-6.1
Zygomatic breadth	7.7-8.7	6.9-7.6	6.8-9.0	8.6-9.6	7.9-9.0	7.8-8.3
Mandible length	9.4-10.6	8.8-9.4	9.0-9.5	11.1-12.0	9.8-11.3	9.5-10.6
Dorsal process on jugal bone of zygoma	Present	Absent	Absent	NA	NA	Present
Rostral eminences	Present, 4, of which 2 less developed	Present, 4 all less developed	Present, 4 all less developed	NA	NA	NA

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - Condylobasal length; NA – Data not available

Contd..

Table 5.1 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of twelve species of the genus Hipposideros Gray, 1831 present in South Asia

Species	*Hipposideros galeritus* Cantor, 1846	*Hipposideros speoris* (Schneider, 1800)	*Hipposideros larvatus* (Horsfield, 1823)	*Hipposideros armiger* Hodgson, 1835	*Hipposideros lankadiva* Kelaart, 1850	*Hipposideros diadema* Geoffroy, E., 1813
External characters
Forearm length	45.0-51.3	45.6-54.0	61.2-64.8	85.4-95.0	75.0-99.0	58.8-64.2
Head Body length	45.0-59.5	46.0-62.0	74.0-78.0	82.0-105.0	87.0-106.0	NA
Tail length	29.5-37.0	20.0-29.0	37.0-44.0	50.0-64.0	35.0-58.0	NA
Hind Foot length	4.9-8.0	7.0-11.0	NA	13.0-17.0	12.0-20.0	NA
Ear length	14.5-17.0	12.5-19.0	23.0-26.0	26.0-34.0	19.5-30.0	NA
No. of supplementary Leaflets	2	3 3^rd much reduced	3	4 4^th much reduced	4 4^th much reduced, sometimes absent	4 4^th much reduced, sometimes absent
Median emargination on anterior leaf	Absent	Present, faintly seen	Present, faintly seen	Absent	Absent	Absent
Narial lappets	Small	Well-developed	Well-developed	Less developed	Well-developed	Well-developed
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	14.6-15.8	15.9-17.5	20.3-21.4	25.6-29.2	24.8-31.5	22.6-22.9
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.3-6.2	6.6-7.5	8.9-9.4	11.3-12.5	11.6-14.5	9.7-10.0
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.9-6.3	7.2-8.3	9.9-10.5	12.6-14.0	12.6-16.5	NA
Zygomatic breadth	8.4-9.3	10.2-116	13.0-14.0	16.5-18.4	16.1-20.7	14.5-15.0
Mandible length	10.0-11.4	12.4-13.9	16.3-16.8	20.7-23.4	20.1-26.2	NA
Dorsal process on jugal bone of zygoma	Present	Present	Present	Present	Present	NA
Rostral eminences	Present, 4 all well-developed	Present, 4 all less developed	Present, 4 all well-developed	NA	Present, 4 all well-developed	NA

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 5.2. Diagnostic morphological characters of one species each of the genera Triaenops Dobson, 1871; Asellia Gray, 1838;

and Coelops Blyth, 1848 present in South Asia

Species	*Triaenops persicus* Dobson, 1871	*Asellia tridens* Geoffroy, E., 1813	*Coelops frithi* Blyth, 1848
External characters
Forearm length	48.3-54.0	50.1-52.3	37.8-42.0
Head Body length	51.0-64.0	52.0-55.0	38.0-50.0
Tail length	31.0-39.0	25.0-28.0	Rudimentary, <2.0
Hind Foot length	8.0-11.0	9.0-10.0	5.3-9.0
Ear length	11.0-16.0 Small, funnel-shaped	19.0-20.0 Broad with pointed tips	11.5-15.0 Broad with rounded tip
Noseleaf	Complex with three vertical pointed processes	Complex with three vertical processes, central one pointed, others blunt	Complex with anterior leaf divided in to two and with forwardly projecting supplementary lappets
No. of supplementary leaflets	1	2	0
Median emargination on anterior leaf	Deep	Absent	Deep
Narial lappets	Well-developed	Less developed	Well-developed
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	16.9-18.9*	15.7-17.0	14.3-14.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	6.1-7.1	6.5-7.2	5.8-6.0
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	7.0-7.7	7.3-8.3	6.0-6.5
Zygomatic breadth	8.7-9.5	9.7-10.7	7.2-7.5
Mandible length	11.7-13.1	12.2-13.2	9.8-10.2
Dorsal process on jugal bone of zygoma	Present	Present, less developed	Absent
Rostral eminences	Present, 4, all well-developed	Present, 4, all well-developed	Present, 4, all less developed

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - Condylobasal length; NA – Data not available

Table 6. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the family Molossidae present in South Asia

Genus	*Tadarida* Rafinesque, 1814	*Chaerephon* Dobson, 1874	*Otomops* Thomas, 1913
*External characters*
Forearm length	46.0-63.9	43.1-50.2	63.0-67.0
Head Body length	61.0-90.0	66.0-71.0	87.0-99.0
Tail length	33.0-60.0	30.0-44.0	41.0-49.0
Hind Foot length	7.0-12.1	9.0-11.3	10.0-14.0
Ear length	15.0-32.0 Not joined over forehead	16.0-21.0 Joined by membrane over forehead	31.2-34.0 Joined by membrane over forehead
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	17.1-23.1	15.9-17.1	21.8-23.2
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	7.1-9.3	6.4-7.3	8.8-9.3
Incisors – Upper – Lower	1 pair 2/3 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2/3 pairs
*Dental formula*	1123 2(3)123 = 30/32	1123 2123 = 30	1123 2(3)123 = 30/32
Species content	T. teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814); T. aegyptiaca (E. Geoffroy, 1818)	C. plicatus (Buchanan, 1800)	O. wroughtoni Thomas, 1913
Further table reference	6.1	6.1	6.1

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 6.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species of the genera Tadarida Rafinesque, 1814, Chaerephon Dobson, 1874

and Otomops Thomas, 1913 present in South Asia

Genus	*Tadarida teniotis* (Rafinesque, 1814)	*Tadarida aegyptiaca* (E. Geoffroy, 1818)	*Chaerephon plicatus* (Buchanan, 1800)	*Otomops wroughtoni* Thomas, 1913
External characters
Forearm length	58.4-63.9	46.0-52.3	43.1-50.2	63.0-67.0
Head Body length	74.0-90.0	61.0-77.0	66.0-71.0	87.0-99.0
Tail length	43.0-54.8	33.0-60.0	30.0-44.0	41.0-49.0
Hind Foot length	9.0-12.1	7.0-10.0	9.0-11.3	10.0-14.0
Ear length	25.0-32.0 Not joined over forehead	15.0-23.0 Not joined over forehead	16.0-21.0 Joined over forehead by a membrane	31.2-34.0 Joined over forehead by a membrane
Antitragus	Large	Small	Small	Absent
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	21.6-23.1	17.1-18.8	15.9-17.1	21.8-23.2
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	8.2-9.3	7.1-7.8	6.4-7.3	8.8-9.3
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	9.1-9.8	7.7-8.6	6.9-7.9	9.2-9.8
Zygomatic breadth	13.4-14.2	11.3-13.3	10.9-11.4	12.6-13.3
Mandible length	16.6-17.5	13.3-14.6	11.8-13.4	15.9-16.9
Lower Incisors	3 pairs	2 pairs	2 pairs	2/3 pairs

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 7. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the subfamilies Murininae, Kerivoulinae and Myotinae of

family Vespertilionidae present in South Asia

Genus	*Murina* Gray, 1842	*Harpiola* Thomas, 1915	*Harpiocephalus* Gray, 1842	*Kerivoula* Gray, 1842	*Myotis* Kaup, 1829
*External characters*
Forearm length	27.7-40.9	32.4-34.2	44.1-50.1	31.5-42.0	30.0-58.3
Head Body length	38.0-50.0	35.6-42.7	60.0-75.0	39.0-55.0	38.0-80.0
Tail length	27.0-41.0	27.5	40.0-50.0	35.0-55.0	25.0-68.0
Hind Foot length	4.5-10.0	8.2	11.0-14.0	4.0-9.0	6.7-17.0
Ear length	13.0-17.0 Short, broad and tip rounded	12.1 Short, broad, triangular and tip rounded	17.0-18.0 Rounded	11.0-17.0 Moderately long and funnel shaped	6.0-19.0 Narrow and tip bluntly rounded
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	12.1-16.3	12.1-14.8	19.0-19.5	12.2-15.9	11.2-18.9
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	4.5-6.1	4.9-5.3	6.5-6.9	5.5-7.4	4.5-8.5
Incisors – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs
Premolars – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	3 pairs 3 pairs	2-3 pairs 2-3 pairs
Dental formula	-23,1,-2-4,123 123,1,-2-4,123 = 34	-23,1,-2-4,123 123,1,-2-4,123 = 34	-23,1,-2-4,123 123,1,-2-4,123 = 34	-23,1,-234,123 123,1,-234,123 = 38	213(2)3 313(2)3 = 38 / 34
Species content	M. leucogaster Milne-Edwards, 1872; M. aurata Milne-Edwards, 1872; M. cyclotis Dobson, 1872; M. tubinaris (Scully, 1881); M. huttoni (Peters, 1872);	H. grisea (Peters, 1872)	H. harpia (Temminck, 1840)	K. picta (Pallas, 1767); K. hardwickii (Horsfield, 1825); K. lenis Thomas, 1916	M. blythii (Tomes, 1857); M. sicarius Thomas, 1915; M. formosus (Hodgson, 1835); M. nipalensis (Dobson, 1871); M. muricola (Gray, 1846); M. siligorensis (Horsfield, 1855); M. montivagus (Dobson, 1874); M. annectans (Dobson, 1871); M. longipes (Dobson, 1873); M. laniger (Peters, 1871); M. csorbai Topal, 1997; M horsfieldii (Temminck, 1814); M. hasseltii (Temminck, 1840)
Further table reference	7.1	7.1	7.1	7.2	7.3

Note: All measurements are in mm

Contd..

Table 7 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the tribes Plecotini, Nycticeiini and Eptesicini of

Subfamily Vespertilioninae of family Vespertilionidae present in South Asia

Genus	*Plecotus* Geoffroy, E., 1818	*Barbastella* Gray, 1821	*Otonycteris* Peters, 1859	*Scotomanes* Dobson, 1875	*Scotophilus* Leach, 1821	*Scotoecus* Thomas, 1901	*Arielulus* Hill & Harrison, 1987	*Hesperoptenus* Peters, 1869	*Eptesicus* Rafinesque, 1820
*External characters*
Forearm length	36.5-45.1	38.7-42.1	64.7-65.6	56.1-61.2	44.0-65.8	34.1-37.3	41.8-43.6	50.0-60.4	35.4-55.1
Head Body length	40.0-53.0	47.0-51.0	61.0-76.0	64.0-85.0	60.0-93.0	50.0-58.0	92.0-95.0	61.0-79.0	40.0-80.0
Tail length	48.0-54.0	40.0-47.0	40.0-58.0	52.0-66.0	40.0-71.0	34.0-41.0	39.0-40.0	44.0-63.0	38.0-58.0
Hind Foot length	7.0-9.5	7.0-8.0	11.3-12.9	12.0-15.0	8.0-15.0	6.0-10.0	9.0-10.0	9.0-14.0	7.0-10.0
Ear length	37.0-42.0 Large and joined over forehead	15.0-17.0 Broad and joined over forehead	30.0-42.0 Large and tip broadly rounded	19.0-23.0 Large and tip broadly rounded	9.0-20.2 Relatively small with ridges	12.0-15.0 Moderate and tip broadly rounded	14.5-15.0	14.0-18.0 Large, thick, and fleshy	12.5-15.0 Large and with ridges
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	13.8-15.4	13.4-14.2	~ 21.7	20.1-20.9	16.3-21.3	13.8-14.8	14.6-15.6	17.2-19.6	11.7-19.5
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.0-5.8	4.7-5.1	~ 8.5	7.8-8.5	6.1-8.4	5.5-5.9	6.0-6.5	7.1-8.2	4.4-7.8
Incisors – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	1 pair 3 pairs	1 pair 3 pairs	1 pair 3 pairs	1 pair 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs
Premolars – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pairs 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs
Dental formula	2123 3133 = 36	2123 3123 = 34	1113 3123 = 30	1113 3123 = 30	1113 3123 = 30	1113 3123 = 30	2123 3123 = 34	2113 3123 = 32	2112 3123 = 32
Species content	P. homochrous Hodgson, 1847 P. wardi Thomas, 1911 P. strelkovi Spitzenberger, 2008	B. leucomelas (Cretzschmar, 1826)	O. hemprichii Peters, 1859	S. ornatus (Blyth, 1851)	S. heathi Horsfield, 1831; S. kuhlii Leach, 1821	S. pallidus Dobson, 1876	A. circumdatus (Temminck, 1840)	H. tickelli (Blyth, 1851)	E. serotinus (Schreber, 1774); E. bottae (Peters, 1869); E. pachyotis (Dobson, 1871); E. dimissus Thomas, 1916 E. gobiensis Bobrinskii, 1926; E. nasutus (Dobson, 1877); E. tatei Ellerman & Morrison- Scott, 1951
Further table reference	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.6	7.6	7.6

Note: All measurements are in mm

Contd..

Table 7 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the tribes Pipistrellini and Vespertilionini of

Subfamily Vespertilioninae of family Vespertilionidae present in South Asia

Genus	*Scotozous* Dobson, 1875	*Nyctalus* Bowdich, 1825	*Pipistrellus* Kaup, 1829	*Tylonycteris* Peters, 1872	Ia Thomas, 1902	*Falsistrellus* Troughton, 1943	*Philetor* Thomas, 1902	*Vespertilio* Linnaeus, 1758	*Hypsugo* Kolenati, 1856
External characters
Forearm length	32.7-36.3	42.1-57.8	25.0-42.0	26.1-29.0	70.9-77.3	38.4-41.4	31.7-35.7	42.0-45.5	32.1-38.0
Head Body length	39.0-55.0	68.0-80.0	33.0-64.0	34.0-46.0	NA	43.0-51.0	NA	55.0-66.0	47.0-60.0
Tail length	27.0-41.0	31.0-55.0	20.0-45.0	26.0-33.0	~ 65.0	30.0-41.0	27.1-32.2	40.0-48.0	30.0-49.0
Hind Foot length	5.0-8.0	6.0-11.4	3.0-11.0	5.0-7.0	~ 17.0	7.0-8.0	6.4-8.1	8.0-10.0	6.4-8.0
Ear length	10.0-18.0	7.0-17.0 Short	5.0-14.0	8.5-10.5 Triangular	23.7-24.0 Broad and tip rounded	12.0-15.0	8.0-10.0 Short, broad & tip rounded	14.7-16.0 Short and tip broadly rounded	10.0-15.0
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	12.8-13.6	14.7-18.6	9.3-14.3	10.0-11.7	25.2-26.2	13.7-14.7	12.4-13.7	~ 15.0	11.4-13.3
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.2-5.6	5.5-7.7	3.5-5.9	3.4-4.2	10.5-11.0	5.5-5.7	4.5-4.8	4.9-5.5	4.6-5.1
Incisors – Upper – Lower	1 pair* 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs	2 pairs 3 pairs
Premolars – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	2 pairs 2 pairs	1 pairs 2 pairs	1 pair 2 pairs	2 pairs^† 2 pairs
Dental formula	1123 3123 = 32	2123 3123 = 34	2123 3123 = 34	2113 3123 = 32	2123 3123 = 34	2123 3123 = 34	2113 3123 = 32	2112 3123 = 32	212(1)3 3123 = 34/32
Species content	S. dormeri Dobson, 1875	N. noctula (Schreber, 1774); N. leisleri (Kuhl, 1817); N. montanus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1906)	P. pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774); P. paterculus Thomas, 1915; P. javanicus (Gray, 1838); P. coromandra (Gray, 1838); P. tenuis (Temminck, 1840); P. ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1852); P. kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817); P. abramus (Temminck, 1840)	T. pachypus (Temminck, 1840); T. robustula Thomas, 1915	I. io Thomas, 1902	F. affinis (Dobson, 1871)	P. brachypterus (Temminck, 1840)	V. murinus Linnaeus, 1758	H. savii (Bonaparte, 1837) H. cadornae (Thomas, 1916)
Further table reference	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8	7.8

Note: All measurements are in mm; * - outer upper incisor, when present, no more than a minute pointed spicule;

^† Anterior upper premolar (pm²) much reduced, rarely absent

Table 7.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Harpiocephalus, Harpiola

and Murina present in South Asia

Species	*Harpiocephalus harpia* (Temminck, 1840)	*Harpiola grisea* Peters, 1872	*Murina leucogaster* Milne-Edwards, 1872
*External characters*
Forearm length	44.1-50.1	32.8-34.2	~ 40.9
Head Body length	60.0-75.0	~ 35.6	~ 47.0
Tail length	40.0-50.0	NA	~ 35.0
Hind Foot length	11.0-14.0	NA	~ 9.0
Ear length – Posterior border – Emargination on posterior border	17.0-18.0 Evenly rounded	NA NA Conspicuous	~ 15.0 Slightly convex Distinct
Interfemoral membrane	Covered with long reddish hairs	Densely covered with rather long hairs	Moderately covered with long fine reddish hair above and naked below
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	19.0-19.5	~ 12.1	~ 16.3
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	6.5-6.9	~ 4.9	~ 6.1
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	7.5-8.0	~ 5.8	~ 6.6
Zygomatic breadth	13.6-13.7	NA	~ 10.0
Mandible length	15.1-16.0	~ 4.1	~ 13.1

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Contd…

Table 7.1 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Murina present in South Asia

Species	*Murina aurata* Milne-Edwards, 1872	*Murina cyclotis* Dobson, 1872	*Murina tubinaris* (Scully, 1881)	*Murina huttoni* (Peters, 1872)
*External characters*
Forearm length	27.7-29.6	29.7-34.5	30.1-34.1	32.8-35.4
Head Body length	~ 45.0	38.0-50.0	39.0-48.0	~ 48.0
Tail length	~ 27.0	32.0-41.0	22.0-35.0	~ 37.0
Hind Foot length	~ 4.5	7.0-10.0	6.0-9.0	~ 6.0
Ear length – Posterior border – Emargination on posterior border	~ 13.0 Slightly convex Lacking	13.0-16.0 Slightly convex Lacking	13.0-15.0 Smoothly convex Small	~ 17.0 Smoothly convex Lacking
Interfemoral membrane	Moderately covered with golden hair above & gray hair below	Moderately covered with orange hairs above & nearly naked below	Moderately covered with pale gray or ferruginous hairs above & naked below	Moderately covered with pale brown hairs above & naked below
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	~ 12.3	13.9-15.0	13.4-14.2	14.9-15.5
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	~ 4.5	5.2-5.7	5.0-5.4	5.8-6.1
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	4.5-4.9	5.6-6.2	5.2-5.8	6.4-6.9
Zygomatic breadth	~ 7.5	9.2-9.7	8.4-9.0	9.4-9.8
Mandible length	9.2-9.4	10.8-11.8	10.3-10.9	11.5-12.2

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 7.2. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species of the genus Kerivoula present in South Asia

Species	*Kerivoula picta* (Pallas, 1767)	*Kerivoula hardwickii* (Horsfield, 1824)	*Kerivoula lenis* Thomas, 1916
*External characters*
Forearm length	31.5-37.9	31.7-36.0	37.2-41.0
Head Body length	45.0-48.0	39.0-55.0	NA
Tail length	43.0-48.0	35.0-43.0	~48.0
Hind Foot length	4.0-8.0	5.0-8.0	NA
Ear length	14.0-16.0 Relatively large, tip rounded	11.0-15.0 Moderate-sized, tip rounded	~13.8 Moderate-sized, tip rounded
Tragus	Tall and narrow	Narrow, sharply pointed	NA
Interfemoral membrane	Orange to scarlet hairy above along the body parts	Brown & nearly transparent, sparsely haired above near body parts & posterior border	Without hairs, veins sometimes whitish
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	12.2-13.3	12.4-13.0	14.5-15.1
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.5-5.8	5.5-5.8	6.6-6.8
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.9-6.1	5.9-6.1	7.2-7.6
Zygomatic breadth	8.4-8.8	8.6-8.7	9.6-10.6
Mandible length	10.0-10.7	9.9-10.6	11.8-12.4

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 7.3. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 present in South Asia

Species	*Myotis blythii* (Tomes, 1857)	*Myotis sicarius* Thomas, 1915	*Myotis formosus* (Hodgson, 1835)	*Myotis nipalensis* (Dobson, 1871)	*Myotis muricola* (Gray, 1846)	*Myotis siligorensis* (Horsfield, 1855)
External characters
Forearm length	55.5-58.3	48.1-54.6	44.5-49.1	34.5-36.8	31.2-37.0	30.0-31.5
Head Body length	65.0-80.0	50.0-56.0	NA	38.0-47.0	41.0-47.0	NA
Tail length	53.0-68.0	44.0-47.0	36.0-48.0	32.0-40.0	25.0-39.0	NA
Hind Foot length	11.0-17.0	10.0-11.0	10.2-11.6	7.0-8.0 Small	4.0-6.7 Small	NA
Ear length	19.0-26.0 Tall, tips bluntly rounded	17.0-19.0 Medium, tips bluntly rounded	12.8-14.5 Ovate, orange coloured	12.0-14.0 Relatively small, dark brown/black	6.0-13.3 Relatively small, dark brow/black	NA
Tragus	Tall and narrow	Tall and narrow	Tall, narrow and obtusely pointed	Tall and narrow	Tall and narrow	Tall and narrow
Interfemoral membrane	Pale brown, hairless throughout	Semi-translucent, dark brown/black hairless throughout	Orange	Dark brownish with some hairs on dorsal side near the body	Dark brownish with some hairs on dorsal side near the body	Brown
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	18.1-18.9	16.9-17.7	16.3-16.6	11.6-12.4	11.5-12.3	~ 11.2
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	8.2-8.5	7.1-7.5	6.8-7.2	4.7-5.7	4.8-5.3	4.5-4.8
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	~ 9.2	4.9-5.3	7.4-7.8	5.3-5.7	5.1-5.6	4.9-5.0
Zygomatic breadth	NA	~ 11.8	11.7-11.9	NA	7.3-8.5	NA
Mandible length	15.7-16.0	14.1-14.9	13.7-14.1	9.7-10.3	9.2-10.1	9.0-9.2

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Contd..

Table 7.3 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 present in South Asia

Species	*Myotis montivagus* (Dobson, 1874)	*Myotis annectans* (Dobson, 1871)	*Myotis longipes* (Dobson, 1873)	*Myotis csorbai* Topal, 1997	*Myotis laniger* (Peters, 1871)	*Myotis horsfieldii* (Temminck, 1840)	*Myotis hasseltii* (Temminck, 1840
External characters
Forearm length	44.7-46.8	45.3-46.5	36.5-39.0	34.8-37.5	~ 34.8	36.5-41.5	37.2-40.3
Head Body length	56.0-62.0	45.0-48.0	43.0-46.0	NA	~ 41.3	49.0-59.0	52.0-58.0
Tail length	42.0-48.0	39.0-45.0	37.0-42.0	NA	~ 38.6	34.0-42.0	35.0-42.0
Hind Foot length	9.0-10.0 Medium	~ 10.0 Medium	9.2-9.7 Large	14.8-15.8*	~ 7.9 Large	7.0-11.2 Large	9.0-11.0 Very large
Ear length	14.2-15.5 Relatively short	14.0-15.0 Small, tips bluntly rounded	10.6-15.0 Narrow	NA	~ 12.0 Relatively small, rounded	13.0-15.2 Small with rounded tip	15.5-16.5 Rather narrow, tips narrowly rounded
Tragus	Short	Relatively broad	Tall and narrow	NA	Short	Short	Short and narrow
Interfemoral membrane	Dark brown, hairless throughout	Dark brown/black hairless throughout	Brown with some hairs near the hindlimbs	NA	Brownish	Deep chocolate brown, some hairs on dorsal side near the body	Dark brown
Cranial characters
Condylocanine length	15.1-15.6	14.9-15.5	12.2-12.8	12.11-12.71†	10.6-11.9†	13.4-14.3	14.0-14.6
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	6.5-6.8	6.5-6.7	5.1-5.3	4.72-5.19	4.8-5.0	5.5-5.9	5.8-6.0
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	6.9-7.2	7.1-7.2	5.5-5.9	NA	4.9-5.5	5.9-6.4	6.2-6.6
Zygomatic breadth	NA	~ 11.5	~ 8.4	NA	~ 8.9	9.3-10.2	~ 10.5
Mandible length	12.9-13.3	12.8-13.2	10.1-10.5	NA	NA	11.2-11.6	11.7-12.0

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; * - Tibia length; † - Condylobasal length (CBL)

Table 7.4. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Plecotus, Barbastella

and Otonycteris present in South Asia

Species	*Plecotus* homochrous Hodgson, 1847	*Plecotus* wardi Thomas, 1911	*Plecotus* strelkovi Spitzenberger, 2008	*Barbastella* leucomelas (Cretzschmar, 1826)	*Otonycteris* hemprichii Peters, 1859
*External characters*
Forearm length	36.5-40.3	41.9-45.1	39.6-44.9	38.7-42.1	64.7-65.6
Head Body length	40.0-45.0	47.0-53.0	-	47.0-51.0	61.0-76.0
Tail length	48.0-50.0	49.0-54.0	~ 51.0	40.0-47.0	40.0-58.0
Hind Foot length	7.0-8.0	7.0-9.5	-	7.0-8.0	11.3-12.9
Ear length	39.0-41.0 Long and oval; joined over forehead	37.0-42.0 Large and oval; joined over forehead	~ 40.0 Large and oval; joined over forehead	15.0-17.0 Small squarish; joined over forehead	30.0-42.0 Large and tip broadly rounded
Tragus	Tall, ½ the pinna, tip bluntly pointed	Tall, ½ the pinna, tip bluntly pointed	Tall, ½ the pinna, tip bluntly pointed	Triangular	Tall, ½ the Pinna
Antitragus	Indefinable	Indefinable	Indefinable	Absent	Shallow notch-like
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	13.8-14.2	14.8-15.4	14.1-15.6	13.4-14.2	~ 21.7
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.0-5.3	5.4-5.8	5.4-6.1	4.7-5.1	~ 8.5
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.4-5.7	5.9-6.3	5.8-6.4	5.1-5.7	9.7-9.8
Zygomatic breadth	8.1-8.2	8.5-8.9	8.4-9.2	7.3-7.6	13.6-15.8
Mandible length	9.8-10.2	10.6-11.2	10.4-11.4	9.6-10.1	17.1-17.4

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 7.5. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Scotoecus, Scotomanes

and Scotophilus present in South Asia

Species	*Scotoecus* pallidus Dobson, 1876	*Scotomanes* ornatus (Blyth, 1851)	*Scotophilus* heathi Horsfield, 1831	*Scotophilus* kuhlii Leach, 1821
*External characters*
Forearm length	34.1-37.3	56.1-61.2	55.4-65.8	44.0-56.0
Head Body length	50.0-58.0	64.0-85.0	67.0-93.0	60.0-78.0
Tail length	34.0-41.0	52.0-66.0	43.0-71.0	40.0-65.0
Hind Foot length	6.0-10.0	12.0-15.0	9.0-15.0	8.0-13.0
Ear length	12.0-15.0 Moderate with rounded tip	19.0-23.0 Large and tip broadly rounded	13.0-20.2 Small with ridges	9.0-17.0 Small with ridges
Tragus	Long and narrow	Tall, up to ½ the pinna, broad & crescent-shaped	Tall, ½ the pinna, crescent-shaped	Tall, ½ the pinna, crescent-shaped
Antitragus	Indefinable	Indefinable	Well formed	Well formed
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	13.8-14.8	20.1-20.9	19.0-21.3	16.3-18.0
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.5-5.9	7.8-8.5	7.1-8.4	6.1-6.8
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	5.9-6.4	8.7-9.4	8.1-9.6	6.9-7.8
Zygomatic breadth	~ 10.5	15.9-17.3	14.5-16.9	12.4-13.7
Mandible length	10.9-12.0	16.9-17.9	14.8-18.0	12.9-14.4

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 7.6. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Arielulus, Hesperoptenus

and Eptesicus present in South Asia

Species	*Arielulus circumdatus* (Temminck, 1840)	*Hesperoptenus tickelli* (Blyth, 1851)	*Eptesicus serotinus* (Schreber, 1774)	*Eptesicus bottae* (Peters, 1869)	*Eptesicus pachyotis* (Dobson, 1871)
*External characters*
Forearm length	41.8-43.6	50.0-60.4	54.2-55.1	~ 42.1	38.0-45.3
Head Body length	~ 95.0	61.0-79.0	~ 80.0	~ 57.0	55.0-56.0
Tail length	~ 40.0	44.0-63.0	~ 58.0	~ 45.0	40.0-41.0
Hind Foot length	~ 10.0	9.0-14.0	~ 10.0	~ 7.0	8.0-9.0
Ear length	~ 15.0 Dark brown to black, with pale margins in some specimes	14.0-18.0 Moderately large, thick & fleshy	~ 14.0 Moderately tall, dark,	~ 15.0 Moderately tall, Dark	13.0-14.0 Triangular with rounded tip
Tragus	Broad with pale margin	Tall, ½ the pinna, crescent-shaped	Small, less than ½ the pinna, tip bluntly Pointed	NA	Short, broadly rounded & curved inwards
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	14.6-15.6	17.2-19.6	18.3-19.5	~ 15.0	~ 21.2*
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	6.0-6.5	7.1-8.2	7.1-7.8	~ 5.8	NA
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	6.4-6.8	7.9-9.2	8.4-8.7	~ 6.8	NA
Zygomatic breadth	~ 11.7	13.1-15.4	13.3-14.6	NA	NA
Mandible length	11.8-12.7	14.0-16.5	15.0-16.0	~ 6.2	NA

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; * - Greatest skull length

Contd..

Table 7.6 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Eptesicus present in South Asia

Species	*Eptesicus gobiensis* Bobrinskii, 1926	*Eptesicus nasutus* Dobson, 1877	*Eptesicus dimissus* Thomas, 1916	*Eptesicus tatei* Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951
*External characters*
Forearm length	41.0-41.5	35.4-36.9	38.0-42.0	~ 43.4
Head Body length	NA	40.0-46.0	~ 56.0	~ 48.5
Tail length	NA	38.0-46.0	36.0-41.0	~ 45.9
Hind Foot length	NA	7.0-8.0	~ 8.0	NA
Ear length	14.0-15.0 Moderately tall	12.5-14.0 Small, narrowly rounded tip	14.0-15.0 Small and rounded	~ 15.3 Moderately tall, oval, with rounded tip
Tragus	NA	Tall, ½ the pinna	NA	Tall, ½ the pinna
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	~ 15.1^†	11.7-12.2	~ 15.4^†	NA
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	~ 5.9	4.4-4.8	~ 5.9	NA
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	NA	4.8-5.1	NA	NA
Zygomatic breadth	NA	8.4-8.8	NA	NA
Mandible length	NA	8.6-9.6	NA	NA

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; * - Greatest skull length; † - Condylobasal length

Table 7.7. Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Nyctalus and Scotozous present in South Asia

Species	*Nyctalus* noctula (Schreber, 1774)	*Nyctalus* leisleri (Kuhl, 1817)	*Nyctalus* montanus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1906)	*Scotozous dormeri* (Dobson, 1875)
*External characters*
Forearm length	50.9-57.8	42.1-45.2	42.9-43.0	32.7-36.3
Head Body length	68.0-80.0	62.0-72.0	~ 70.0	39.0-55.0
Tail length	33.0-55.0	31.0-45.0	~ 43.0	27.0-41.0
Hind Foot length	10.2-11.4	6.0-10.0	NA	5.0-8.0
Ear length	13.0-17.0 Moderate	7.0-16.0 Moderate	~ 14.0 Short	10.0-18.0
Tragus	Club-shaped expanded distally	Club-shaped expanded distally	Club-shaped expanded distally	Without hairs, veins sometimes whitish
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	17.1-18.6	14.7-15.2	15.4-16.0	12.8-13.6
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	7.1-7.7	5.5-5.9	6.5-6.6	5.2-5.6
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	7.5-8.2	5.9-6.3	6.9-7.0	5.5-6.1
Zygomatic breadth	12.2-13.3	9.8-10.7	NA	9.6-10.5
Mandible length	13.8-14.7	11.4-11.7	12.7-12.8	10.4-11.2

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 7.7 (Contd..). Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Pipistrellus present in South Asia

Species	*Pipistrellus pipistrellus* (Schreber, 1774)	*Pipistrellus paterculus* Thomas, 1915	*Pipistrellus javanicus* (Gray, 1838)	*Pipistrellus coromandra* (Gray, 1838)
*External characters*
Forearm length	30.0-30.6	29.2-34.0	30.0-36.0	25.5-34.3
Head Body length	40.0-48.0	42.0-48.0	40.0-55.0	34.0-49.0
Tail length	29.0-35.0	31.0-38.0	26.0-40.0	22.0-39.0
Hind Foot length	6.0-7.0	6.0-7.0	3.0-8.0	3.4-8.0
Ear length	10.5-12.0	10.0-13.0	5.0-15.0	7.1-14.0
Interfemoral membrane	Sparsely haired above near the body parts	Sparsely haired above near the body	Without hairs	Sparsely haired above and below near the body parts
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	10.4-11.3	10.6-11.6	11.9-13.1	10.6-11.9
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	4.1-4.4	4.1-4.8	4.6-5.2	3.9-4.6
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	4.3-4.7	4.4-5.0	4.8-5.5	4.1-5.1
Zygomatic breadth	7.2-7.9	NA	8.2-9.0	7.6-8.2
Mandible length	7.9-8.7	8.4-9.1	9.3-10.7	8.2-9.5
Posterior palatal width	4.8-5.2	5.3-5.9	5.6-6.7	5.0-6.0
I³ ½ or > than I²	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Upper canine	Bicuspidate	Unicuspidate	Bicuspidate	Bicuspidate

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Contd..

Table 7.7 (Contd.). Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Pipistrellus present in South Asia

Species	*Pipistrellus tenuis* (Temminck, 1840)	*Pipistrellus ceylonicus* (Kelaart, 1852)	*Pipistrellus kuhlii* (Kuhl, 1817)	*Pipistrellus abramus* (Temminck, 1840)
*External characters*
Forearm length	25.0-30.2	33.0-42.0	33.4-36.0	31.4-34.4
Head Body length	33.0-45.0	45.0-64.0	35.0-49.0	NA
Tail length	20.0-35.0	30.0-45.0	33.0-45.0	NA
Hind Foot length	3.0-7.0	6.0-11.0	6.0-8.0	6.4-7.6
Ear length	5.0-11.0	9.5-14.0	10.0-13.0	NA
Interfemoral membrane	Without hairs	Sparsely haired above and below near the body parts	Pallid & Translucent	NA
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	9.3-10.7	13.1-14.3	12.0-12.9	11.4-12.8*
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	3.5-4.1	5.2-5.9	4.6-5.0	4.2-4.9
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	3.8-4.4	5.7-6.5	5.0-5.5	4.6-5.3
Zygomatic breadth	7.3-7.6	9.2-11.0	8.4-8.7	~ 8.2
Mandible length	7.2-8.3	10.6-12.0	9.3-10.4	8.9-10.0
Posterior palatal width	4.5-5.2	6.2-72	5.5-5.9	5.0-6.0
I³ ½ or > than I²	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Upper canine	Bicuspidate	Bicuspidate	Faintly bicuspidate	Unicuspidate

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; * - Condylobasal length

Table 7.8. Diagnostic morphological characters of species of the genera Tylonycteris, Ia, Falsistrellus and Vespertilio present in South Asia

Species	*Tylonycteris* pachypus (Temminck, 1840)	*Tylonycteris* robustula Thomas, 1915	*Ia io* Thomas, 1902	*Falsistrellus affinis* (Dobson, 1871)	*Vespertilio* murinus Linnaeus, 1758
*External characters*
Forearm length	26.1-29.0	26.6-28.1	70.9-77.3	38.4-41.4	42.0-45.5
Head Body length	34.0-46.0	40.0-44.0	NA	43.0-51.0	55.0-66.0
Tail length	26.0-33.0	26.0-31.0	~ 65.0	30.0-41.0	40.0-48.0
Hind Foot length	5.0-7.0	5.0-5.5	~ 17.0	7.0-8.0	8.0-10.0
Ear length	9.0-10.0 Small, triangular with broadly rounded tip	8.5-10.5 Small, triangular with broadly rounded tip	23.7-24.0 Large, broad with rounded tip	12.0-15.0	14.7-16.0 Short and tip broadly rounded
Tragus	Short and Broad	Short and broad	Small, 1/3^rd the Pinna		Small, short bluntly rounded
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	10.0-11.3	11.1-11.7	25.2-26.2	13.7-14.7	~ 15.0
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	3.4-4.2	3.9-4.1	10.5-11.0	5.5-5.7	4.9-5.5
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	3.6-4.6	5.4-5.8	11.6-12.1	5.6-5.8	5.3-6.1
Zygomatic breadth	8.4-8.5	8.9-9.1	16.7-18.0	~ 9.1	9.1-9.7
Mandible length	7.6-8.9	8.5-9.0	20.8-21.8	10.5-11.4	10.1-11.4

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 7.8 (Contd.). Diagnostic morphological characters of species of the genera Philetor and Hypsugo present in South Asia

Species	*Philetor* brachypterus (Temminck, 1840)	*Hypsugo savii* (Bonaparte, 1837)	*Hypsugo cadornae* (Thomas, 1916)
*External characters*
Forearm length	31.7-35.7	32.1-38.0	32.6-36.5
Head Body length	NA	47.0-60.0	47.0-52.5
Tail length	27.1-32.2	30.0-35.0	34.0-49.0
Hind Foot length	6.4-8.1	6.4-8.0	6.5-7.0
Ear length	8.0-10.0 Short and broad, broadly rounded tip	10.0-14.0	14.0-15.0
Interfemoral membrane	Broad & short, fleshy & thick	Sparsely haired near the body and tail	Without hairs
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	12.4-13.7	11.4-13.3	12.6-12.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	4.5-4.8	4.6-5.1	4.6-4.9
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	4.7-5.0	4.9-5.2	4.8-5.1
Zygomatic breadth	10.0-10.7	8.5-9.1	NA
Mandible length	9.9-10.7	9.6-10.3	9.5-10.3

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available

Table 8. Diagnostic morphological characters of one genus of the family Miniopteridae present in South Asia

Genus	*Miniopterus* Bonaparte, 1837
*External characters*
Forearm length	39.6-49.6
Head Body length	40.1-65.0
Tail length	39.6-61.0
Hind Foot length	~ 7.0-12.0
Ear length	~ 8.7-12.0 Small and tip broadly rounded
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	12.0-14.8
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.1-6.3
Incisors – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 3 pairs
Premolars – Upper – Lower	2 pairs 3 pairs
Dental formula	-23,1,-2-4,123 123,1,-234,123 = 36
Species content	M. schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817); M. pusillus Dobson, 1876 M. magnater Sanborn, 1931
Further table reference	8.1

Note: All measurements are in mm

Table 8.1. Diagnostic morphological characters of species of the genera Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837

present in South Asia

Species	*Miniopterus schreibersii* (Kuhl, 1817)	*Miniopterus pusillus* (Dobson, 1876)	*Miniopterus magnater* Sanborn, 1931
*External characters*
Forearm length	44.7-49.6	39.6-40.2	47.0-53.0
Head Body length	47.0-65.0	NA	NA
Tail length	44.0-61.0	40.1-44.1	NA
Hind Foot length	7.0-12.0	NA	NA
Ear length	8.7-12.0 Small, tip broadly rounded	NA	NA
Tragus	½ the pinna, slightly curved forward	NA	NA
Interfemoral membrane	Dark brownish-black, sparely haired near the body parts	Dark brownish-black, fur on membrane extends further away from body parts	NA
*Cranial characters*
Condylocanine length	13.6-14.8	12.0-12.7	16.8-17.3^†
Maxillary toothrow (CM³)	5.8-6.3	5.1-5.3	7.0-7.2
Mandibular toothrow (CM₃)	6.3-6.8	5.4-5.6	8.3-8.9
Zygomatic breadth	8.5-9.1	7.5-7.6	10.0-10.2
Mandible length	10.7-11.8	9.3-10.0	13.3-13.9

Note: All measurements are in mm; NA – Data not available; † - Condylobasal length

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Fig. 1. Chiropteran diversity in South Asia

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Fig. 2. Number of bat species occurring in each country of South Asia

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Fig. 3a. Schematic diagram of a bat showing important external measurements

Fig. 3b. Important external measurements of Taphozous longimanus

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of the skull of Pteropus giganteus

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Fig. 5. Ventral view of the skull of Pteropus giganteus

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Fig. 6. Lateral view of noseleaf of Rhinolophus sinicus

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Fig. 7. Outline of ear and shape of tragus in select species of bats

[A - Pteropus giganteus; B - Rhinopoma microphyllum; C - Megaderma lyra;

D - Rhinolophus luctus; E - Myotis sp.; F - Plecotus wardi; G - Pipistrellus pipistrellus;

H - Miniopterus schreibersii]

Fig. 8. View of interfemoral membrane and tail in different families of bats

[A - Pteropodidae; B - Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Vespertilionidae,

Miniopteridae; C - Molossidae; D - Rhinopomatidae; E - Emballonuridae]

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Fig. 9. Frontal view of noseleaf of a Rhinolophid [A] and a Hipposiderid [B] bats

Key to the Suborders and the Families

Key 2 Family Megadermatidae (2 species)

Key 3, Family Rhinopomatidae (3 species)

Key 4, Family Rhinolophidae (20 species)

Key 5, Family Hipposideridae (15 species)

Key 6, For subfamilies of the family Vespertilionidae (63 species)

Key 6A, Subfamily Murininae (8 species)

Key 6B, Subfamily Kerivoulinae (3 species)

Key 6C, Subfamily Myotinae (14 species)

1B. Wings, forearm and interfemoral membrane not parti-coloured ………..2

Key 6D, For tribes of the subfamily Vespertilioninae (38 species)

Arielulus circumdatus

2B. Ears with conspicuous ridges, dark; dorsal pelage without yellowish tinge

…………..3

3B. Small in size (FA <50.0 mm, in the range of 35.4 – 45.3 mm) …………..4

4B. Membranes and naked areas shades of brown …………..5

5A. Pelage black throughout; FA: ~ 43.4 mm; HB: ~ 48.5 mm; T: 45.9 mm

Eptesicus tatei

Scotozous dormeri

3B. Small (forearm less than 50 mm) …………..5

interfemoral membrane haired only above but naked below;

FA: 30.0 – 31.6 mm; CCL: 10.4 – 11.3 mm; CM3: 4.1 – 4.4 mm

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

6B. Small (Forearm length averaging less than 35.0 mm); pelage on ventral

side slightly paler than on dorsal side

…………..7

3B. Small bat, forearm lesser than 70.0 mm …………..4

Key 7, Family Miniopteridae (3 species)

Key 8, Family Emballonuridae (6 species)

3A. Gular pouch present; wings attached either to tibiae or ankles …………..4

Key 9, Family Molossidae (4 species)

Table 1. Classical and Modern Classification of Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia)

Table 2. Checklist of Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) of South Asia

Family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats)

[8 Genera, 13 Species]

Table 3. Diagnostic morphological characters of eight genera of the family Pteropodidae present in South Asia

Gray, 1821

Brisson, 1762

Cuvier, F., 1824

Peters, 1865

Thonglongya, 1972

Miller, 1906

Dobson, 1873

Cuvier, F., 1824

External characters

Cranial characters

Dental formula

2132

2132

2131

2131

1131

2131

2132

2132

Species content

R. aegyptiacus

(E. Geoffroy,

1810);

R. leschenaulti

(Desmarest, 1820)

P. giganteus

Brünnich, 1782;

P. faunulus

Miller, 1902;

P. hypomelanus

Temminck, 1853;

P. melanotus

Blyth, 1863

C. sphinx

Vahl, 1797;

C. brachyotis

(Muller,

1838)

M. niphanae

Yenbutra &

Felten, 1983

L. salimalii

Thonglongya,

1972

FA: 30.0 – 31.6 mm; CCL: 10.4 – 11.3 mm; CM³: 4.1 – 4.4 mm

Maxillary toothrow (CM²)

Note: All measurements are in mm; * – CM²; † – CM₃