Figure 1a. Map of the study area, the Manas National Park

Figure 1b. Map of the study area showing the location of the villages (red dots) surveyed during the year 2005-06.

Table 1. Records of injury, death and damage from elephants in Manas National Park

Year	Number of human injuries	Number of human deaths	Number of Crop raiding incidents	Household & property damage
1991-92	2	1	20	10
1993-94	17	4	105	46
1995-96	-	1	54	16
1997-98	-	-	9	15
1999-2000	1	3	2	2
2001-02	-	-	6	4
2003-04	-	-	5	1
2005-06	2	-	104	78
Total	22	9	305	172

Figure 2. Graph showing the decrease in conflict incidents with increasing distance (in m) from the Park (Period 1991-2006). The X-axis shows distance in metres, and Y-axis shows the number of reports.

Figure 3. Frequency of damage to different crops during 1991-2006 in the fringe villages around Manas National Park. (n=305)

Figure 4. Monthly frequency of crop-raiding/house-damage/human-death/human-injury incidents in Manas National Park during 1991-2006.

Figure 5. Graph showing increase in the number of raiding incidents with increasing crop maturity (Data of 2006 summer paddy).

Figure 6. Proportions of crop raiding/house damage/death-injury caused to humans by different groups of elephants during 1991-2006 in fringe villages around Manas National Park

Figure 7. Intensity of HEC in the top five most affected villages identified in Manas National Park during 1991-2006.

Figure 8. Mitigation measures suggested by villagers during 2005–2006 questionnaire survey in the fringe villages around Manas National Park.

Figure 9. Location of the five villages in the periphery of Manas National Park which were the most affected due to elephant-related conflict during 1991-2006.